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STUDIES ONTREATMENT OF WASTEWATER BY
PHYTOREMEDATIONPROCESS
Submitted by- Sandip P. Ajmire , in partial fulfillment of the award of thedegree of Master of Technology in Environmental Engineering.
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MANOHARBHAI PATEL INSTITUTE OF
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY GONDIA
Guided By
A.M. Deshpande
Asst. Prof. Civil Engineering
MIET Gondia
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INDEX
What is the Phytoremadation Importance of Plant to reduce pollution Technical terms of Phytoremadation
Advantage/Disadvantage of Phytoremadation Water pollution and Phytoremadation Plants for Phytoremadation Why Duckweed ?
Labortory setup Result Conclusion
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What is the Phytoremadation
Technology that use plants to cleanup contaminated sites.
Green technology that uses plantssystems for remediation and
restoration.
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Importance of Plant to reduce
pollution
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
Recently researchers at theUniversity of
Florida have determined thata species offern, native to the south east,stores high concentrations ofarsenic in its fronds and stemsmore than 200 times theconcentration in the soil.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution (contd.)
1995, Sunflowers wereused in a pond near
Chernobyl approx. 1 weekthey had hyper accumulated
several thousand times theconcentration of cesiumand strontium.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
The Yale University team haspublished its findings in the
article Biodegradation ofPolyester Polyurethane byEndophytic Fungi for the
Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology journal.
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Importance of Plant to reduce pollution(contd.)
A team from Yale University has founda fungus that could be used to breakdown certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in thefuture.
However, U.S. researchers now believe
that a fungus could be used to breakdown plastic, and so rescue the worldfrom one of its biggest man-made
environmental threats.
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PHTOREMEDATION
ORGANICMETAL
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METAL ORGANIC
METAL METAL
PHYTOEXTRACTION
RHIZOFILTRATION
PHYTOSTABILIZATION
PHYTODEGRADATION
RHIZODEGRADATION
PHYTOVOLATILISATION
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Technical terms of Phytoremadation(Contd.)
Phytoextraction(Phytoaccumulation)
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Phytoextraction(contd.)
Uptake of chemicalby the plant.Works well on metals
such as lead,cadmium,copper, nickel etc.
Detroit leadcontaminated site wasremoved with
Sunflower and
Indian Mustard.
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Rhizofiltration
Rhizofiltration is similar in concept of
Phytoextraction but is concerned with the
remadation of contaminated ground water
rather than the remediation of polluted soil.Roots uptake polluted water and
contaminants along with it.
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Phyto-stabilization
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Phyto-stabilization(Contd.) Vegetation holds contaminated soils in
place root system and low growingvegetation prevent mechanicaltransportation of pollutants from windand erosion.
Trees transpire large quantities of water(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping actionprevents contaminants from migration intothe water table.
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PHYTODEGRADATION
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PHYTODEGRADATION
Phytodegradation or breakdown oforganic contaminants by internal andexternal Metabolic processes
hydrolyses.Organic compounds into smaller units
that can be absorbed by the plants.Some contaminants can be absorbed bythe plant & are then broken down byplant enzymes.
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PHYTODEGRADATION (Contd.)
These smaller pollutant moleculesmay then be used by plant as it grows,thus becoming incorporated into the
plant tissues. Plant enzymes have been identified
that breakdown ammunition wastes,chlorinated solvents such as TEC(Trichloroethane ) & others whichdegrades organic herbicides.
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RHIZODEGRADATION
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RHIZODEGRADATION(CONTD.)
Rhizo- degredation is break down oforganic contaminants in the soil by soildwelling microbes which is by rhizo-
spheres presence. Certain soil dwellingmicrobes digest organic pollutants suchas fuels and solvents, producing
harmless products through a processknown as Bio-remediation.
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PHYTOVOLATILISATION
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PHYTOVOLATILISATION(Contd.)
PHYTOVOLATILISATIONis the process where plants uptakecontaminants which are water soluble
and release them into atmosphere asthey transpire the water.The contaminant may become modified
along the way, as the water travelsalong the plants vascular system fromthe roots to the leaves, wherebycontaminants evaporateor volatilize
into the air surrounding the plant.
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Advantages Of Phytoremedition Cost effective when compared to other moreconventional methods.
Nature method, more aesthetically pleasing, minimal landdisturbance.
It is more economically viable using the same tools and supplies asagriculture.
It is less disruptive to the environment and does not involve waitingfor new plant communities to recolonise the site.
Disposal sites are not needed.
It is more likely to be accepted by the public as it is more
aesthetically pleasing then traditional methods.
It avoids excavation and transport of polluted media thus reducingthe risk of spreading the contamination.
It has the potential to treat sites polluted with more than one typeof pollutent
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DisadvantagesofPhytoremediation
It is dependant on the growing conditions required by theplant (i.e. climate, geology, altitude, temperature).
Slow rate and difficult to achieve acceptable levels ofdecontamination.
Potential phase transfer of contaminant. Possibility of contaminated plants entering the food chain. Possible spread of contaminant through falling leaves. Trees and plants require care. Success is dependant on the tolerance of the plant to the
pollutant. Large scale operations require access to agricultural
equipment and knowledge.
Contaminant solubility may be increased leading to greaterenvironmental damage and the possibility of leaching.
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OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
1. Identification of plants & micro-aquatic plantfor removal of municipal waste water.2. Fabrication of experimental setup.
3. Fabrication of laboratory setup.4. Conducting batch studies for the removal ofpollutants from municipal waste water.5. Conducting batch studies to find optimum
operating condition of various parameters.
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CONVETINOL Vs PHYTOREMEDATION
CONVENTIAL METHOD
Mechanical means are needed.
For secondary or tertiarytreatment of waste water isnecessary.
Needs very much cost to reachStandards for deposal.
Land for disposal is needed.
PHYTOREMEDATION METHOD Mechanical means are not
needed.
For secondary or tertiarytreatment of waste water is notnecessary.
0.05 $/m3 needs to reachStandards for deposal.
Land for disposal is not needed.
Multiple contaminantscan be removed withthe same plant.
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Aquatic plants for wastewatertreatment
Aquatic plants are chosen for absorb particular
nutrient and to remove pathogens, metals and
other contaminants from wastewater.
Aquatic plants have been shown to be very
effective as a secondary or tertiary state for
water treatment and nutrient removal.
A B C
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Scirpus lacustris
Egeria densa
A B C
choenoplectus lacustris
Phragmites australis
Typha capensis
Elodea nuttallii
AlgaeMyriphyllumaquaticum
Spirodela polyrhiza
Pistia stratiotes
Salvinia rotundifolia
Lemna
LagorosiphonMajor
Typha latifolia
Canna flaccida
Scirpus robustus
Scirpus pungens
Glyceria maxima
o
http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aqua-fish.net/imgs/plants/lemna-minor-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aqua-fish.net/show.php%3Fh%3Dlemnaminor&usg=__nlhcObDVdO49Er1PA4s697vTFYc=&h=552&w=640&sz=153&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=cW07j2VwuVuXyM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLemna%2Bminor%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.habitas.org.uk/flora/images/small/2507ds.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.habitas.org.uk/flora/species.asp%3Fitem%3D2507&usg=__gZstCtVqifc_SCGQTJ8cp8BHN_I=&h=300&w=300&sz=35&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=Q3hhGPF60dUDzM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DGlyceria%2Bmaxima%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.joesnowaquaticplants.com/american%2520bulrush.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.joesnowaquaticplants.com/plant%2520list%2520with%2520links.htm&usg=__Lt_shfrLOCSisohY1PRb0fvxlUk=&h=600&w=800&sz=65&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=feGmo6VRyS62PM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScirpus%2Bpungens%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/student/wetlands/mp_alkali_bulrush_image.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.spn.usace.army.mil/bmvc/student/wetlands/marsh_plants.html&usg=__DhGU3EnkVyk6W1yCK-d9bfeSLmo=&h=286&w=200&sz=25&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=uJCeUR2k_NnGvM:&tbnh=115&tbnw=80&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScirpus%2Brobustus%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Canna/Canna_flaccida_AG.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Canna&usg=__FLrtpZN0UzRB-96zkUTiuwYwZp4=&h=400&w=600&sz=35&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=buM6-iqCRQU6nM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCanna%2Bflaccida%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Typha_latifolia_02_bgiu.jpg&imgrefurl=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Typha_latifolia_02_bgiu.jpg&usg=__cCW251hzy5TVaDikzbt-vlCC8uk=&h=1200&w=1600&sz=1134&hl=en&start=8&um=1&tbnid=7HwLT_s5AaEcuM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTyphalatifolia%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.stoffelsinternational.com/fileadmin/user_upload/_temp_/lagosiphon.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.stoffelsinternational.com/index.php%3Fid%3D14%26L%3D2&usg=__9ojJW1N8I5RIJHlK8Ojh3ID3OGY=&h=731&w=600&sz=204&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=-qGtBixSB4l9fM:&tbnh=141&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLagorosiphon%2Bmajor%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aqua-fish.net/imgs/plants/lemna-minor-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aqua-fish.net/show.php%3Fh%3Dlemnaminor&usg=__nlhcObDVdO49Er1PA4s697vTFYc=&h=552&w=640&sz=153&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=cW07j2VwuVuXyM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=137&prev=/images%3Fq%3DLemna%2Bminor%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.aquahobby.com/garden/img/Pistia_stratiotes_1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.aquahobby.com/garden/e_Pistia_stratiotes.php&usg=__AykepZyiv6_4bHc8SyAPNIJ8Dyg=&h=354&w=480&sz=30&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=ZVaPly2CPRz7XM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPistia%2Bstratiotes%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.botanik.uni-karlsruhe.de/garten/fotos-hassler/Spirodela%2520polyrhiza%2520BotKA%2520S2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.botanik.uni-karlsruhe.de/garten/fotos-hassler/&usg=__hR760BkYGx0UyN6pgkEHCla_SH0=&h=675&w=900&sz=157&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=qW3wYFF47i7nWM:&tbnh=109&tbnw=146&prev=/images%3Fq%3DSpirodela%2Bpolyrhiza%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/myriophyllum_aquaticum.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2007/12/myriophyllum_aquaticum.php&usg=___BVgCCfawJlyDbfpi0HXffkAiSI=&h=534&w=800&sz=202&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=Et97RtcgXaziFM:&tbnh=95&tbnw=143&prev=/images%3Fq%3DMyriophyllum%2Baquaticum%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.coremediagroup.org/core/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/algae-1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.coremediagroup.org/core/%3Fp%3D5&usg=__ZLr_1C0L8CRgHzgw8qcXbM8JHZ4=&h=1212&w=1616&sz=319&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=vW5cLA-aH3vwoM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3DAlgae%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.awc-america.com/plant_id_utility/plants/elocan_files/elodea1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.awc-america.com/plant_id_utility/plants/elocan.html&usg=___HQb-I004AwzYGXS3Cr2lQwIaug=&h=282&w=355&sz=33&hl=en&start=3&um=1&tbnid=09i4ZkgBFfA3TM:&tbnh=96&tbnw=121&prev=/images%3Fq%3DElodea%2Bnuttallii%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/typhaceae/images/enb05182.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.biodiversityexplorer.org/plants/typhaceae/typha.htm&usg=__8QzsSzKfkkHyerui6IxzHG_7-YQ=&h=546&w=334&sz=55&hl=en&start=10&um=1&tbnid=cetjFU1EbU4z9M:&tbnh=133&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTypha%2Bdomingensis%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://siera104.com/images/bio/ecology/Phragmites%2520australis16-05-04.jpg&imgrefurl=http://siera104.com/bio/ecotrip.html&usg=__wE09B1rot6rd77PFM9l34SjqSus=&h=640&w=480&sz=85&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=bTB_PjtZpRKNRM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=103&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPhragmites%2Baurtralis%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://www.floracyberia.net/spermatophyta/angiospermae/monocotyledoneae/cyperaceae/schoenoplectus_lacustris.jpghttp://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/aquariumplants2/Aquarium_&_Pond_Plants_of_the_World/key/Aquarium_&_Pond_Plants/Media/Images/salvinia_rotundi_lge.jpghttp://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.akvaryumdoktoru.com/akvaryum/files/images/e_densa.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.akvaryumdoktoru.com/akvaryum/egeria-densaanacharis-elodea%3Fsort%3Dasc%26order%3DKa%25C3%25A7%2Bkere%2BBak%25C4%25B1ld%25C4%25B1&usg=__fpmvW4SSOG4sL5C-q9DBFAb8qbA=&h=328&w=300&sz=42&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=E7Ucd8sCU12WnM:&tbnh=118&tbnw=108&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEgeria%2Bdensa%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D1http://images.google.com.my/imgres?imgurl=http://www.afloredeau.fr/plantes/images/scirpus%2520lacustris%2520marca.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.afloredeau.fr/plantes/images/&usg=__lZDAVX9wneQFuI6Rl1bZc6o8rmk=&h=1333&w=1000&sz=762&hl=en&start=5&um=1&tbnid=QnAmIjH-tIPgLM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=113&prev=/images%3Fq%3DScirpus%2Blacustris%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG%26um%3D17/31/2019 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Constructed wetlands or phytoremediation:This is a technology for treating wastewater. A constructed wetland consists of a
gravel bed on which suitable wetland plants are grown. As water passes through
the substrate, it is purified through the activity of bacteria attached to the gravel,
plant roots, soil and other particles.
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The Yale University team
has published its findings in
the article Biodegradation of
Polyester Polyurethane by
Endophytic Fungi for the
Applied and Environmental
Microbiology journal.
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A team from Yale University has found
a fungus that could be used to break
down certain kinds of plastic, raisinghopes more could be discovered in the
future
However, U.S. researchers now believethat a fungus could be used to break
down plastic, and so rescue the world
from one of its biggest man-madeenvironmental threats.
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Lemna gives aesthetically pleasing, minimal land disturbance
PHYTOREMEDATION
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Lab Mechanisms
Continues Type Laboratory Experiment
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Floating-leaved
(Nymphaea odorata)
Submerged
(Hydrilla verticillata)
Emergent
(Panicum hemitomon)
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Azolla caroliniana
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Azolla caroliniana
How does it work?
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How does it work?
- Plants in conjunction with bacteria and fungi
in the rhizosphere transform, transport or store harmful
chemicals.
- Plants attributes make them good candidates
root system surface area to absorb substances andefficient mechanisms to accumulate water, nutrientsand minerals.
selectively take up ions
developed diversity and adaptivity to tolerate highlevels of metals and other pollutants.
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M h isms
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Mechanisms
Phytotransformation/Phytodegradation
pollutant is taken up by the plant andtransformed in plant tissue (to be effective
must be transformed to a less toxic form).
Trichloroethylene (TCE), a prevalent groundwater contaminant, transformed to less toxic
metabolites by using hybrid poplar tree.
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Phytoextraction
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Phytoextraction
Uptake of chemical by the plant.
Works well on metals such as lead, cadmium,
copper, nickel etc.
Detroit lead contaminated site was removed with
Sunflower and Indian Mustard.
-
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recently researchers at the Universityof
Florida have determined that aspecies offern, native to the south east, storeshigh concentrations of arsenic in its
fronds and stems more than 200times the concentration in the soil.
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Phytostabilization
Vegetation holds contaminated soils in place- root system and low growing vegetation
prevent mechanical transportation of pollutants
from wind and erosion.- Trees transpire large quantities of water
(more than 15 gal/day) so pumping action
prevents contaminants from migration into the
water table.
Rhi fil i
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Rhizofiltration
Use the extensive root system of plants as a
filter.
1995, Sunflowers were used in a pond nearChernobyl
- approx. 1 week they had hyperaccumulatedseveral thousand times the concentration of
cesium and strontium.
- hyperaccumulation can contain 100 times ormore of contaminant than normal plant.
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Rhizosphere Bioremediation
- Increase soil organic carbon, bacteria, andmycorrhizal fungi, all factors that
encourage degradation of organic chemical
in soil.- The number of beneficial bacteria increased
in the root zone of hybrid poplar trees and
enhanced the degradation of BTEX,organic chemical, in soil.
Aquatic plant for waste water
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Aquatic plant for waste watertreatment
Water Lily has an extensive root system with rapid
growth rates, but is sensitive to cold temp, it is an idealplant for water treatment in warm climates.
Duckweed (Lemma spp.) has greater cold tolerance and a
good capacity for nutrient absorption.
Penny wort (Hydrocotyl spp) is relatively cold tolerant
with a very good capacity for nutrient uptake.
Water hyacint uptake of heavy metal eg.,Pb,Cu,Cd,Hg
from contaminated water.
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Contaminant removal mechanisms
Physical Chemical Biological
Sedimentation Precipitation Bacterial metabolism
Filtration Adsorption Plant metabolism
Adsorption Hydrolysis reaction Plant absorption
Volatilization Oxidation reaction Natural die-off
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Rhizofiltration
Applicability
A suitable plant for rhizofiltration applications canremove toxic metals from solution over an extendedperiod of time with its rapid-growth root system.Various plant species have been found to effectivelyremove toxic metals. Low level radioactivecontaminants also can be removed from liquid
streams.
Rhizofiltration (cont.)
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f ( )
LimitationsRhizofiltration is particularly effective in applications
where low concentrations and large volumes of waterare involved.
Data Requirements- Depth of contamination,
- Types of heavy metal present,- Level of contamination must be determined and
monitored.
- Vegetation should be aquatic, emergent, or
submergent plants.
- Hydraulic detention time and sorption by the plant
roots must be considered for a successful design.
Rhizofiltration (cont )
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Rhizofiltration (cont.) Other factors that should be considered
- Potential of failure modes and contigenciesRhizofiltration may not succeed for a number of reasons,
including mortality of plants for reasons such as
management, weather extremes, soil conditions or pest.
- Field studies
Field studies are required before full-scale application.Specific information include rates of remediation, irrigation
requirements, rates of soil amendments, and plant selection.
Formulating clear objectives, appropriate treatments,
experimental units and planning are important considerations in fieldstudies.
- Economic
This technique should be less cost than traditional technologies such
as excavation, thermal desorption, landfilling etc.
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Why Duckweed: (Lemna)
A small, floating aquaticplant that forms a solidcover on the surface offreshwater ponds,
marshes, lakes and quietstreams
Very important in theaquatic ecosystem as an
essential link in the foodchain. Eaten by fish
birds (ducks, herons)
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Shades extensive areas of a pond,reducing algae growth
Good for bioremediation projects
Ability to take out nitrogen and phosphorus
from water
Useful as a water crop
as a source of food for animals and poultry
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Structure of Duckweed
Leaves and stems
merge in a common
structure called a
frondorthallus Has one root
Fronds have 3 veins
Air spaces help the
plant to float
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Reproduction Reproduction is asexual
Vegetative reproduction
Unlike the leaves of more ordinary plants, eachduckweed frond contains buds from which morefronds may grow.
Until they mature, daughter fronds remain attachto the parent frond
Rapidly growing plants can have 3-4 attachedfronds
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How do Duckweed Survive?
Autotrophic
Make their own food
through
photosynthesis
Require sunlight
Require nutrients
Phosphorous,
nitrogen, otherminerals
Need space to grow
W t Q lit R lt
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Water Quality Results
Average for total dissolved solids
Average for chlorine and sulfates
Average for specific conductance
Zero positive for coliform Zero positive for
fecal bacteria
Zero positive fore.coli
Negative for lead Negative for copper
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Conclusion
Although much remains to be studied,phytoremediation will clearly play somerole in the stabilization and remediation
of many contaminated sites. The mainfactor driving the implementation ofphytoremediation projects are low costswith significant improvements in siteaesthetics and the potential forecosystem restoration.
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7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
72/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
73/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
74/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
75/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
76/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
77/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
78/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
79/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
80/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
81/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
82/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
83/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
84/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
85/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
86/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
87/88
7/31/2019 Semi Final 3
88/88
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