Silicon-BasedLithium-IonCapacitorforHighEnergyandHighPowerApplication
JamesJ.Wu, BrianneDeMattia,PatriciaLoyselle,ConchaReid,LisaKohoutNASAGlennResearchCenter
13th AnnualLithiumBatteryMaterialsandChemistriesHyattCentric,Virginia,October31- November1,2017
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20180000357 2020-06-17T15:18:09+00:00Z
Outline
• Introduction/NASAEnergyRequirements
• ChallengesandOpportunities
• Approaches
• ResultSummary
• NextStepsandFutureDirections
EnergyStorage:ImportantforNASAMissions
– Batteryandcapacitor:versatile,reliable,safeandportableenergysources
– ElectricalenergystorageoptionsforNASAspacemission,suchas• powersourceduringspacecrafteclipses• peakingpowerforhighpowerneeds
– anessentialcomponentofthepowersystemofvirtuallyallNASAmissions
DesiredPropertiesofEnergySourceforNASAMissions
• Safe• Highinspecificenergy• Lightinweight• Compactinvolume• Longinshelflife• Durableinwidetemperaturerangeandatharshenvironment
• Reliableinmeetingmissionrequirements
State-of-Art(SOA)Li-IonBattery(LIB)
• TypicalLIBSpecs:– Specificenergy:180-200Wh/kg– Specificpower:300W/kg– Cycles:1000s– Temprange:-20oCto60oC
• Limitations:–Maximumofenergydensity<250Wh/kg– Electrolyteflammableandfirehazards
NASADemandsVeryHighEnergyDensity
ElectricAviation500– 750Wh/kg
•Greenaviation– Lessnoise,loweremissions,highefficiency
•Hybrid/All-electricaircraft–Limitedbymassofenergystoragesystem
•Commercialaviation– Safe,reliable,lightweighton-boardelectricauxiliarypowerunit
ExtravehicularActivities(Spacesuitpower)
>400Wh/kgRequiredtoenableuntetheredEVAmissionslasting8hourswithinstrictmassandvolumelimitations.
•Astronautlifesupport•Safetyandreliabilityarecritical•100cycles
LandersandRovers,Roboticmissions,In-
spacehabitats>500Wh/kg
Batteriesareexpectedtoprovidesufficientpowerforlifesupportandcommunicationssystems,andtoolsincludingvideoandlighting•>100cycles
NASAfuturemissionrequirementsfarexceedthecapabilitiesofSOALi-ionchemistries
Ø requiresadvancesinsafe,veryhighenergybatteriesdevelopment
NASAAdvancedSpacePowerSystems(ASPS)Program(2008-2014)
• Advancedsafe,highenergy/ultra-highenergyLi-ionbatteries• Advancedelectrodematerials
• Advancedanodeactivematerials(i.e.Sianode,w/GeorgiaTech,PhysicalScience,inc.)
• Advancedcathodeactivematerials(i.e.highcapacityNMC,w/UniversityofTexasatAustin)
• Advancedelectrolytetoimprovesafety• Non-flammableadditivestoreducetheflammability(w/NASA/JPL)
• Industrialmanufacturers• Saft America,Yardney etc
NASAAdvancedEnergyStorageSystem(AESS)ProjectunderGameChangeProgram(2014-2017)
• PhaseI:8month,4awardsweregiven:• 1award(CategoryI)onSiAnodebasedLi-ionbattery(Amprius)• 3awards(CategoryII)onLi/Sbatterydevelopment(JPL/CIT,IUPIU,
UniversityofMaryland (UMD)• PhaseII:12month,2awardweregiven:
• Amprius:SiliconAnodeBasedCellsforHighSpecificEnergySystems(CORBrianneDemattia)• CommercialstandardcathodepairedwithAmprius’siliconanode• PhaseI:Deliverableswith>300Wh/kgafter225cycles(pouchcell)• PhaseII:Scale-upcells(2XsizeinphaseI)with>300Wh/kgover200cycles
•Additionaltemperature&safetyevaluationsatcell&batterylevels•Batterypackbrassboard delivering>250Wh/kg
• UniversityofMaryland:GarnetElectrolyte-BasedSafeLithium-SulfurEnergyStorage(COR:JamesWu)• Allsolidstatebatterywithuniqueandscalabletrilayer (porous-dense-porous)
solidstateelectrolyte(SSE)structure.• PhaseI:demonstratedthefeasibilityinlabcells(coincell)• PhaseII:optimizetheparametersandscaleupto5cmx6cmsizeswithtargeted
energydensity~500Wh/kg
POC:DonPalac,ProjectManager(GRC)
NASASBIR/STTRProgramPOC:LisaKohout,BatterySubtopicManager(GRC)
• NASASBIRtopicsarealignedwithoneoffourMissionDirectorates• Solicitationsfocusonspecifictechnologygaps
• SubtopicsinFY17solicitationwithfocusonelectrochemicaltechnologiesledbyNASAGlennResearchCenter•Funding
• PhaseI:$125K(6months)forSBIR,or12monthforSBIR/STTR• PhaseII:$750K(24month)
• Current/previousSBIRPhaseIIaward:2017:CornerstoneResearchGroup,AdvancedLithiumSulfurBattery2014
•SolidPower,Inc.UltraHighEnergySolid-StateBatteriesforNextGenerationSpacePower•Nohms Technologies-LiMetalProtectionforHighEnergySpaceBatteries
2012•Storagenergy Technologies – AdvancedLi/SBatteriesBasedonNovelCompositeCathodeandElectrolyteSystem
HighEnergyandHighPowerEnergySource
• Twomajortypesofelectrochemical-basedenergystoragedevices
• Battery: Faradic/exothermalredoxreaction(manydifferentvarieties)HighenergydensityElectrodedegradationLimitedcyclelife
• Capacitor: Electrostatic/capacitiveinteractionHighpowerdensityElectrodestructuralintegrationLongcyclelife
HowtoImproveBothPowerDensityandEnergyDensityofBattery
• Newmaterialswithhighspecificcapacity
• Novelarchitectures:3Ddesignofelectrode• Thinnerelectrode(fastionictransport)• Highelectronicconductivity(faste-transport)• Highelectrode/electrolyteinterfacialarea(fastchargetransferacrosstheinterface)
HowtoImproveBothEnergyDensityandPowerDensityofCapacitor
• Oneapproachistohybridthecapacitorelectrodewithonebatteryelectrodei.e.asymmetricsupercapacitor
• Oneelectrode(ascathode)fromcapacitor(i.e.activecarbonw/highporosityandhighsurfacearea)undergoeselectrostaticinteraction
• Theotherelectrode(asanode)frombattery(i.e.siliconwithhighspecificcapacity)undergoeselectrochemicalredoxreaction
Si:aPromisingLi-IonAnodeMaterial
• AttractiveFeatures• Hightheoreticalspecificcapacity(4200mAh/g)• Lowpotential0.4Vvs.Li/Li+• Nontoxicity• AbundanceelementonEarthcrust
• Challenges• Lowelectronicconductivity• Largevolumeexpansion(3005-400%)• UnstableSEI – fastcapacityfade
• Approaches• Carbon/Sicomposite,w/nanosized ornanostructuredSi• EnablerforSEIformation
Si-BasedLi-ionCapacitor
Li+
Li+
Li+
Actived carbon(AC)cathodeLi-ionanode,suchasSi
Charge
DischargeAnion- (i.g.PF6-)
Separator
Electrolyte:1MLiPF6inEC:DEC:DME(2:1:2)w/10%FEC
CyclicVoltammetryofIndividualElectrodeinHalf-Cell
SiAnode ACCathode
ImpedanceofIndividualElectrodeinHalf-Cell
Sianode
AC Cathode
BeforeCVcycle
BeforeCVcycle
Lithiation state
Delithiation state
Delithiation stateLithiation state
InitialCyclingofIndividualElectrodeinHalf_Cell
SiAnode ACCathode
0.01V– 1V 2V– 4.5V
RateCapabilityCyclingofIndividualElectrodeinHalf-Cell
SiAnode ACCathode
5A/g
1A/g
0.5A/g0.25A/g
0.1A/g0.25A/g
0.1A/g
1A/g0.5A/g
0.25A/g 0.1A/g0.25A/g
CyclicVoltammetryofSi-ACFullCellCapacitor
ImpedanceofSi-ACFullCellCapacitor
BeforeCVcycling
CVcyclingto2.0V
CVcyclingto4.5V
InitialCyclingofSi-ACCapacitor
RateCapabilityCyclingofSi-ACCapacitor
PowerDensity EnergyDensity
VoltageProfileofIndividualElectrodeinSi-ACCapacitorusingReferenceElectrode
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Time(Hrs)
Volta
ge(V
)
Sivs.ref.
Cellvoltage
ACvs.ref.
Results Summary• Si-basedLi-ioncapacitorhasbeendevelopedanddemonstrated•Theresultsshowitisfeasibletoimprovebothpowerdensityandenergydensityinthisconfiguration• Theapplid currentdensityimpactsthepowerandenergydensity:lowcurrentfavorsenergydensitywhilehighcurrentfavorspowerdensity
• ActivecarbonhasabetterratecapabilitythanSi
NextSteps/FutureDirections•Sielectrodeneedstobefurtherimproved•FurtheroptimizationofSi/ACratioandevaluationofitsimpactonenergydensityandpowerdensity
Acknowledgement
• ConvergentAeronauticsSolutionProject–MultifunctionalStructurewithHighEnergyLightweightLoadbearingStorage
• FormerAdvancedSpacePowerSystemProject
Thankyou!
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