Skeleton SystemSkeleton System
Classification of boneClassification of bone
Based on LocationBased on Location Axial and AppendicularAxial and Appendicular
Based on ShapeBased on Shape Long, short, flat, Sesamoid, irregularLong, short, flat, Sesamoid, irregular
Based on OssificationBased on Ossification Endochondral and IntramembranousEndochondral and Intramembranous
Based on locationBased on location
AxialAxial Formed from ~80 named bones Formed from ~80 named bones Consists of skull, vertebral column, Consists of skull, vertebral column,
and bony thoraxand bony thoraxAppendicularAppendicular
Remaining ~126 bones Remaining ~126 bones of of
Thoracic girdleThoracic girdle Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle Attached limbsAttached limbs
5 classes based on shape
A. Long
B. Short
C. Flat bones-
D. Irregular bone
E- Sesamoids bone
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Long bones – Long bones – Longer than wide Longer than wide
a shaft plus two endsa shaft plus two ends primarily compact bone primarily compact bone
Short bones – Short bones – roughly cube-shaped roughly cube-shaped - mostly spongy bone - mostly spongy bone
Classification of BonesClassification of Bones
Flat bonesFlat bones
• thin and flattened, usually curved thin and flattened, usually curved
• contain two roughly parallel compact bone contain two roughly parallel compact bone surfaces with a layer of spongy bone between surfaces with a layer of spongy bone between themthem
• Irregular bones Irregular bones
• various shapes, do not fit into other categories various shapes, do not fit into other categories – complicated shapes – complicated shapes
• consist mainly of spongy bone enclosed by thin consist mainly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layers of compact bone layers of compact bone
Sesamoid bone-usually small, round, flat, associated with tendons,
patella, proximal/distal sesamoid bones
1
2
2
3
Anatomy of a long bone- 1. diaphysis (dy-AF-I-sis)-
2. epiphysis (e-PIF-I-sis)-
3. Epiphyseal cartilage (physis, growth plate)-plate of cartilage between diaphysis and epiphysis of immature long bones, where lengthening of long bones occurs
4. metaphysis (me-TAF-I-sis)-The joining point of the diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bone; the part of the epiphyseal cartilage being replace by bone.
5. nutrient foramen-
6. periosteum- connective tissue surrounding the bone that is not covered by articular cartilage; necessary for bone growth, repair, and attachment of ligaments/tendons.
7. articular surface- smooth layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis, involved in joint formation. 8. medullary cavity- 9. endosteum-
10. compact bone- gross term for the part of the bone that looks solid
11. spongy bone - gross term for the part of the bone with visible spaces
6
7
8
9
10
11
5
4
Based on Ossification-
Two types of Ossification:
1. Intramembranous Ossification-
2. Endochondral Ossification-
I.B.1.
I.B.2.I.B.3
I.B.3.b
I.B.3(cont.)
Axial Axial vs. Appendicularvs. Appendicular
SkullSkull Vertebral Vertebral
columncolumn Thoracic cageThoracic cage
Remaining bones Remaining bones of of
Thoracic girdleThoracic girdle Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle Attached limbsAttached limbs
Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton
Consists of:Consists of: Thoracic girdlesThoracic girdles
ClavicleClavicle ScapulaScapula Attached limbsAttached limbs
Pelvic girdlesPelvic girdles Pelvic bonesPelvic bones Attached limbsAttached limbs
The shoulder girdle and The shoulder girdle and upper limbupper limb
ClavicleClavicle ScapulaScapula Each upper extremity:Each upper extremity:
HumerusHumerus RadiusRadius UlnaUlna Carpal bonesCarpal bones MetacarpalMetacarpal PhalangesPhalanges
ScapulaScapula
Is a flat triangular-shaped boneIs a flat triangular-shaped bone
HaveHave 3 borders3 borders
Cranial, caudal, DorsalCranial, caudal, Dorsal 3 angles3 angles
Cranial, caudal, VentralCranial, caudal, Ventral 3 fossae3 fossae
Supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapularSupraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular
The humerusThe humerus
Long boneLong bone It is consist of It is consist of
Proximal end (head)Proximal end (head) NeckNeck ShaftShaft Distal endDistal end
The ulna and RadiusThe ulna and Radius
The two bones of the forearmThe two bones of the forearm The proximal Ext. of ulna is medial to the The proximal Ext. of ulna is medial to the
radiusradius The distal Ext. of ulna is lateral to the The distal Ext. of ulna is lateral to the
radiusradius UlnaUlna
Proximal end, shaft, distal end (head)Proximal end, shaft, distal end (head) Proximal endProximal end
Olecranon processOlecranon process Trochlear notchTrochlear notch
The Carpal bones (bones of The Carpal bones (bones of the wrist)the wrist)
The carpal bones (are Seven in The carpal bones (are Seven in number).number).
Proximal rowProximal row Ulnar, accessory, Intermedioradial CarpalUlnar, accessory, Intermedioradial Carpal
Distal rowDistal row 11thth , 2 , 2ndnd , 3 , 3rdrd , 4 , 4thth Carpal Carpal
The metacarpalThe metacarpal
Five in the numberFive in the number
The PhalangesThe Phalanges
There are 14 phalangesThere are 14 phalanges
Each finger have 3 phalangesEach finger have 3 phalanges
Thumb (have two)Thumb (have two)
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