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Indian RailwaysChaitanya Balijireddy#1,
1041010046
#
ECE-A, SRM UniversityChennai,India
Abstract Indian Railways ( reporting mark IR / . ) is anIndian state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the
Government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one
of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km
(71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and
7,500 stations. As of December 2012, it transported over 25
million passengers daily (over 9 billion on an annual basis). In
2011, IR carried over 8,900 million passengers annually or morethan 24 million passengers daily (roughly half of which were
suburban passengers) and 2.8 million tons of freight daily. In
20112012 Indian Railways had revenues of 1119848.9 million
(US$17 billion) which consists of 696759.7 million
(US$11 billion) from freight and 286455.2 million
(US$4.4 billion) from passengers tickets.
I. INTRODUCTION
Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 from Bombay
to Thane. In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit,the Indian Railways, becoming one of the largest networks inthe world. IR operates both long distance and suburban railsystems on a multi-gauge network ofbroad, metre and narrowgauges. It also owns locomotive and coach productionfacilities at several places in India and are assigned codesidentifying their gauge, kind of power and type of operation.Its operations covertwenty eight states and seven unionterritories and also provides limited international services to
Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
Indian Railways is the world's ninth largest commercial orutility employer, by number of employees, with over
1.4 million employees. As forrolling stock, IR holds over239,281 Freight Wagons, 59,713 Passenger Coaches and9,549 Locomotives (43 steam, 5,197 diesel and 4,309 electriclocomotives). The trains have a 5 digit numbering system asthe Indian Railways runs about 10,000 trains daily. As of 31March 2013, 23,541 km (14,628 mi) (36%) of the total65,000 km (40,000 mi) km route length was electrified. Since1960, almost all electrified sections on IR use 25,000 Volt ACtraction through overhead catenary delivery.
HISTORY
The history of rail transport in India began in the mid-nineteenth century. The core of the pressure for buildingRailways In India came from London. In 1849, there was nota single kilometre of railway line in India. A British engineer,
Robert Maitland Brereton, was responsible for the expansionof the railways from 1857 onwards. The Allahabad-Jabalpur
branch line of theEast Indian Railwayhad been opened inJune 1867. Brereton was responsible for linking this with theGreat Indian Peninsula Railway, resulting in a combinednetwork of 6,400 km (4,000 mi). Hence it became possible totravel directly from Bombay toCalcutta. This route wasofficially opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of theinspiration for French writerJules Verne's bookAround theWorld in Eighty Days. At the opening ceremony, the ViceroyLord Mayo concluded that it was thought desirable that, if
possible, at the earliest possible moment, the whole country
should be covered with a network of lines in a uniform
system.[5]
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passenger coaches are Production Units of Indian Railways.Over the years, Indian Railways has not only achieved self-sufficiency in production of rolling stock in the country butalso exported rolling stock to other countries. Each of these
production units is headed by a general manager, who alsoreports directly to the Railway Board. The production unitsare
3) Other subsidiaries
There also exist independent organisations under the controlof the Railway Board forelectrification, modernisation,research and design and training of officers, each of which isheaded by an officer of the rank of general manager. Anumber ofPublic Sector Undertakings, which performrailway-related functions ranging from consultancy toticketing, are also under the administrative control of theMinistry of railways.
There are fourteen public undertakings under theadministrative control of the Ministry of Railways,[16] viz.
Bharat Wagon and Engineering Co. Ltd. (BWEL)
Centre for Railway Information Systems (CRIS)[17]
Container Corporation of India Limited (CONCOR)
Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India
Limited (DFCCIL)
Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation
Limited (IRCTC)
Indian Railway Construction (IRCON) International
Limited
Indian Railway Finance Corporation Limited (IRFC) Konkan Railway Corporation Limited (KRCL)
Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation (MRVC)
Railtel Corporation of India Limited (Rail Tel)
Rail India Technical and Economic Services Limited
(RITES)
Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL)
Burn Standard and Co. Ltd (BSCL)
Braithwaite and Co. Ltd (BCL)
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), that hasconstructed and operates Delhi Metro network, is an
independent organisation not connected to the IndianRailways. Similar metro rail corporations in other cities(except Kolkata Metro in Kolkata) are not connected to theIndian Railways.
Rolling stock
4) LocomotivesMain article: Locomotives in India
Two historical steam engines at water refilling station at Agrastation
A Beyer Garratt 6594 Engine seen at the National RailMuseum
Locomotives in India consist ofelectric and diesellocomotives. Biodiesel locomotives are also being used onexperimental basis.[18]Steam locomotives are no longer used,except in heritage trains. Locomotives are also called locos orengines. In India, locomotives are classified according to theirtrack gauge, motive power, the work they are suited for andtheir power or model number. The class name includes thisinformation about the locomotive. It comprises 4 or 5 letters.
The first letter denotes the track gauge. The second letterdenotes their motive power (Diesel or Electric) and the thirdletter denotes the kind of traffic for which they are suited(goods, passenger, mixed or shunting). The fourth letter usedto denote locomotives' chronological model number.However, from 2002 a new classification scheme has beenadopted. Under this system, for newer diesel locomotives, thefourth letter will denote theirhorsepowerrange. Electriclocomotives don't come under this scheme and even all diesellocos are not covered. For them this letter denotes their modelnumber as usual.
A locomotive may sometimes have a fifth letter in its namewhich generally denotes a technical variant or subclass orsubtype. This fifth letter indicates some smaller variation inthe basic model or series, perhaps different motors, or adifferent manufacturer. With the new scheme for classifyingdiesel locomotives (as mentioned above) the fifth item is aletter that further refines the horsepower indication in 100 hpincrements: 'A' for 100 hp, 'B' for 200 hp, 'C' for 300 hp, etc.So in this scheme, a WDM-3A refers to a 3100 hp loco, whilea WDM-3F would be a 3600 hp loco.
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Note: This classification system does not apply to steamlocomotives in India as they have become non-functionalnow. They retained their original class names such as M classorWP class.
As of 31 March 2012, Indian Railways had 5,197 diesellocomotives (increased from 17 on 31 March 1951), 4,309
electric locomotives (increased from 72 on 31 March 1951)and 43 steam locomotives (decreased from 8,120 on 31 March1951) (see Railway Budget 201213 ExplanatoryMemorandum).
Diesel Locomotives are now fitted with Auxiliary PowerUnits which saves nearly 88% of Fuel during the idle timewhen train is not running.[19]
5) Goods wagons or freight cars
The number offreight car or goods wagons was 205,596 on
31 March 1951 and reached the maximum number 405,183 on31 March 1980 after which it started declining and was239,321 on 31 March 2012. The number is far less than therequirement and the Indian Railways keeps losing freighttraffic to road. Indian Railways carried 93 million tonnes ofgoods in 195051 and it increased to 1010 million tonnes in201213.[20]
However, its share in goods traffic is much lower than roadtraffic. In 1951, its share was 65% and the share of road was35%. Now the shares have been reversed and the share ofrailways has declined to 30% and the share of road hasincreased to 70%.
6) Passenger coaches
Indian railways has several types of passenger coaches.
Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) coaches are used for suburbantraffic in large cities mainly Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi,Kolkata, Pune, Hyderabad and Bangalore. These coachesnumbered 7,793 on 31 March 2012. They have second classand first class seating accommodation.
Passenger coaches numbered 46,722 on 31 March 2012. Other
coaches (luggage coach, parcel van, guard's coach, mailcoach, etc.) numbered 6,560 on 31 March 2012.
FREIGHT
Indian Railways earns about 70% of its revenues from thefreight traffic (Rs. 686.2 billion from freight and Rs. 304.6
billion from passengers in 201112). Most of its profits comefrom movement of freight. It makes a loss on passengertraffic. It deliberately keeps its passenger fares low and cross-
subsidises the loss-making passenger traffic with the profit-making freight traffic.
Since the 1990s, Indian Railways has stopped single-wagonconsignments and provides only full rake freight trains forgoods. Most of its freight earnings come from movement of
bulk goods such as coal, cement, food grains and iron ore in
full rakes. It is continually losing freight traffic to road.
7) Wagon types
Wagon types include:
BOXNHL
BOBYN
Technical details
8) Track and gauge
Indian railways uses four gauges, the 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)broad gauge which is wider than the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 12 in)standard gauge; the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 38 in) metre gauge; andtwo narrow gauges, 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) and 610 mm (2 ft).Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from75 to 160 km/h (47 to 99 mph).
The total length of track used by Indian Railways is about115,000 km (71,000 mi) while the total route length of thenetwork is 65,000 km (40,000 mi).[21] About 23,541 km(14,628 mi) or 36% of the route-kilometre was electrified as
on 31 March 2013.[4]
Indian gauge is the predominant gauge used by IndianRailways.
Broad gauge is the predominant gauge used by IndianRailways. Indian broad gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in)is themost widely used gauge in India with 105,000 km (65,000 mi)of track length (91% of entire track length of all the gauges)and 56,000 km (35,000 mi) of route-kilometre (86% of entireroute-kilometre of all the gauges).
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In some regions with less traffic, the metre gauge (1,000 mm/3 ft 3 38 in) is common, although the Unigauge project is in
progress to convertall tracks to broad gauge. The metre gaugehas about 8,000 km (5,000 mi) of track length (7% of entiretrack length of all the gauges) and 7,000 km (4,300 mi) ofroute-kilometre (10% of entire route-kilometre of all thegauges).
The Narrow gauges are present on a few routes, lying in hillyterrains and in some erstwhile private railways (on costconsiderations), which are usually difficult to convert to broadgauge. Narrow gauges have 2,000 route-kilometre. The Kalka-Shimla Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway and theDarjeeling Himalayan Railway are three notable hill lines thatuse narrow gauge, but the Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a metregauge track.[22] These four rail lines will not be convertedunder the Unigauge project.
Map of Indian Railways network with population density
The share of broad gauge in the total route-kilometre has beensteadily rising, increasing from 47% (25,258 route-km) in1951 to 86% in 2012 whereas the share of metre gauge hasdeclined from 45% (24,185 route-km) to 10% in the same
period and the share of narrow gauges has decreased from 8%to 3%. About 21,500 route-km of Indian railways iselectrified.
Sleepers (ties) are made up ofprestressed concrete, or steel orcast iron posts, though teaksleepers are still in use on a few
older lines. The prestressed concrete sleeper is in wide usetoday. Metal sleepers were extensively used before the adventof concrete sleepers. Indian Railways divides the country intofour zones on the basis of the range of track temperature. Thegreatest temperature variations occur in Rajasthan.
Narrow Gauge Train at Rajim, Chhattisgarh
9) Research and Development
In August 2013, Indian Railways entered into a partnershipwith Indian Institute of Technology (Madras) to developtechnology to tap solar energy for lighting and air-conditioning in the coaches. This would pave way for asignificant reduction of fossil fuel dependency for one of theworld's largest railway network.[23]
Recently it ingeniously developed and tested the ImprovedAutomated Fire Alarm System in Rajdhani Express Trains.This System would now be applied to AC coaches of allregular trains.[24]
NOTABLE TRAINS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
Science Express, a joint Indo-German multimediaexhibition
A tight loop (Agony Point) on the Darjeeling HimalayanRailway in West Bengal
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A view of the Pamban Railway Bridge that linksRameshwaram to the mainland. Thousands of pilgrims crossthe sea every day to visit the island.
There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites on IR theChatrapati Shivaji Terminus[31]and the Mountain Railways ofIndia. The latter consists of three separate railway lineslocated in different parts of India:[32]
Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, a narrow gauge
railway in West Bengal.
Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a metre gauge railway in
the Nilgiri Hills in Tamil Nadu.
Kalka-Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge railway in
the Shivalikmountains in Himachal Pradesh. In 2003the railway was featured in the Guinness Book ofWorld Records for offering the steepest rise inaltitude in the space of 96 kilometre.[33]
Maharaja Railways (Gwalior Light Railway), a
narrow gauge line of just 610mm width fromGwaliorto Sheopurof 198 km. in length is world's
longest narrow gauge railway line is in the UNESCOworld heritage tentative list.
Neral-Matheran Railway, a narrow gauge railway
connecting Matheran is also a historic line.
Palace on Wheels is a specially designed train,
frequently hauled by a steam locomotive, forpromoting tourism in Rajasthan. On the same lines,the Maharashtra government introduced the DeccanOdyssey covering various tourist destinations inMaharashtra and Goa, and was followed by theGovernment of Karnataka which introduced theGolden Chariot train connecting popular touristdestinations in Karnataka and Goa. However, neitherof them has been able to enjoy the popular success ofthe Palace on Wheels.
Mahaparinirvan Express also known as Buddhist
Circuit Train which was launched by Indian Railwayministry to attract Buddhist pilgrims. The journeyincludes Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Varanasi, Kushinagarand many more buddhist sacred places in India.
Samjhauta Express is a train that runs between India
and Pakistan. However, hostilities between the twonations in 2001 saw the line being closed. It was
reopened when the hostilities subsided in 2004.Another train connecting Khokhrapar(Pakistan) andMunabao (India) is the Thar Express that restartedoperations on 18 February 2006; it was earlier closeddown after the 1965 Indo-Pak war.
Lifeline Express is a special train popularly known as
the "Hospital-on-Wheels" which provides healthcareto the rural areas. This train has a carriage that servesas an operating room, a second one which serves as astoreroom and an additional two that serve as a
patient ward. The train travels around the country,staying at a location for about two months beforemoving elsewhere.
Among the famous locomotives, the Fairy Queen is
the oldest operating locomotive in the world today,though it is operated only for specials between Delhiand Alwar. John Bull, a locomotive older than FairyQueen, operated in 1981 commemorating its 150thanniversary. Kharagpurrailway station also has thedistinction of being the world's longest railway
platform at 1,072 m (3,517 ft). The Ghum stationalong the Darjeeling Toy Train route is the secondhighest railway station in the world to be reached bya steam locomotive.[34]The MumbaiPune DeccanQueen has the oldest running dining car in IR.
Vivek Express, between Dibrugarh and
Kanyakumari, has the longest run in terms ofdistance and time on Indian Railways network. Itcovers 4,286 km (2,663 mi) in about 82 hours and 30minutes.
Himsagar Express, between Kanyakumari and
Jammu Tawi, has the second longest run in terms ofdistance and time on Indian Railways network. It
covers 3,715 km (2,308 mi) in about 69 hours and 30minutes. TheBhopal ShatabdiExpress is the fastesttrain in India today having a maximum speed of150 km/h (93 mph) on the FaridabadAgra section.The fastest speed attained by any train is 184 km/h(114 mph) in 2000 during test runs.
The third longest train in terms of distance on Indian
Railways network is Navyug express betweenJammu tawi to Mangalore covering a distance of3609 km.
Trivandrum Rajdhani is the longest non-stop train in
on Indian Railways network covering 528 km
Double-deckerAC trains have been introduced in India. Thefirst double decker train was Pune-Mumbai Sinhagad express
plying between Pune and Mumbai[35]while the first double-decker AC train in the Indian Railways was introduced in
November 2010, running between the Dhanbad and Howrahstations having 10 coaches and 2 power cars.[36]On 16 April2013, Indian Railways celebrated its 160 years of nationwideconnectivity with a transportation of 23 million passengers ina day.[37]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamban_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameshwaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-tribune-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Chariothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaparinirvan_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bull_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Hill-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Hill-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Queenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Queenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilevel_rail_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PambanBridge%26IndianRailways.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PambanBridge%26IndianRailways.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamban_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rameshwaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Railways_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountain_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_gaugehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiri_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalka-Shimla_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwalik_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-tribune-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwaliorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheopurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matheranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_on_Wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Odysseyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Chariothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaparinirvan_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samjhauta_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khokhraparhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munabaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeline_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Queen_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bull_(locomotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharagpurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-Hill-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Queenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Queenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibrugarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himsagar_Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanyakumari_(town)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_Shatabdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faridabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilevel_rail_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhanbadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howrahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-377/27/2019 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The worlds tallest rail bridge overChenab Riverin
Reasi district of Jammu and Kashmir is beingconstructed by Konkan Railway Corporation Limited(KRCL), a Central Public Sector Enterprise under theMinistry of Railways . It is likely to be ready by2016. This bridge will be on the Udhampur Srinagar Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL) projectwhich is a national project to provide railconnectivity to the Kashmir. Konkan Railway hastaken up the construction of part of USBRL projectfrom Katra to Dharam in December 2002.[38]
Food
Trains are classified as pantry car/non-pantry car, trains withpantry cars are listed as P in Trains at a Glance. Meals areincluded in the fare on Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Duronto trains,while Indian Railways catering staff come around to collectsorders an hour or two before mealtimes. Meals available forlunch and dinner are generally vegetarian and non-vegetarian
thalis (rice, dal, a vegetable (chicken or fish curries for non-veg thalis), curd/yogurt, chapattis/rotis and occasionally, asweet dish) or (veg/egg/chicken)biryani. Pantry car servicealways includes the sale of tea, coffee, cold drinks, Indiansnacks (samosa) and "namkeen" (chips and other saltysnacks). Pantry cars mostly re-distribute food from basekitchens that are based at important stations; As per thecatering policies only heating is encouraged for which electricheating equipment is provided. Any cooking at stations or in
pantry cars is discouraged. The quality of food varies, with thefare being better in the South and West. Also, the parameterslike: hygiene, taste, cuisine changes from region to region.Most pantry cars and restaurants at stations are used to be
earlier managed by Indian Railway Catering and TourismCorporation IRCTC. However Indian Railways has now
phased out IRCTC from most catering in Railways except atFood Courts, Fast Food Units etc. Most catering is nowmanaged by Zonal Railways. Kiosks are ubiquitous where onecan find snacks/breakfast/packed foods/ biscuits/ cookies/mineral water etc. At major stations, one can find higher endIRCTC food courts and food plazas and even fine-dinerestaurants that have been given to reputed private players tomanage.
Problems and issues
The personnel costs and operating costs have increasedseveral times over the past decade. Fares have been hiked bothin 2011 & 2013, offsetting a good percentage of the loss.[39]The maintenance of passenger coaches and goods wagons is
poor and often results in derailments and other accidents. Thesanitation in trains and stations is improving. Trains likeDuronto/Rajdhani & some express trains such as Hyderabadto Bangalore Kacheguda Express have onboard janitors,whose job it is to clean to compartment and washrooms on a
regular basis. Further, mobile numbers of supervisors areprovided on the train for any complaints.
New railway line projects are often announced withoutsecuring additional funding for them. A large number of these
projects are not profitable and do not get completed within thescheduled time. As on 31 March 2011, 347 projects including
new lines, doubling and gauge conversion were pending andtheir costs have skyrocketed to 1472 billion (US$23 billion).[40]However, the railway budget for 201213 provided only130 billion (US$2.0 billion) for the projects.
Sexual harassment of women on trains has risen alarmingly.The menace is more harsh in the metropolitan areas of north,south and western regions. There have been several cases ofrailway officials themselves indulging in sexual offencesinstead of being saviours of the women under attack.[41]
10) Toilets
Toilets were not present in the lower class carriages during thefirst 55 years of its operation.[42] On July 2, 1909, Babu OkhilChandra Sen lodged a complaint to the then TransportationSuperintendent, Sahibganj.[43]After this, the railwayauthorities introduced toilets in all lower class carriages intrains running more than 50 miles. The rule is that the trainsrunning more than 150 km have to provide this facility in allcompartments and Hopper toilet are mostly used.
Clean Train Station Scheme
In October 2002, Ministry of Railways (MM, & FC), Railway
Board decided to launch the "Clean Train Station Scheme", asa major initiative for improving train cleanliness. It gave a 5-year contract to M/S Eureka Forbes Limited to develop a pilotmodule under this scheme at Ratlam, the en route station onDelhi Mumbai main line. Under this scheme, the trains will
be cleaned by reputed and professional agencies using amechanised process at mid-stations, during its scheduled halt.[44]A team of 2535 people attend to the interiors of the trains,specially the toilets, which are cleaned by using high pressure
jet machines and environment friendly bio-degradablecleaning agents. The toilets and coaches are sprayed withmosquito repellent and the area between the toilets, doorways,vestibules and aisle are also cleaned. The dustbins of the
coaches are emptied and the window glasses of AC coachesare also cleaned.[45]The 2007 CAG report, "The Report No.6of 2007 (Railways)", criticised that it was largely ineffectivedue to a number of deficiencies in its implementation.[46]
Bio Toilets
Indian Railways's Mechanical Engineers, along with DefenceResearch & Development Organization (DRDO) havedeveloped Environment Friendly Bio-toilets for its passenger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkan_Railway_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-sexual_harassment-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_toiletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_%26_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_%26_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenab_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konkan_Railway_Corporation_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biryanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCTChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-sexual_harassment-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopper_toiletshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_%26_Development_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Research_%26_Development_Organization7/27/2019 Seminar Topic IR
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coaches. In these bio-toilets, the human waste is treated byanaerobic bacteria, which are harmless to the humans. This
bacteria converts human waste into water and gases (methaneand carbon dioxide). The water then passes through chlorinetank and is discharged as clean water while the gas generatedevaporates into the atmosphere. Unlike the Hopper toilet,human waste does not fall on the tracks.[47]
Installing bio-toilets is technologically challenging because itrequires a special technique of welding, to ensure that safetyof the coach is not compromised. The Gwalior-VaranasiBundelkhand Express is the first train to be fitted with it,which is running since January 2011.[48] In 2012, a report ofthe Expert Group for Modernisaion of Indian Railways,recommended establishment of Indian Institute of RailwayResearch with Centres of Excellence in Green toilets, and alsointroduction of Green toilets on all passenger trains.[49] Bio-toilets are being fitted in all new LHB (Linke HolfmannBusch) coaches manufactured in Rail Coach Factory atKapurthala.[50]
As of Aug 2013, more than 1400 coaches are running withBio-Toilets in various trains. [51]
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41. Jump up ^ Balchand, K (28 April 2013). "Alarming risein sexual harassment of women on trains".The Hindu(NewDelhi). Retrieved 2013-04-29.
42. Jump up ^ "A man of letters". Dec 15, 2002.
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.news.yahoo.com/video/national-22564751/passengers-excited-about-india-s-first-26800744.htmlhttp://in.news.yahoo.com/video/national-22564751/passengers-excited-about-india-s-first-26800744.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-37http://soulsteer.com/indian_railways/http://soulsteer.com/indian_railways/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-38http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=85314http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=85314http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-39http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bansal-train-fares-to-be-hiked-from-jan-21/article4290576.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-40http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-27/news/32889414_1_tardy-progress-cost-escalation-railwayshttp://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-27/news/32889414_1_tardy-progress-cost-escalation-railwayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-sexual_harassment_41-0http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/alarming-rise-in-sexual-harassment-of-women-on-trains/article4662015.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/alarming-rise-in-sexual-harassment-of-women-on-trains/article4662015.ecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-427/27/2019 Seminar Topic IR
9/9
43. Jump up ^ Kanjilal, Pratik (Apr 21 2013). "MyExperiments with Third-Class Travel".The Indian Express.Retrieved 28 August 2013.
44. Jump up ^ "Project Specifications -Clean Train StationScheme" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2013.
45. Jump up ^ "TRAINS INCLUDED UNDER CLEANTRAINS STATION SCHEME".
46. Jump up ^ "Chapter 2 - Cleanliness and Sanitation onIndian Railways" (PDF). Comptroller and Auditor General ofIndia. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
47. "Indian Railways: Environment Friendly Toilets"(PDF). Retrieved 28 , August 2013.
48. Jump up ^ "Railways Now Running 1400 Coaches withBio-Toilets in Various Trains" (Press release). Press InformationBureau. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
49. Jump up ^ "Report of the Expert Group forModernizaion of Indian Railways" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August2013.
50. Jump up ^ "Bio-Toilets: Railways to Set Up ThreeBacteria Plants".India Journal. 11 August 2012. Retrieved 28August 2013.
51. Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?
relid=98833
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-43http://m.indianexpress.com/news/my-experiments-with-thirdclass-travel/1105336/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/my-experiments-with-thirdclass-travel/1105336/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-44http://irsme.nic.in/files/CTSSpecs.pdfhttp://irsme.nic.in/files/CTSSpecs.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-45http://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=149&id=0,4,423http://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=149&id=0,4,423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-46http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdfhttp://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdfhttp://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mech_engg_pu/downloads/2012/Bio_toilets300812.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-48http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-49http://www.trgindia.org/High_Speed_Rail_2013/Doc/Railway%20Expert%20Group%20Report.pdfhttp://www.trgindia.org/High_Speed_Rail_2013/Doc/Railway%20Expert%20Group%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-50http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/30748http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/30748http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-51http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-43http://m.indianexpress.com/news/my-experiments-with-thirdclass-travel/1105336/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/my-experiments-with-thirdclass-travel/1105336/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-44http://irsme.nic.in/files/CTSSpecs.pdfhttp://irsme.nic.in/files/CTSSpecs.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-45http://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=149&id=0,4,423http://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=149&id=0,4,423http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-46http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdfhttp://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2006_2007/Railways/Report_no_6/chap_2.pdfhttp://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mech_engg_pu/downloads/2012/Bio_toilets300812.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-48http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-49http://www.trgindia.org/High_Speed_Rail_2013/Doc/Railway%20Expert%20Group%20Report.pdfhttp://www.trgindia.org/High_Speed_Rail_2013/Doc/Railway%20Expert%20Group%20Report.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-50http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/30748http://www.indiajournal.com/archives/30748http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Railways#cite_ref-51http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98833Top Related