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INTRODUCTION
The OSI Model
An ISO (International standardOrganization) that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open
System Interconnection (OSI) model.
An open system is a model that allows anytwo different systems to communicate
regardless of their underlying architecture
(hardware or software).
The OSI model is not a protocol; it is modelfor understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible, robust and
interoperable.
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The OSI model is a layered framework forthe design of network systems that allows
for communication across all types ofcomputer systems.
The OSI model is built of seven orderedlayers:
1. (layer 1) physical layer2. (layer 2) data link3. (layer 3) network layer4. (layer 4) transport layer5. (layer 5) session layer6. (layer 6) presentation layer7. (layer 7) application layer
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PEER-TO-PEER PROCESS
Within a single machine, each layer callsupon services of the layer just below it.
Layer 3, for example, uses the servicesprovided by layer 2 and provides services
for layer 4.
Between machines, layer x on one machinecommunicates with layer x on another
machine, by using a protocol (this is Peer-
to-Peer Process).
Communication between machines istherefore a peer-to-peer process using
protocols appropriate to a given layer.
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PHYSICAL LAYER
The physical layer coordinates the functionsrequired to transmit a bit stream over a
physical medium. It also defines the
procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for
transmission occur
The physical layer is responsible fortransmitting individual bits from one node
to the next
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The physical layer is concerned with the
following:
Physical characteristics of interfaces andmedia: The physical layer defines the
characteristics of the interface between
devices and the transmission media,
including its type.
Representation of the bits: the physicallayer data consist of a stream of bits
without any interpretation. To be
transmitted, bits must be encoded into
signalselectrical or optical-. The physical
layer defines the type ofencoding.
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Data rate: The physical layer defines thetransmission rate, the number of bits sent
each seconLine configuration: the physicallayer is concerned with the connection of
devices to the medium.
Physical topologyTransmission Mode
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DATA LINK LAYER
The data link layer transforms the physicallayer, a raw transmission facility, to a
reliable link and is responsible for node-to-
node delivery. It makes the physical layer
appear error free to the upper layer
(network layer).
The data link layer is responsible for
transmitting frames from one node to the next
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Functions of the data link layer:
Framing. The data link layer divides thestream of bits received from the network
layer into data units called frames.
Physical addressing. If frames are to bedistributed to different systems on the
network, the data link layer adds a header
to the frame to define the physical address
of the sender (source address) and/or
receiver (destination address) of the frame.
If the frame is intended for a system outsidethe senders network, the receiver address is
the address of the device that connects one
network to the next
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Flow Control. If the rate at which thedata are absorbed by the receiver is less
than the rate produced in the sender, the
data link layer imposes a flow control
mechanism to prevent overwhelming the
receiver.
Error control. The data link layer addsreliability to the physical layer by adding
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mechanisms to detect and retransmit
damaged or lost frames. Error control is
normally achieved through a trailer to theend of the frame.
Access Control. When two or more devicesare connected to the same link, data link
layer protocols are necessary to determinewhich device has control over the link at
any time.
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NETWORK LAYER
The Network layer is responsible forthe source-to-destination delivery of a
packet possible across multiple networks.
If two systems are connected to the samelink, there is usually no need for a network
layer. However, if the two systems are
attached to different networks, there is
often a need for the network layer to
accomplish source-to-destination delivery.
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Functions:
Logical addressing.Routing
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of packets from the original source to
the final destination
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LOGICAL ADDRESSING:-
The physical addressing implemented by
the data link layer handles the addressing
problem locally.
The network layer adds a header to thepacket coming from the upper layer, among
other things, includes the logical address of
the sender and receiver.
ROUTING:-
When independent networks or links are
connected together to create an internetwork
(a network of networks) or a large network, the
connecting devices (called routers or gateways)
route or switch the packets to their final
destination.
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TRANSPORT LAYER
The transport layer is responsible forprocess-to-process delivery of the entire
message.
The network layer oversees host-to-destination delivery of individual packets, it
does not recognize any relationship
between those packets.
The transport layer ensures that the whole
message arrives intact and in order, overseeing
both error control and flow control at the
process-to-process level
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The transport layer is responsible for
delivery of a message from one process to
another.
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Functions:
Port addressing:computer often runseveral processes (running programs) at the
same time. Process-to-process delivery
means delivery from a specific process on
one computer to a specific process on the
other.
The transport layer header include a type ofaddress called port address.
The network layer gets each packet to the
correct computer; the transport layer gets theentire message to the correct process on that
computer
Segmentation and reassembly: a messageis divided into transmittable segments, each
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having a sequence number. These numbers
enable the transport layer to reassemble
the message correctly upon arrival at thedestination.
Connection control: The transport layer canbe either connectionless or connection-
oriented.
A connectionless transport layer treats eachsegment as an independent packet and
delivers it to the transport layer at the
destination machine.
A connection-oriented transport layer makes a
connection with the transport layer at the
destination machine first before delivering the
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packets. After all the data are transferred, the
connection is terminated
Flow control: the transport layer performsa flow control end to end. The data link
layer performs flow control across a single
link.
Error control: the transport layer performserror control end to end. The data link layer
performs control across a single link.
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APPLICATION LAYER
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user
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SUMMARY OF DUTIES