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Smart Materials and theSmart Materials and the
environmentenvironment
ObjectivesObjectivesIn this section you will;In this section you will;
Consider the impact of theConsider the impact of thematerial used on the environmentmaterial used on the environment
Learn about smart materialsLearn about smart materialsLearn where new materials comeLearn where new materials come
from and how they might be usedfrom and how they might be used
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Key WordsKey WordsAestheticsAesthetics..how we respond to the..how we respond to the
visual appearance of a productvisual appearance of a product
Smart materialsSmart materials..materials that are..materials that are
able to react to the user or theable to react to the user or theenvironment such as changes inenvironment such as changes in
temperature, moisture, pH ortemperature, moisture, pH or
electrical and magnetic fields.electrical and magnetic fields.
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EnvironmentEnvironment In recent years we have all been made very aware ofIn recent years we have all been made very aware of
environmental issues. rganisations such as theenvironmental issues. rganisations such as the
!nvironment Agency have put plans in place to improve the!nvironment Agency have put plans in place to improve theway we treat the world around us and our "uality of life.way we treat the world around us and our "uality of life.
#he !nvironmental Agency#he !nvironmental Agency$$s vision is ofs vision is of%%a rich, healthy anda rich, healthy anddiverse environment for present and future generationsdiverse environment for present and future generations$$..
#here are many factors involved in loo&ing after our#here are many factors involved in loo&ing after our
environment and wor&ing towards that vision. 'e nowenvironment and wor&ing towards that vision. 'e nowthin& more than ever before about the harmful gases andthin& more than ever before about the harmful gases andchemicals we put into the atmosphere, things we throwchemicals we put into the atmosphere, things we throwaway and what we can recycle, and using the sun, wind andaway and what we can recycle, and using the sun, wind andwater to ma&e energy.water to ma&e energy.
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(any designers are now bringing(any designers are now bringingthese ideas into their wor&. #hey arethese ideas into their wor&. #hey are
trying to minimi)e environmentaltrying to minimi)e environmental
damage by selecting materials verydamage by selecting materials verycarefully and considering thecarefully and considering the
importance of reuse and recycling.importance of reuse and recycling.
'here the product has come from'here the product has come fromand where it ends up are &eyand where it ends up are &ey
"uestions for a healthy environment"uestions for a healthy environment
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Smart MaterialsSmart MaterialsAA Smart materialSmart material is a family ofis a family of
materials whose physical propertiesmaterials whose physical propertieschange when they are sub*ected tochange when they are sub*ected to
different environments +such asdifferent environments +such as
temperature change or if an electrictemperature change or if an electric
current is applied. Smart materialscurrent is applied. Smart materials
are being used, and are continuallyare being used, and are continuallybeing developed, for medical,being developed, for medical,
defensive and industrial productsdefensive and industrial products
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#inted glass +photo chromatic glass is an#inted glass +photo chromatic glass is an
e-ample of a smart material. #he glasse-ample of a smart material. #he glassdar&ens when e-posed to light from thedar&ens when e-posed to light from thevisible and ultra violet spectrum. #hesevisible and ultra violet spectrum. #hese
are found in sunglasses and visors.are found in sunglasses and visors. Solar panels ma&e use of the hotovoltaicSolar panels ma&e use of the hotovoltaic
cell which captures the power of the sun.cell which captures the power of the sun.
#oday many items ma&e use of solar#oday many items ma&e use of solarpanels as their energy source for e-amplepanels as their energy source for e-amplehospital power, weather stations, lightinghospital power, weather stations, lightingin remote areas +such as decorativein remote areas +such as decorative
garden lamps, radios,buoys and othergarden lamps, radios,buoys and otherinstances where power is needed shortinstances where power is needed shortterm.term.
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Thermo CeramicsThermo Ceramics #hermo ceramics ma&e it possible to#hermo ceramics ma&e it possible to
contain certain metals at highcontain certain metals at hightemperatures at which they melt.temperatures at which they melt.
(i-ing ceramics and metal powders(i-ing ceramics and metal powders
together to formtogether to form%%cermetscermets$$allowsallows
designers to operate machinery atdesigners to operate machinery at
high temperatures that wouldhigh temperatures that wouldnormally melt normal alloys andnormally melt normal alloys and
steels.steels.
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Shape Memory Alloys (smart wire)Shape Memory Alloys (smart wire)
#hese metals were developed in the#hese metals were developed in the
/012/012$$s and these alloys can be plasticallys and these alloys can be plasticallydeformed at certain temperatures. #heydeformed at certain temperatures. #hey
&eep their shape at these temperatures&eep their shape at these temperatures
then revert bac& to their original form.then revert bac& to their original form.3ic&el3ic&el44titanium and 5oldtitanium and 5old44cadmium alloyscadmium alloys
are often used in addition to Ironare often used in addition to Iron44nic&elnic&el44
cobaltcobalt44titanium alloy. #he heat is neededtitanium alloy. #he heat is neededto change their shape created by passingto change their shape created by passing
electrical currents through it.electrical currents through it.
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How it worksHow it worksAs we &now about the two phases occurring inAs we &now about the two phases occurring inmolecular rearrangement, that are (artensite andmolecular rearrangement, that are (artensite andAustenite. (artensite is the relatively soft andAustenite. (artensite is the relatively soft andeasily deformed phase of shape memory alloys,easily deformed phase of shape memory alloys,which e-ists at lower temperatures. #he molecularwhich e-ists at lower temperatures. #he molecularstructure in this phase is twinned as shown instructure in this phase is twinned as shown in6igure/. 7pon deformation this phase ta&es on the6igure/. 7pon deformation this phase ta&es on thesecond form shown in 6igure8. Austenite, thesecond form shown in 6igure8. Austenite, thestronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs atstronger phase of shape memory alloys, occurs athigher temperatures. #he shape of the Austenitehigher temperatures. #he shape of the Austenitestructure is cubic. #he undeformed (artensitestructure is cubic. #he undeformed (artensitephase is the same si)e and shape asthe cubicphase is the same si)e and shape asthe cubicAustenite phase on a macroscopic scale.Austenite phase on a macroscopic scale.
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PseudoPseudo--elasticityelasticity
seudoseudo44elasticity occurs in shape memory alloys when the alloy iselasticity occurs in shape memory alloys when the alloy iscompletely composed of Austenite.completely composed of Austenite. seudoseudo44elasticity occurs without aelasticity occurs without achange in temperature. #he load on the shape memory alloy ischange in temperature. #he load on the shape memory alloy is
increased until the Austenite becomes transformed into (artensitincreased until the Austenite becomes transformed into (artensiteesimply due to the loading, this process is shown in 6igure. #hesimply due to the loading, this process is shown in 6igure. #heloading is absorbed by the softer (artensite, but as soon as theloading is absorbed by the softer (artensite, but as soon as theloading is decreased the (artensite begins to transform bac& toloading is decreased the (artensite begins to transform bac& toAustenite since the temperature of the wire is still above Af, aAustenite since the temperature of the wire is still above Af, and thend thewire springs bac& to its original shape.wire springs bac& to its original shape.
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Shape memory effectShape memory effect
Microscopic Diagram of the Shape Memory Effect
The shape memory effect is observed
when the temperature of a piece of
shape memory alloy is cooled to belowthe temperature Mf. At this stage thealloy is completely composed ofMartensite, which can be easily
deformed. After distorting the SMA the
original shape can be recovered simplyby heating the wire above thetemperature Af. The deformedMartensite is now transformed to thecubic Austenite phase, which is
configured in the original shape of thewire.
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The Martensite transformation isThe Martensite transformation is
diffusionless, coordinativediffusionless, coordinativemovementmovement
of atoms from higher symmetryof atoms from higher symmetrystructure (Austenite) to lowerstructure (Austenite) to lower
symmetry structure (Martensite)symmetry structure (Martensite)uponupon
cooling.cooling.
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Polymorph
This is a unique polymer that
fuses in hot water and can thenbe moulded to any form. Whensolid it has similar properties tonylon
Used to make themoulds for thevacuum formed seatand fuel tank of thismotorcycle project
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Thermocolour Sheet
This is a self adhesivesheet whose colourchanges according to thetemperature. Used for
thermometers, heat warningpatches and noveltyadvertising of products
Inactivated SheetFinger placed on sheetSheet changes colour according to temp
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Phosphorescent Sheet
This is a sheet that absorbslight energy and re-emits it
as white light for up to eighthours. Used extensively foremergency lighting in theevent of a power cut
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Magnetic Sheet
This is a flat polymermagnetic sheet as used infridge magnets. Also
available in thin A4 sheetsthat can be printed on
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Rigid PVC Foam Plastic
This is a new generation of
sheet material used widelyfor signs and exhibitions.Thermoforms very well. Itis widely used for plug and
yoke mouldings
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Lenticular Sheet
This sheet is about 1mm
thick but gives the illusionthat it is nearer to 6mmthick. An object placed onthe sheet appears to sink
below the surface
The camera lens does not capture the effect
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Anodised Effect Card
This is almost impossible to
tell from the real thing.Ideal for project mock-ups.It is relatively cheap andcuts easily with a scissors
or craft knife
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Galvanised Effect Card
This is almost identical to
the real thing. Ideal forproject mock-ups. It isrelatively cheap and cutseasily with a scissors or
craft knife. Used forpackaging of top brandedgoods
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Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
A QTC in its normal state is a perfect insulator
When compressed it becomes a perfect conductor
If only lightly compressed its conductivity is proportional to thepressure applied
How does it work?In normal physics an electron cannot pass through an insulationbarrier.
In Quantum physics theory a wave of electrons can pass through an
insulator this is what is happening!
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Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
BatteryLED
QTC Pill
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Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC)
Before pressure is appliedLight Pressure being appliedFirm pressure being applied
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SMART MATERIALS INSMART MATERIALS IN
DENTISTRY:DENTISTRY:Shape memory alloysShape memory alloys443I#I3L3I#I3L
Ceramic 9racesCeramic 9races
Smart ceramicsSmart ceramics
Smart compositesSmart composites44AmorphousAmorphous
CaCa::++;;88
Smart fibersSmart fibers44Hollow Core hotonicHollow Core hotonic6ibers +C66ibers +C6
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYSSHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
WHAT ARE NITINOLWHAT ARE NITINOLBRACES?BRACES?
3I#I3L is an alloy of nic&el and3I#I3L is an alloy of nic&el andtitanium.titanium.
It was introduced in the yearIt was introduced in the year/018 to the field of rthodontics./018 to the field of rthodontics.
#his alloy is used as braces to#his alloy is used as braces to
correct dental malformations.correct dental malformations.#hese braces move only #.
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IMAGE OF NITINOL BRACESIMAGE OF NITINOL BRACESCOMPARED WITH STAINLESSCOMPARED WITH STAINLESS
STEEL BRACES.STEEL BRACES.
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ADVANTAGES OF NITINOLADVANTAGES OF NITINOL
BRACES:BRACES:Nitinol braces have
high flexibility andhigh resistance thus
creating greater easeto use and increased
patient comfort.
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WHAT AREWHAT ARE CERAMICCERAMIC
BRACESBRACES??
Ceramic braces are less visibleCeramic braces are less visible
braces that are an alternative tobraces that are an alternative tothe traditional braces.the traditional braces.
#hey blend themselves to natural#hey blend themselves to natural
colour of the teeth so that theycolour of the teeth so that theyappear more appealing.appear more appealing.
#hey are harder than the enamel so#hey are harder than the enamel so
they are placed on the upper frontthey are placed on the upper frontteeth.teeth.
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IMAGE OF CERAMICIMAGE OF CERAMIC
BRACES.BRACES.
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ADVANTAGES OF CERAMICADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC
BRACES:BRACES:
As these braces are translucent inAs these braces are translucent in
appearance, they are unli&eappearance, they are unli&etraditional stainless steel braces.traditional stainless steel braces.
#hese braces#hese braces??blend inblend in@@with teethwith teeth
colour and thus provide a cosmeticcolour and thus provide a cosmeticadvantage.advantage.
SO THEY WONSO THEY WONT M!E THE SMI"ET M!E THE SMI"E"OO!"OO! ##MET""I$MET""I$%%&&
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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMARTSMART
CERAMICSCERAMICS??
In /00,In /00, ##ll ceramic teeth an'll ceramic teeth an'
bri'(ebri'(e%% was introduced. #hen thesewas introduced. #hen these
materials were introduced in thematerials were introduced in the
mar&et, tested and were given name asmar&et, tested and were given name as
smart ceramicssmart ceramics..
Bircon based ceramics are used as theyBircon based ceramics are used as they
are biocompatible and resist crac&are biocompatible and resist crac&
formationformation
9ecause of their strength, these ceramics9ecause of their strength, these ceramics
are produced without using stainlessare produced without using stainlesssteel or metal.steel or metal.
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ADVANTAGES OF SMARTADVANTAGES OF SMART
CERAMICS:CERAMICS:Alumina or any other currently availableAlumina or any other currently available
ceramics do not have high fractureceramics do not have high fracturetoughness and fle-ural strength as in thetoughness and fle-ural strength as in thecase of )irconia.case of )irconia. Ceramic system offers aCeramic system offers agood solution to all these needs by ta&inggood solution to all these needs by ta&ing
the advantages of these properties namelythe advantages of these properties namelystren(th) tou(hness) reliability an'stren(th) tou(hness) reliability an'biocom*atibility o+ ,irconiumbiocom*atibility o+ ,irconium
o-i'eo-i'e.. As these ceramics areAs these ceramics arebioresponsive they are said to be smartbioresponsive they are said to be smartmaterials.materials.
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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMARTSMART
COMPOSITESCOMPOSITES??Smart composites containSmart composites contain MO./HO0SMO./HO0S
$"$I0M /HOS/HTE 1$/2$"$I0M /HOS/HTE 1$/2 that isthat isvery much useful in dentistry.very much useful in dentistry.
ne of the basic building bloc&s of toothne of the basic building bloc&s of tooth
enamel isenamel is hy'ro-ya*atitehy'ro-ya*atite it is also an it is also aninorganic component of dentine.inorganic component of dentine. In theIn the
case of carious attac& hydro-yapatite iscase of carious attac& hydro-yapatite is
removed from the tooth resulting inremoved from the tooth resulting incavities or white spots.cavities or white spots.
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AC also e-hibits the property of beingAC also e-hibits the property of being
ra*i'ly converte' intora*i'ly converte' intohy'ro-ya*atite 1H/2hy'ro-ya*atite 1H/2 when its levelwhen its level
goes low and acts asgoes low and acts as a source +ora source +or
calcium an' *hos*hate use+ul incalcium an' *hos*hate use+ul in*reventin( caries&*reventin( caries&
#hus#hus i+ the *H in mouth 'ro*s belowi+ the *H in mouth 'ro*s below
3&4 these ions will be (enerate'3&4 these ions will be (enerate'within secon's which ultimatelywithin secon's which ultimately
+orms a (el+orms a (el.. #his gel becomes#his gel becomes
amorphous crystals resulting in calciumamorphous crystals resulting in calciumand phosphate ionsand phosphate ions in about 5in about 5
minutesminutes..
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WHAT AREWHAT ARE SMART FIBRESSMART FIBRES
??
Laser radiation of highLaser radiation of high44 fluency canfluency canbe easily delivered bybe easily delivered by
HollowHollow66core *hotoniccore *hotonic66+ibers 1/$7s2+ibers 1/$7s2
i.e., the laser radiations can easily bei.e., the laser radiations can easily besna&ed through the body using thissna&ed through the body using this
hollowhollow44core photoniccore photonic44fibers which arefibers which are
capable of ablating tooth enamel beencapable of ablating tooth enamel been
developed.developed.
#hese photonic fibers are &nown as#hese photonic fibers are &nown as
SM.T 7I8E.S&SM.T 7I8E.S&
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IMAGE OF LASER DENTISTRYIMAGE OF LASER DENTISTRY
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#hrough a hollow#hrough a hollow44core photoniccore photonic DDfiber,fiber,
se"uences of picoseconds pulses of 3dEse"uences of picoseconds pulses of 3dEFA5 laser radiation with aFA5 laser radiation with a core 'iametercore 'iameter
o+ a**ro-imately 9:o+ a**ro-imately 9:mm is transmittedis transmitted
and these pulses are focused on the toothand these pulses are focused on the toothsurface to ablate dental tissue.surface to ablate dental tissue.
'hile using these fibers we ought to be'hile using these fibers we ought to be
very careful because there is avery careful because there is a ris
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CONCLUSION:CONCLUSION:#he recent advances in the design of#he recent advances in the design of
smart materials have created novelsmart materials have created novelopportunities for theiropportunities for their a**lications ina**lications in
biobio66me'ical +iel'sme'ical +iel's. ne of the. ne of the
applications is the dental restoratives.applications is the dental restoratives.#he numerous applications they have#he numerous applications they have
been put to, no wonder tells us that thesebeen put to, no wonder tells us that these
##smart materialssmart materials%% hold a real goodhold a real goodpromise for the future.promise for the future.
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