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The Skeleton
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S
K
E
L
ET
O
N
Functions:Support and Protect
Lever for Muscles
Hematopoiesis
Mineral Storage
Calcium
Phosphorus (PO4)
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BoneTerminologyOsteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Compact
Bone
Spongy
Bone
Medullary
Cavity
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BoneFormation
Endochondral
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BoneFormation
Endochondral
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Articulations
Fibrous
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Articulations
Cartilaginous
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Articulations
Synovial
Intrinsic
Ligaments
Extrinsic
Ligaments
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M
O
V
E
ME
N
T
S
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M
OV
E
ME
N
TS
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Upper Torso
TThe Skeleton
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AXIAL
SKELETON
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SkullFrontal Bone
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SkullBones
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Skull
Bones
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SphenoidBone
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EthmoidBone
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EthmoidBone
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Skull:Facial
Bones
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Skull
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Skull
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Skull:Sutures
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VertebralColumn
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VertebralColumn
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TypicalVertebra
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Vertebrae
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Vertebra
Shapes
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LU
M
B
A
R
V
E
R
TE
B
RA
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C
E
R
V
I
C
A
L
V
E
R
TE
B
RA
E
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CervicalVertebra:
C1Atlas
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OccipitalCondyles
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CervicalVertebra:
C2Axis
C d C 2
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C1andC2
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T
H
O
R
A
C
I
C
V
ER
T
EB
R
AE
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ThoracicVertebra
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ThoracicVertebrae
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L
U
M
B
A
R
V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
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LU
MB
A
R
V
E
R
TE
B
RA
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S
AC
R
U
M
Sacrum
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Sacrum
Median
Crest
Auricu lar Surface
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Sacroiliac
Articulation
A
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S
AC
R
OI
L
IA
C
R
T
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C
U
L
A
T
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O
N
Intervertebral Disc
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IntervertebralDisc
Intervertebral Disc
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IntervertebralDisc
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Intervertebral
Discs
Increase vertebral body
and disc thickness as
descend vertebral column
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Herniated
Disc
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Herniated
Disc
Vertebral Ligaments
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VertebralLigaments
VL
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ER
T
E
B
R
A
L
L
I
G
A
M
E
N
T
S
VertebralLigaments
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V t b l C
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VertebralCurves
V
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V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
L
C
U
R
V
E
S
V
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V
E
R
T
E
B
R
A
L
C
U
R
V
E
S
Vertebral Curves
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VertebralCurves
Vertebral
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Vertebral
Curves
Primary (1)
Secondary (2)
Abnormal Vertebral Curves
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AbnormalVertebralCurves
Ribs
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Ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae Ribs
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ThoracicVertebraeRibs
Sternum
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Infrasternal
notch
Respiration
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Respiration
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Respiration-
Increase
Vertical
Diameter
Respiration
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Increasein
Diameters
Respiration
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Increase
Lateral
Diameter
Respiration
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Increase
Anterior/PosteriorDiameter
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Appendicular
Skeleton
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Clavicle
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Clavicle
Clavicular Ligaments
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ClavicularLigaments
Clavicular Ligaments
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ClavicularLigaments
Scapula:Posterior
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Scapula:Anterior
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Shoulder
Joint
Scapula: Medial
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Scapula:Medial
RibCage
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Sterno-
Clavicular
Movements
ScapulaMovements:
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Scapulothoracic
Joint
HumerusAnterior
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Intertubercular Groove
Surgical Neck
Deltoid Tuberosity
Lateral Epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
Medial
Epicondyle
Coronoid
Fossa
Anatomical
Neck
Head
Anatomical Neck Greater Tubercle
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Trochlear
Notch ofUlna
HumerusPosterior
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Olecranon Fossa
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Trochlear
Notch ofUlna
HumerusPosterior
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Olecranon Fossa
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Shoulder Joint: Anterior
ShoulderJointLigaments
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ShoulderJoint
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Sh ld
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Shoulder
Joint
Movements
ReverseShoulderReplacement
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F
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ForearmRadius Ulna
Radius/Ulna:Anterior
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HeadNeck
Radial Tuberosity
Radius Diaphysis
Styloid Process
Ulna/Radius:PosteriorOlecranon
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Head
ElbowLigaments
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Elbow
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Elbow
ForearmWrist
Hand CarpalsMetacarpals
Phalanges
Lateral Collateral
Ligament
Medial Collateral
Ligament
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Lower Torso
The Skeleton
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Pelvic
Girdle
Pelvic Bones
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PosteriorAnterior
Pelvic BonesMedial View
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Pelvic
Girdle
Pelvic Bones
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Pelvic BonesLateral View
S
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S
A
C
R
O
I
LI
A
C
J
O
I
N
T
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Sacroiliac JointGluteal Muscles
Femur
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Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences
Pelvic Girdle Gender Differences
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Female:
wider; the ilium has a greater lateral flare
acetabulum projects more laterally than male (which has a
greater anterior projection)
the sacrum is shorter and wider
the femur has a greater lateral-to-medial angle as it descends to
the tibia
the mechanics of muscle action is different
Pelvic Girdle: Gender Differences
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Female Male
Gender
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Differences:
Hip/Knee
Mechanics
Angle of Movement in theKnee
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Tibia
Platform
Male FemurFemaleFemur
Knee
Angle of Anterior MuscleAction
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Tibia
Platform
Male FemurFemaleFemur
Angle of Pull of the
Rectus Femoris
Angle of Pull
of theRectus
Femoris
Angle of Posterior MuscleAction
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Tibia
Platform
Male FemurFemaleFemur
Angle of Pull of the
Semitendinosus
Angle of Pull of
theSemitendinosus
Femur
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Pelvic BonesLateral View
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Lateral View
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Patella
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Hip
Ligaments:
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Anterior
View
Hip
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Ligaments:
Posterior
View
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Tibia &
Fibula:
Anterior
View
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Tibia &
Fibula:Posterior
View
Quadriceps
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Tendon &
Patellar
Ligament
Menisci of
the Knee
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Medial
Meniscus
Lateral
Meniscus
Menisci of
the Knee
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Menisci of
the Knee
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Ligaments &
MenisciOf The
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Knee
Ligaments
& Menisci
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& Menisci
Of The
Knee
Ligaments
& Menisci
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& Menisci
Of The
Knee
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Antero
Lateral
Ligament
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Flexion- Extension Gliding
MotionKneeMovements
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Screw-home
Mechanism
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Mechanism
Screw-home Mechanism
Screw-home Mechanism
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Medial rotation of the femur on the tibia at end of knee extension. Thisaction nestles the condyles of the femur onto the shallow platform of the
tibia so that the knee is locked. The posterior cruciate ligament
becomes taut and little muscle activity is necessary to stand for extendedperiods of time.
There is a special muscle, thepopliteus, located in the back of the knee,which initiates knee flexion by laterally rotating the femur on the tibia.
This aligns the condyles of the femur so that flexion can proceed.
Ankle
and
Foot
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Foot
Ankle and
F t
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Foot
Ligaments
Deltoid Ligament: Medial Side
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Lateral Ligaments
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Arches of the Foot
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Plantar Ligaments
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