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Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Materi Kuliah Sessi ke-7
Perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi
Program Pasca Sarjana, Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
Universitas Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)
Dosen: Ir. Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, SE, MSi., MPP
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Topik Pembahasan
• Konsep, Trend dan Issue
• Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
• Organisasi dan Manajemen Sistem Informasi
• Strategi Sistem Informasi
• Aplikasi Sistem Informasi
• Pengendalian dan Keamanan Sistem Informasi
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Mengapa Perlu Mempelajari SI?
• Getting the right information to the right people at the right time at the right
cost;
• Key to effective business processes;
• Business process change;
• The way organisations compete;
• Creation of new services, markets;
• Learning, Knowledge. E-commerce, E-Health, E-Government…
Why? How? Is it efficient? Effective?
What are the risks?
What are the skills?
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Evolusi Peran SI/TI Dalam Organisasi
Perubahan dalam teknologi informasi :
• Tersedianya jaringan info global, untuk menyalurkan berbagai format info (multimedia)
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat keras dan lunak untuk mengolah, menyimpan dan mengirim info.
• Tersedianya berbagai perangkat untuk melakukan transformasi media yang digunakan
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Orientasi Informasi
IT Practices
• IT for operational support
• IT for business process support
• IT for inovation support
• IT for management support
Information management practices
• Sensing information
• Collecting information
• Organizing information
• Processing information
• Maintaining information
Information behaviour and values
• Information integrity
• Information formality
• Information control
• Information sharing
• Information transparency
• Information proactiveness
Information orientation
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SI, CBIS, dan TI
Information Systems (IS)• involve more than just computers• an successful application of an IS requiring an understanding of the business
and its environment that is supported by the IS• in learning about IS, not sufficient just to learn about computers
Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS)• an information system that uses computer technology to perform some or all of its intended tasks
• may include hardware, software, database, network, procedures, or people
Information Technology (IT)• include the hardware, databases, software, networks, and other information
devices (in narrow definition)• usually interchangeably with information systems
• a collection of several information systems, users, and management for an entire organization (in broad sense)
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Isu di dalam SI
� Large variety of organisation and individual information
processing needs
� Fast evolving information technologies - languages
operating systems and the like
� Legacy investments
� Costs and resource management
� Complexity ? Where is the complexity coming from ?
� Maintenance, Support and Training - Leveraging systems
� Design and Analysis related issues
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -1
IS Role inthe enterprise
Relationship withother department
Managing the ISdepartment
Managing the IS/IT activities
InformationSystemManagement
ComputerManagement
Operations, programming,
data collection, etc.
Department is managed as co-ordinated
set of resources which are planned to
meet expected future requirements
Users’ awareness of the role of
computers determine effectiveness
of relationship
Review IS/IT roles, don’t focus
on particular issues only
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Transisi komputer menuju manajemen informasi -
2
• Delivery– Internal focus
– Improving the ability to deliver and support systems and technology
– Not necessarily providing users with what they need
• Re-orientation– Establishing good relationship with the main business functions,
– Supporting business demands through provision of variety of services
– Provide valued service to all business functional management
• Re-organisation– Need for redesign integration of IS investment with business strategy and across business
functions.
– Best way of satisfying each of differing business needs through coalition of responsibilities
for managing information and systems
Hirschheim Model (1988)
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Model-2 SI Dalam Organisasi
Sales forecasting, operating plans, capacity
planing, profit/earnings forecast, business mix
analysis, manpower planning, financial modelling
Planning Systems
Sales analysis, budgetary control, management accounting,
inventory management, quality analysis, expense reporting, market
research/analysis, WIP control, requirement planning, supplier analysis, etc.
Control Systems
Order entry/processing, tracking shipping documents, vehicle scheduling/loading
invoicing, sales and purchase ledgers, cost accounting, stock control, shop floor
scheduling, bill of materials, purchase orders, receiving, employee records, payroll,
word processing, etc.
OperationalSystems
Hirarki perencanaan, pengendalian, dan sistem operasional,
Model Anthony (1965)
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Perbedaan DP dan MIS
Local processing linked to
information resources
Mainframe/mini computersTechnology
Professionals & middle managersOperatorsUsers
Sometimes need human
intervention (esp. for decision
making)
Algorithmic (very
predefined)
Process
Historical data, current & futureRecent history, current &
near future
Information time
frame
Internal & external transaction +
research data
Internal & external
transaction
Information
sources
Effective problem resolution &
decision making support
Efficient transactionObjectives
MISTPS/DP
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Strategic Information Systems
Automatic basic
processes
(efficiency)
Satisfy
information needs
(effectiveness)
Affect business
strategy
(competitiveness)
Transaction and
exception
processing
DATA
PROCESSING
STRATEGIC
INFORMATION
SYSTEMSInformation
enquiry and
analysis
MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS
Use
(objective)
Function
Wiseman Model (1985)
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Trend evolusi SI/TI
AspectsDP MIS SIS
Nature of the technology
Computers’
fragmented
(hardware limitation
Distributed process’
interconnected
software limitation
‘networks’
integrated
people/vison limitation)
Nature of operations
Remote from users
controlled by DP
Regulated by
management
services
Available and
supportive
to users
Issues in systems
development
Technical issues
(programming/
project managemen)
Support business
users’needs
information management
Relate to
business
strategy
Reason for using
technology
Reducing costs
(especially
administrative) –
technology driven
Supporting the
business (manager)
- user driven
Enabling the business
- business driven
Characteristic of systems
Regimented/
operational
(internal)
Accommodating/
control
Flexibility/
strategic
(external)
Galliers & Somogyl, (1987)
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Lingkungan Informasi
Total lingkungan
informasi internal
Lingkungan yang
terotomatisasi
Lingkup memungkinkan
untuk informasi yang dapat
dikelola
Unrecorded
Paper records
Personal
database
Official
information
records
Operational
database
Management
information
Private
records
External
information
Paper records
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Nilai Informasi Bagi Bisnis
STRATEGIC HIGH POTENTIAL
Critical to business
and of greatest
potential value
Potential value to
business may be high,
but not confirmed
Essential for core
process and value enhaced
by horizontal integration
Needed for supporting
Business, but little
strategic value
KEY OPERATIONAL SUPPORT
LowHigh
Low
High
Value
of
information
to
future
strategy
Value of information to current strategy
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Pertanyaan Kunci Dalam Membangun
dan Mengelola SI
• People involved…
• Many technologies….
• How do we decide what to build..? – for one person..for a dept..for
the entire organization…
• How much is it going to cost..?
• How long is it going to take….?
• How do we consider all the systems we have so far..?
• How do we maintain and upgrade…?
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Hubungan Aplikasi SI dan Tingkatan
Manajemen
Sistem Manajemen Data base
P e
m a
s a
r a
n
P r
o d
u k
s i
L o
g i s
t i k
P e
r s
o n
a l i a
Keuangan &
Akunting
Pengola
han Info
rmasi
Manaje
men P
uncak
Data base
Perencanaan Strategis
Pengendalian Manajemen
Pengendalian Operasional
Pengolahan Transaksi
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Pemakai dan Penggunaan SI
Pemakai Pengunaan
Petugas Administrasi Mengerjakan transaksi, mengolah data, dan menjawab pertanyaan
Manajer Tingkat BawahMendapatkan data operasi. Membantu perencanaan, penjadualan,
mengetahui situasiyag tak terkendali, dan mengambil keputusan
Staf AhliInformasi untuk analisis. Membantu dalam analisis, perencanaan
dan pelaporan.
Manajemen
Laporan tetap, Permintaan informasi khusus, Analisa khusus,
Laporan khusus, membantu dalam mengenali persoalan dan
peluang. Membantu dalam analisis pengambilan keputusan.
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Segitiga Pengambilan Keputusan
Sistem Informasi Manajemen
Pengolahan transaksi
Pemberian informasi (tanggapan atas pertanyaan)
Informasi manajemen untuk
Perencanaan operasional, pengambilan
Keputusan dan pengendalian
Informasi manajemen
Untuk perencanaan taktis
Dan pengambilan keputusan
SIM
perencanaan
Strategis &
pengambilan kptsan
SIM: sistem manusia/mesin yang terpadu,
untuk menyajikan informsasi guna mendukung
fungsi operasi, manajemen, dan pengambilan
keputusan dalam sebuah organisasi.
Menggunakan hardware & software komputer,
prosedur, model manajemen dan keputusan,
data base.
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Tiga Tahapan Dalam Penggunaan
Sistem Informasi
• Productivity: a measure of the output achieved divided by the input requirement, something like (Output/Input) x 100%
• Competitive Advantage: a significant and (ideally) long-term benefit that enables company to perform better than its competitors
• Quality: the ability of a product (including services) to meet or exceed customer expectations
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Type Sistem InformasiType Sistem Informasi
DATA WORKERSDATA WORKERS
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVEDKIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR SENIOR
MANAGERSMANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MIDDLE
MANAGERSMANAGERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL LEVEL MANAGERS MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE & KNOWLEDGE &
SALES & SALES & MANUFACTURING MANUFACTURING FINANCE FINANCE ACCOUNTING ACCOUNTING HUMANHUMAN
RESOURCESRESOURCESMARKETINGMARKETING
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Type Sistem InformasiType Sistem Informasi
• Executive Support Systems
• Management Information Systems
• Decision Support Systems
• Knowledge Work Systems
• Office Automation Systems
• Transaction Processing Systems
• Batch vs Online Processing
• Sistem Informasi Fungsional
• Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems
• Enterprise Resources Planning System
• Dukungan Pengambilan Keputusan
• Sistem Dukungan Inteligen
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Subsistem dari Sistem Informasi
• SI (dapat) terdiri atas
Subsistem:
– Penjualan dan pemasukan
pesanan
– Produksi
– Sediaan barang
– Personalia dan payroll
– Pembelian
– Perencanaan
– Kecerdasan lingkungan
• Subsistem dibagi atas subsistem, sebagai contoh Personalia dan Payroll:
– Penyiapan data masukan catatan personalia
– Penyesuaian daftar gaji
– Penyiapan data masukan daftar gaji
– Daftar gaji harian
– Daftar gaji bulanan
– Laporan dafatar gaji untuk manajemen
– Audit personalia dan dafatar gaji
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Data base
• Kumpulan data terdiri dari
– File
– Record
– Field
– Karakter
• Contoh
– Data base Pegawai
– File: Pegawai
– Record: Sukamto
– Field: Nama, Alamat, NIP
– Character: a, b,c 1,2, dll.
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Batch vs Realtime Processing
• Batch
– Pengolahan data secara tidak seketika
– Entry data dikumpulkan dalam satu file secara serial
– Ada perbedaan waktu yangcukup signifikan antara
entry dan eksekusi data
• Real Time Processing
– Entry dan eksekusi data dilakukan seketika
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Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
• Dimulai pada zaman “Data Processing”
• OPERATIONAL LEVEL
• INPUTS: TRANSACTIONS, EVENTS
• PROCESSING: UPDATING
• OUTPUTS: DETAILED REPORTS
• USERS: OPERATIONS PERSONNEL
EXAMPLE: ACCOUNTS PAYABLE
TPSTPS
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Distributed Systems vs Client/Server Systems
• Distributed System
– Entry dan pengolahan data secara tersebar,
– Masing – masing komputer memiliki fasilitas jaringan dengan fasilitas yang sama
• Client/Server
– Sedikitnya satu komputer berfungsi sebagai server, sementara komputer lain yang terhubung menjadi client,
– Server menyediakan NOS,
– Aplikasi dapat ditempatkan di Server atau masing – masing nodes
– Nodes memilii kemampuan pengolahan lokal
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Management Information Systems -1
• MANAGEMENT LEVEL
• INPUTS: HIGH VOLUME DATA
• PROCESSING: SIMPLE MODELS
• OUTPUTS: SUMMARY REPORTS
• USERS: MIDDLE MANAGERS
EXAMPLE: ANNUAL BUDGETING
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Management Information Systems -2
• STRUCTURED & SEMI-STRUCTURED
DECISIONS
• REPORT CONTROL ORIENTED
• PAST & PRESENT DATA
• INTERNAL ORIENTATION
• LENGTHY DESIGN PROCESS*
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TPS Data For MIS Applications
MISMIS
MIS FILESMIS FILES
SALES
DATA
UNIT
PRODUCT
COST
PRODUCT
CHANGE
DATA
EXPENSE
DATA
MISREPORTS
MANAGERSMANAGERS
TPS
Order Processing
System
Materials Resource
Planning System
General Ledger
System
ORDER FILE
PRODUCTION MASTER FILE
ACCOUNTING FILES
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Contoh Aplikasi Sistem Informasi Dalam
Fungsi Pemasaran
Sistem Deskripsi Level Organisasi
Order Processing Entry, proses, dan track order Operasional
Analisa Pasar
Identifikasi pelanggan dan
pasar menggunakan data
demografi, pasar, perilaku
konsumen, dan trend
Knowledge
Analisa HargaMenentukan harga produk dan
layananManajemen
Ramalan dan Tren
Penjualan
Penyiapan ramalan penjualan
5 tahunStratejik
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Isu Di Dalam Pengelolaan TI
• Acquisition: pengadaan/penyediaan TI
– need (kebutuhan),
– resources (sumber-daya),
– time-frame (jangka waktu), dan
– design of IS (rancangan sistem informasi).
• Organization: prosedur pengelolaan,
• Motivation: sumberdaya manusia, serta
• Relationship: hubungan antara bagian Sistem
Informasi dengan bagian-bagian lain di dalam
organisasi
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Acquisition (pengadaan TI)
Need (kebutuhan) dari:
• Size of the organization: besar kecilnya organisasi/perusahaan yang memerlukan TI.
• Structure of the organization: struktur dari perusahaan.
• Nature of operational: sifat dari operasional perusahaan, misalnya organisasi pemerintah, bisnis, dll.
• Type of informationn needed (jenis informasi yang diperlukan),misalnya informasi mengenai keuangan, kepegawaian, dll.
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The Role of Information Technology
Gather Organize DistributeSelect Synthesize
Facts
Data
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Business
Value of
Information
Technology
Add Value
customers and markets
Reduce Costs
transactions and processes
Minimize Risks
market, financial, legal,
operational risks
Create New Realities
intelligence (social, political, technological, etc.)
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The Balanced of Resources has Changed
Four Four MsMs PlusPlus
Men
Machines
Materials
Money
Information
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Strategic Systems
• Connection to supplier & customer
• Effective use of information in the value adding
process
• Enable to deliver new product/service
• Provide executive with strategic information
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Business, IS & IT Relationship
• Business decisions
• Objectives and direction
• Change
Business Strategy
• Business based
• Demand orientation
• Application focused
IS Strategy
• Activity Based
• Supply oriented
• Technology focused
IT Strategy
Where is the business
going & why?
What is required?
How can it be
realized?
External &
Internal
Factors
External &
Internal
Factors
Direction for
business
Needs &
priorities
Supports
business
Infrastructure &
service
Economy
Society
Politics
Law
Ecology
Technology
Culture
Stakeholders
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IT Roles in Business Process Reengineering
ELIMINATE
SIMPLIFY
INTEGRATE
AUTOMATE
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MIT Theory of IT Evolution & Revolution
Localized ExploitationLocalized Exploitation
IntegrationIntegration
Business Process RedesignBusiness Process Redesign
Business Network RedesignBusiness Network Redesign
Business Scope RedefinitionBusiness Scope Redefinition
LOW Range of Potential Benefits HIGH
LOW
HIGH
Degree of Business
Transform
ation
Revolutionary
Evolutionary
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Internal Evolution of Information Technology
SAVE MONEY
2 Financial, Manufacturing, Services
1 Administrative
MAKE MONEY
4 Mega Decisions3 Marketing, Distribution,Customer Service
REMAIN IN BUSINESS
5 People Systems, HomeComputers
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
2 Asset Management1 Process Management
ORGANIZATIONALEFFECTIVENESS
5 Restructuring of the Industry
4 Restructuring of theOrganization
3 Growth and Increase inMarket Share
FUNCTIONAL USE MANAGEMENT FOCUS
Reducing Costs
Leveraging Investment
Enhancing Productsand Services
Enhancing ExecutiveDecision Making
Reaching theConsumer
Above the Line
Below the Line
1
2
3
4
5
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Nature of IT Center
Cost
Center
Profit
Center
Investment
Center
Service
Center
I/T
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IT Benefits Measurement
LOW HIGH
HIGH
LOWMarket Reaction
Access to New StaffFaster Information
Positive Staff Reaction
Better InformationImproved Security
Lower Risk
Staff ReductionLower AssetsMore Sales
M E A S U R A B L E
T A N G I B L E
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IT and Business Alignment
DAY-TO-DAY OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES
MissionVision Value
Objectives
Critical Success Factors
Key Performance Indicators
Business Strategy I/T Strategy
Business Process and Tactical Procedures
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Boeing Strategic Architecture
Delivery System ArchitectureHardware, Software, Communications
Data Architecture
Information SystemArchitecture
InformationArchitecture
Business ProcessArchitecture
drives
prescribes
identifies
support byFeedback
Standards
Product Groups
Information Services
Which hardware,
software, and
network are required?
How is the
data
managed?
How are the
processes and
information
related?
What
information is
needed to
accomplish
those processes?
What business
processes
should be used?
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Information System Strategic Planning
THREE DOMAINS
Information System Requirements
Information Technology Supply
Information Management Strategy
STRATEGIC PLANNING
List of Scenarios
Risk Management
Cost/Benefit Analysis
Technical Design
Project Management
Priorities Level and Schedule
Implementation Plan
Human Resource Skills and Competencies Requirements
Change Management
INTERNAL
Corporate History
Business Plan
Existing Information Technology
Constraints and Opportunities
Strength and Weakness
Approach and Methodology
EXTERNAL
Industry Trend
Information Technology Development
Competitor Analysis
Benchmarking
Best Practice
S
HA
RE
HO
LD
ER
S
N
E
T
W
OR
K& P
AR
T
N
E
R
S
BUSINESSPROCESS
PROCEDURES
STANDARD
PEOPLE
CULTURE
POLICIES
LEGALASPECT
TECHNOLOGYINFRASTRUCTURE
COMPANYASSETS
FINANCIALRESOURCES
ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
COMPANYGEOGRAPHICAL
TOPOLOGY
BLUE PRINTINPUT
VALUE
VISIONMISSION
CSFsKPIs
STRATEGY
Ideology, Political Agenda, Economic Environment, Social and Culture, International Relationship, National
Defense, Religion, Behaviors,
Macro Environment
ANALYSIS PROCESS
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New Type of Corporation
PHYSICAL COMPANY
KNOWLEDGE COMPANY
•Procure
•Inbound Logistics
•Manufacturing
•Transportation
•Distribute
•Delivery
•Customer
•Value-Added Networks
•Internet
•Extranet
•Web TV
•Wide Area Networks
•E-Marketplaces
•Intranet
•Private Network
•Market Strategy
•Product Design
•Marketing
•Customer Management
•Value Network Management
•E-Catalogues
•ERP
•E-Collaboration
•E-Forms
•WWW
•EDI
•Electronic Funds
•E-Bulleting Boards
•Chat Rooms
•Financial EDI
Supply-Chain
Components
Technology
Vehicles
Application
Enablers
Demand-Chain
Components
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Success Indicators
1. New Business (products/services)
2. New Market (customers)
3. New Revenue (business model)
4. New Company (business transformation)
5. New Image (business community)
6. New Wealth (paradigm shift)
Etc.
Key Points:
• From “nothing” to “existing”
• From “existing” to “creating”
• From “creating” to “improving”
• From “improving” to “growing”
• From “growing” to “performing”
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