Seed Population for Particle Acceleration ... Anywhere in the Universe

Shock heating based on many factors:1. vshock: shock speed2. Bn: magnetic field angle to shock

normal3. : ratio of thermal and magnetic

pressure4. MA: Alfvenic mach number5. Mass to charge ratio6. Plasma waves/instabilities7. Compression ratio8. Equilibration between species: Te/Tp

Ions studied seem to vary by shockMass proportional heating in Supernova Remnant (SNR)Greater than mass proportional heating in Interplanetary shocks

Decreasing heating with increasing beta

Heating in collisionless shocks

Higher M/Q more heating

No apparent trend with Mach

number

Summary for heavy ion heating

• Shock heating often has a strong M/Q dependence

• Perpendicular shocks impart a larger fraction of energy to heavies

• The heating rate does not depend on Mach number, but upstream proton

• Trends can be applied to other astrophysical shocks to predict magnetic field

Would like to acknowledge ACE SWICS, MAG, SWEPAM.J. Raines for analysis support