Section 4, Chapter 2Organic Molecules
Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain carbon
Organic SynthesisSmall molecules (monomers) join together to form larger molecules (polymers)
Monomer portion of a polymer
Atomic Number of Carbon = 62 electrons in 1st shell4 electrons in 2nd shell
Empty space for covalent bonding
Note there are 4 empty spaces in the 2nd shell available for covalent bonds.
Covalent Bonds formed by Carbon
C6
12.01
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon to Carbon bonds can form long chains
Carbon can also form double or even triple bonds
hydrocarbon
Examples of covalent bonds formed by carbon
Large organic molecules, called polymers consist of repeating subunits, called monomers.
Polymers and Monomers
Example: Starch is a polysaccharide composed of many glucose molecules (monosaccharides) joined together.
Monosaccharide (simple sugars)Disaccharides (double sugars)
Polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)
Monomer Polymer
Amino Acids Proteins
Fatty Acids + Glycerol Fats**Not truly a polymer
Nucleotides Nucleic Acids
major organic macromolecules of the cell
Simple carbohydrates = sugarsMonosaccharidesDisaccharides
Complex CarbohydratesAlso called PolysaccharidesComposed of several simple carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
monosaccharidesTwice as many Hydrogen as Oxygen atomsExample: Glucose (C6H12O6)
disaccharides2 monosaccharides bonded together
Examples of disaccharides
polysaccharide
Built of simple carbohydrates
Starch – easily digested
Cellulose- Plant polysaccharide, indigestible by humans
Glycogen – storage form of energy, synthesized by liver
examples of polysaccharides
Glycogen
LIPIDS
Includes: Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids
Fats (Triglycerides)
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
Building blocks of fats
nonpolar moleculesThey are soluble in oils, but insoluble in water
Fatty Acids
1. Carboxyl end 2. Hydrocarbon chain
Carboxylgroup
Fatty Acids
Saturated = all single carbon to carbon bonds
Unsaturated = one or more carbon to carbon
double bonds
Glycerol Molecule
OH (in red) represents sites of fatty acid attachments
Triglyceride (fat)
1 glycerol 3 fatty acids
Unsaturated fat
Phospholipids
Building Blocks of phospholipids:1 glycerol molecule2 fatty acid molecules1 phosphate group
Phospholipids are modified triglycerides
Polar region (hydrophilic)
Nonpolar region(hydrophobic)
Phospholipids
Types of Steroids
1. Cholesterol
2. Sex Hormones• Testosterone• Estrogen• Progesterone
End of section 4, Chapter 2
SteroidsConnected rings of carbon atoms