Environmental Performance Reviews
Simon Upton Director, Environment
10 APRIL 2014
Environmental Performance Review
of Colombia
Environmental Performance Reviews Surfing the commodities boom
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
% c
hang
e (2
000-
11)
USD
1 0
00 (2
005
pric
es a
nd P
PP)
GDP per capita in 2011 and % change in total GDP (2000-11)
GDP per capita % change
Environmental Performance Reviews One of the world’s most unequal countries
0,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,8
Gini coefficient of household disposable income, 2010 or latest available year
Environmental Performance Reviews Strong commodity prices
0%
4%
8%
12%
2001 2006 2011
% share of value added Contribution to GDP growth
Other
Metalores
Coal
Oil andgas
Growth in mining
Environmental Performance Reviews
0
3 000
6 000
9 000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 000 ha
8% of the continental land area
Land titled for mining (cumulated ha)
Mining exploration
Environmental Performance Reviews
Mining titles 2012
Titles granted Titles and
applications
Coal, metal and other mining 2%
Oil and gas extraction
43%
Manufacture of metals 13%
Manufacture of electrical machinery and motor vehicles
5%
Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
4%
Other manufacturing
13%
Printing and publishing 3%
Transport 4%
Human health activities 9%
Other 4%
Total: 174 419 tonnes
Environmental Performance Reviews Hazardous waste generation
Renewables
Generation of hazardous waste by type of activity in 2011
Natural resources under pressure from agriculture
Environmental Performance Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
% of land area Forest area in 2011
Land use area (estimated)
1500
1600
1800
1850
1920
1970
2000
Natural resources under pressure from agriculture
Environmental Performance Reviews
0,000,200,400,600,801,001,201,401,601,80
05
1015202530354045
Pacific Orinoquía Caribbean Andean Amazon
million ha
Forest area (1990)Forest area (2005)Forest area (2010)Average annual deforestation rate (1990-2010)
% of 1990 forest area
Forest area and average annual deforestation by region
Livestock grazing
Environmental Performance Reviews
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
million head of cattle Increase in stock units
Land holding
Environmental Performance Reviews
0,00,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,91,0
Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Mexico Uruguay Paraguay Peru
Gini index
Land holding concentration
Source: FAO Gender and Land Rights Database; Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi.
Environmental Performance Reviews Urbanisation is growing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
2021
2024
2027
2030
2033
2036
2039
2042
2045
2048
million inhabitants
UrbanRural
Population trends: projections to 2050
Environmental Performance Reviews Using water more efficiently
0 20 40 60 80
Pacific
Orinoquia
Magdalena-Cauca
Carribean
Amazon
% urban population% average annual runoff
%
Distribution of surface water resources and population by hydrographic area
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2008 2019
billion m3
Water abstractions by major uses: 2008 and projections to 2019
Manufacturing industryPublic water supplyAgriculture and aquaculture
Environmental Performance Reviews Access to water and sanitation
0
25
50
75
100
Urban Rural Urban Rural
Safe drinking water Basic sanitation
Population with access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation 1993 and 2010
1993 2010
%
MDG targets 2015
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
0
25
50
75
100
Water supply
%
Households connected to water supply and sewer systems, 2003-12
2003 2012
Sewerage
Environmental Performance Reviews Access to water and sanitation
Urban
Rural
Rural
Urban
Environmental Performance Reviews
The effects of climate change on precipitation
Change in precipitation 2071-2100 vs 1971-2000
Environmental Performance Reviews
Planned expansion of fossil fuel power generation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 2020
TWh
Electricity generation, 1990-2011 and projections to 2020 (baseline scenario)
Hydro Biofuels and wasteNatural gas Oil productsCoal and coal products
Thermal plants
Hydroelectric plants
Low CO2 emission intensity – for now
Environmental Performance Reviews
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
COL NOR FRA ITA TUR CHL MEX JPN USA CAN AUS
t/USD 1 000 (2005 PPP)
Energy-related CO2 emissions intensity, 2011
Low CO2 emission intensity – for now
Environmental Performance Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Transport
Manufacturing and construction
Residential, commercial and public services
Other energy industry own use
Energy-related CO2 emissions by sector, 2000-11
Mt
Electricity and heat
Agriculture and forestry
Environmental Performance Reviews Growth in road transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0102030405060708090
100
UnitedStates
Australia Canada Norway Japan Mexico Chile Turkey Colombia
% change vehicles/ 100 inhabitants
Road vehicle stock per capita, 2010
Passenger cars Other % change 2000-10
Lower taxes on diesel than petrol
Environmental Performance Reviews
Fuel prices in Colombia and selected OECD countries, 2012
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50
3,00
Nor
way
Turk
ey
Uni
ted
King
dom
Fran
ce
Switz
erla
nd
Japa
n
Chi
le
Col
ombi
a - B
ogot
à
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Mex
ico
USD/litre
Unleaded petrol Diesel for commercial use
Petrol vs diesel
Environmental Performance Reviews
-0,3
0,0
0,3
0,7
1,0
1,3
1,7
2,0
-1 000
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
% of GDP COP billion 2005 prices
Petrol Diesel Total % GDP(right axis)
Fuel subsidies
It is estimated that diesel subsidies accounted for 65% of total fuel subsidies in 2011.
Air pollution has significant impacts on human health and the economy
Environmental Performance Reviews
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Bogotá Medellín Bucaramanga National standard WHO standard
µg/m3
Annual mean concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10) in three cities
Environmental Performance Reviews
Low municipal waste generation but high landfill rate
Municipal waste generation, 2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
200
400
600
800
COL BRA JPN MEX CHL TUR NOR FRA GBR USA
% kg/capita
Waste per capita % landfilled (right axis)
Environmental Performance Reviews Waste – municipal waste generation
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Sanitary landfills Recovery* Other** Private final consumption(right axis)
million tonnes
* Mainly carried out by treatment plants not complying with adequate technical standards. Excludes recovery from households, commerce and industrial sources (about 1.8 millions tonnes in 2010). ** Includes waste disposal in non-controlled sites and water bodies, and waste burning in open areas.
Generation and treatment of municipal waste
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Private final consumtion (right axis)
Index 2005 = 100 (constant prices)
Environmental Performance Reviews Environmentally related taxes
-2,0
-1,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
Mex
ico
Col
ombi
a
Uni
ted
Stat
es
Chi
le
Japa
n
Fran
ce
Sout
h Af
rica
Nor
way
Braz
il
Turk
ey
% of GDP
Energy products Motor vehicles Other
OECD countries and selected non-member economies, 2011
Environmental Performance Reviews
Mobilising resources to develop and manage protected areas
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Total SINAP resources Domestic government budget to national natural parks
International co-operation Other domestic sources
COP million 2011 prices Sources of funding for protected areas
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