In the Name of God,The Compassionate, The
Merciful
Dr. Sayed Inseram Ali. B.Sc. ( Hons ), M.Sc.; AACC, ASMT, ASM, :
USA; R.M. CANADA; IFCC U. K.
( 1 )-IMPORTANTANCE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM:
Immunology is the study of how the body protects itself against invading pathogens and harmful cells or substances.
The basic function of the immune system are to:
( a -)Protect the body from the harmful effects of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens and their toxins.
( b -)Destroy abnormal cells which may formed in the body such as cancer cells.
( c -)Prevent the abnormal breakdown of the body's own tissues.
(2)-NATURAL AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY.
The body's immune mechanisms consist of :• Non-specific natural immunity.• Specific acquired immunity.
IMMUNITY:
Specific (1)- Humoral or Cell- Mediated.(2)- Corporal Local Abs. Active: (1) - Infection. (2)-Immunization Vaccination.
Passive:(1)-Transplacental Breast Milk .
(2)-Antitoxins Gamma globulins.
Non – Specific.
•Mechanical Barriers.•Antimicrobial secretion.•Phagocytosis.•Killer Cells. ( Natural ).•Body Natural Microbial flora. •Genetic factors.
Antibodies: Antibodies are immunoglobulin's ) Ig ( which react specifically with antigens. Immunoglobulin's are composed of two types of polypeptide )amino acid ( chains, i.e. heavy chains and light chains. They are classified by their heavy chains because these are different for each class of immunoglobulin as follows :
Ig G: Ig G is the main antibody which binds to foreign antigen at a later stage of a primary infection than Ig M and forms the rapid antibody response in repeated infection i.e. secondary response.
Ig M: Ig M provide the early but short - lived antibody response in a primary infection, and therefore rises in Ig M levels indicate present or recent infection.
Ig A: Ig A antibodies are found in secretions of the eye, nose, mouth, bronchi, and intestinal tract. They are locally active in neutralizing toxins and viruses, and assisting in phagocytosis.
Ig D: Ig D is normally present in the body in small amount. It is known to be active against food antigens and auto antigens of nuclear origin.
Ig E: Ig E, like Ig D, is also normally present in the body in very small amounts and is found in mucous membranes. Raised levels of Ig E are found in some intestinal parasitic infections and Allergic manifestation.
(3 - ) NUTRITION AND :DEFICIENCY DISORDERSAn intake of essential nutrients and water is required to sustain life and to keep the different systems of the body functioning well and in harmony.
) A ( - The following are required:
)a( - Carbohydrates and fats.)b( - Protein.)c( - Fiber.)d( - Iron.)e( - Other Mineral Salts.)f ( - Vitamins and Amino Acids.)g( - Water.
) B ( - Importance of Breast Feeding a Baby.
Breast milk contains antibodies and other protective substances. It is a very nutritious food and is enough on its own for a baby's needs until the infant is about four months old. After this, breast milk is not enough and other food must be added to a baby's diet to provide extra calories and protein, as well as vitamins and minerals. If this is not done a child will not grow and develop normally and suffer from protein – energy malnutrition ( PEM ).
) C ( – Drugs and its abuses. ) D ( – Exposure to Natural
Environment. ) E ( – Mental Stress.
) 4 ( - SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST PROCEDURES.
( A - ) LATEX.) B ( - HAEMAGLUTINATION.) C ( - JEL DIFFUSION.) D ( - FLOURECENT TECHNIQUE. ) E ( - ELISA.) F ( - RAPID TESTS ) monoclonal and polyclonal Abs.( Diffusion. ) G (- PCR. TECHNOLOGY.
( 5 ) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST REQUIREMENT.
SAMPLE:
S - SmallestA - Amount ofM - MaterialP - Provided toL - Laboratory forE - Evaluation.
(6 – ) SAMPLE REQUIRMENT.
) a (. MACRO TESTING.
) b (. MICRO TESTING.
) 7 ( – HOW TO INTERPERATE THE RESULTS.
) A ( – BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
SALMONELLA.BRUCELLA.
) B ( – VIRAL INFECTION. HEPATITIS, HIV, HSV, CMV, CHLAMYDIA,RUBELLA, ETC.
) C ( – PROTOZOAL INFECTION. SHISTOSOMA,
AMOEBA, TOXO.
) 8 ( – CONCLUSION :
) A ( - No Serological Negative test gives final diagnosis. Due to seropositive window.
) B ( . Low titre positive result should not be given final diagnosis till the follow up is done and confirmed.
) C ( - In some Bacterial, parasitological and viral infection IgG result should not be considered as final for treatment till IgM is done.
) D ( - A confirm positive result is taken as positive.
) E ( - Titre of positive test differs country wise due to prevalence of infection in that area specially food born infection and hygienic condition.
Final Remark's:
An apple a day keeps the Doctor Away
But
If the Doctor is good and handsome,
keeps the sickness away.)Zain Lab in need is a Zain Lab indeed(.
END.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST ENJOY
DINNER.
LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST ENJOY
DINNER.
Sayed Inseram Ali
Technical DirectorZain Clinical LaboratoryPO Box # 272Madinah, Saudi ArabiaTelephone: (9664) 5236361Fax: (9664) 8251978
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