Skin:Skin posses numerus sweat and sebeceous glands ,it connected to underlying bones by loose connective tissue ,in which are embedded the muscles of facial expression .No deep fascia is present in the face.
•Sensory nerves of the face ((trigeminal)) nerve
•Supply by trigeminal nerve except small area over the angle of the mandible and parotid gland ,which is supply by the great auricular nerve(C2,C3).
•Trigeminal nerve divided into 3 branches :
•Opthalmic : lacrimal ,supratrachlear,supraorbital,infratrachlear,external nasal.
•Maxillary :infraorbital ,zygomaticofacial ,zygomaticotemporal.
•Mandibular :mental ,buccal,auricotemporal.
Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve
Motor nerve supply of the face ((facial))nerve
Supply all muscles of facial expression ,it does not supply the skin but its
branches communicate with branches of trigeminal nernve .
As facial nerve runs forward within the parotid gland ,it divides into 5
branches :
1.Temperal branch:supply anterior and supperior auricular muscles
,frontal belly of occipitofrontalis ,orbicularis occuli and corrugator
supercilli.
2.Zygomatic branch :emerge from anteior border of the gland and
supply the orbicularis oculi.
3.Buccal branch: emerge from the anterior border of the gland below
the parotid duct and supply the buccinator and muscles of upper lip and
nostril.
4.Mandibular branch:emerge from the anterior border of the gland and
supply the muscles of lower lip .
5.Cervical branch:emerge from lower border of the gland and passes
forward in the neck below the mandible to supply the platysma muscle
,it may cross the lower margin of the body of mandible to supply the
depressor anguli orismuscle.
Arterial supply :((facial ,,superficial temporal))
Facial artery :
arises from external carotid artery having arched over the
submandibular salivary gland ,it curves around the inferior margin of the
body of the mandibule and anterior border of masseter muscle .it is
here that the pulse can be easily felt .it runs upward in a tortous course
toward the angle of the mouth and it coverd by platisma muscle and
risorius muscle .It then ascend deep to zygomaticus muscles and levator
along the side of the nose to the medial angle of the eye ,where it
anastamose with terminal branches of ophthalmic artery .
Branches:
1. Submental artery .2.inferior labial 3.superior labial 4.lateral nasal
Superficial temporal artery:
The smaller terminal branch of external carotid artery ,commences in
the parotid gland .It ascends infront of the auricle to supply the scalp
,within the parotid gland it gives the transverse facial artery which runs
forward across the cheek just above the parotid duct.
Supratrachel and supraorbital arteries:
Are branches of ophthalmic artery supply skin of forhead.
Venous drainge of the face :
The facial vein is formed at the medial angle of the eye by the union of
the supraorbital and supratracheal veins ,it connected to superior
ophthalmic vein directly through supraorbital vein ,the facial vein is
connected tocavernous sinus .This connection is of great clinical
importance because it provides a pathway of the spread of infection
from face to the cavernous sinus .The facial vein descends behind the
facial artery to the lower margin of the body of mandible .It cross
superfacial to submandibular gland and is joined by the anterior division
of retromandibular vein .facial vein ends by draining into internl jagular
vein .
Tributaries :facial vein receives tributaries th\at correspond to the
branches of facial artery .It joined to the pterygoid venous plexus by
deep facial vein .transverse facial vein joins the superficial temporal vein
within the parotid gland.
Lymphatic drainge of the face :
1.submandibular lymph glands:drain forhead and anterior part of the
face .
2. parotid lymph glands :drain lateral part of the face and lateral part of
part of the eyelid.
3.submental lymph glands :drain the skin of the chin and central part of
the lower lip.
•Muscles of facial expression
•The muscles of facial expression are embedded in the superfacial fascia and most arise from the bones of skull and are inserted into the skin .the function of the facial muscles is to act as sphinctoers or dilators of orbit ,nostril and lips.
•All the muscles of the face are develped from 2nd
pharngeal arch and are supplied by the facial nerve
Muscles of eyelid
1.Orbicularis oculi :tow parts ,a.palperal part ...b.orbital part.
Action :Close the eyelids and dilate the lacrimal sca.
2.Corragater supercilli:
Action :vertical wrinkles of forhead .
Muscles of nostril
1.compressor nasi 2. Dilator nasi 3. Procerus 4. Orbicularis oris
Dilator muscles of the lip
1.Levator labii superiors alaeque nasi ,,2.levator labii superiors
,,3.zygomaticus minor ,,, 4.zygomaticus minor,,,5.levator anguli oris
,,6.risorius ,,7.depressor anguli oris ,,8.depressor labii inferioris
,,9.mentalis ,,10 .buccinator .
All the muscles arise from bones and fascia around oral aperture ad
insert into substance of lips
Action :separate lips
Buccinator :compress lip and cheeks against teeth.
•Muscles of mastication :
•lateral and medial pterygoid ,temporalis and
massetr.muscles
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