1
SCR Technologyto Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations in Europe
Dr. Stefan Fischer, Klaus Rusch, Dr. Bernd Amon, SINOx Emissions ControlArgillon GmbH
SINOx® Emissions Control
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 2
General Drivers for Emissions Control Technology
Presentation Overview
Advantages of SCR Technology
Technical Description of SCR Technology
Technical Performance of SCR Systems
Boundary Conditions for Using SCR
Conclusions
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 3
Emissions Regulation for HDDV
NOx[g/kWh]
PM [g/kWh]Japan
USA EuropePM [g/kWh]
NOx[g/kWh] 1 2 3 4 52345
0.16
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.16
0. 12
0.08
0.04
EU 3 (2000)
EU 4 (2005)EU 5 (2008)
US 2004
US 2007 2010
JP 2005
JP 2008
JP 2003
1
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 4
Strategies To Reduce Diesel Emissions
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
0
NOx / PM / BFSC Tradeoff
DPF
EGR
NOx Emissions [g/kWh]9863210 1074 5
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
PMEm
issio
ns[g
/kWh]
0,02
Fuel
Cons
umpt
ion
(BSF
C)
EURO 2
EURO 3
SCR
Fuel & PM-opt. engineEURO 4EURO 5
Pathways for Euro 5:EGR & DPFfuel-optim. engine & SCR
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 5
Fuel Benefit in Using SCR Technology
Fuel consumption Euro 4
100 102
93
105
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Euro 3 EGR +DPF
SCR LNT +DPF
BSFC
[%]
Fuel consumption Euro 5
100
107
94
107
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Euro 3 EGR +DPF
SCR LNT +DPF
BSFC
[%]
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Source: ACEA Report on „Selective Catalytic Reduction“, ACEA, 2003
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 6
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
ACEA Statement on the Adoption of SCR Technologyto Reduce Emissions Levels of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
European heavy-duty commercial vehicle manufacturers (DAF Trucks, DaimlerChrysler, IVECO,MAN Nutzfahrzeuge, Renault Trucks, Scania and Volvo Trucks) have chosen the SelectiveCatalytic Reduction (SCR) technology to further reduce NOx emission levels. SCR systems will beintroduced in combination with the use of AdBlue (a 32.5% urea solution in water meeting theDIN 70070 standard), as reagent. This reagent is needed to reduce the oxides of nitrogen (NOx)into nitrogen (N2), a natural component of the air we breath. The SCR technology will bephased-in gradually as from 2005 until 2006.
This move by the heavy-duty commercial vehicle industry has been taken to ensure compliancewith the new emission standards, which will come into force in 2005 (EURO IV) and in 2008(EURO V). It will bring about the introduction of exhaust gas after-treatment systems on heavy-duty commercial vehicles, which today are equipped exclusively with diesel engines, as a resultof their high level of reliability and their low fuel consumption, two key characteristics soughtafter by all operators.
The SCR technology offers an efficient solution to the dilemma of the trade-off between exhaustemission levels and fuel consumption. Field tests and extended durability runs have confirmedthe effectiveness and reliability of this exhaust after-treatment technology, which is applicable toall engines and all missions.
The introduction of the SCR technology will require the installation of AdBlue dispensers at thevehicle refuelling facilities to ensure the availability of this reagent.The heavy-duty commercial vehicle industry is engaged with the industries active in theproduction and distribution of AdBlue, as well as with the oil companies, to make this a reality.
(15 July 2003)
Decision of European Truck Manufacturers to use SCR for Euro 4 and 5
Source: ACEA
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 7
SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) is a well-established andwell-known technology to reduce exhaust emissions in various stationary applications all over the world
About SCR Technology
Power Plants
Gas Turbines
Marine Engines
Stationary Engines
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 8
SCR reaction:
4NH3 + 4NO + O2 ⌫ 4N2 + 6H2O4NH3 + 2NO2 + O2 ⌫ 3N2 + 6H2O
2NH3 + NO + NO2 ⌫ 2N2 + 3H2O
Hydrolysis reaction:
(NH2) 2CO + H2O 2 NH3 + CO2
Urea solution
Chemistry of the SCR reaction
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 9
SCR System Setup
reducingagent
(NH2) 2COdiagnosis
SINOx SCR Catalyst
NOx, O2
purifiedexhaust
N2, H2O
Urea Injection Unit
exhaust
operatingdata
(NH2) 2COEDC
ECU DCU
engine
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 10
SCR Components on the Truck
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SINOx® Catalyst
Urea Tank with Pump Unit
Urea Nozzle to Exhaust Pipe
Urea Metering Unit
Compressed Air Supply
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 11
NOx Reduction Rate in the European Steady State Cycle (ESC); example 1
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13mode
NO
x[g
/h]
0
20
40
60
80
100
NH
3 [p
pm]
2002_04_19a.stufe.xlsCatalyst: 26.4l SCR
Engine: 12 l, 330 kW
NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 Slip
NOx Reduction: 79% NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:
9.21.9
g/kWhg/kWh
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 12
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13mode
NO
x[g
/h]
0
30
60
90
120
150N
H3
[ppm
]
03_07_09a
Catalyst: 35l SCREngine: 12 l, 290 kW
NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 Slip
NOx Reduction:88%
NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:
7.50.9
g/kWhg/kWh
NOx Reduction Rate in the European Steady State Cycle (ESC); example 2
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 13
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800time [sec]
NOx without SINOx: 11.0 g/kWhNOx with SINOx: 2.3 g/kWhNH max. 8 ppm3
NO
x [g
/h]
02468
10
NH
3 [p
pm]
NOx reduction81 %
NOx Reduction Rate in the European Transient Cycle (ETC)
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 14
NO
x[ p
pm]
0300600900
120015001800
NO
x[p
pm]
0300600900
120015001800
10 min50 15 min1050
5 min020 min151050
System PerformanceOn Road Results - measured with NOx Sensors
Uphill Freeway
UrbanRural after Cold Start
NOx Sensor before SCRNOx Sensor after SCR∆ NOx: 80% ∆ NOx: 85%
∆ NOx: 89%∆ NOx: 80%
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 15
Combination Systems for Post Euro 5, US2007, and Japanese Post New Long Term Regulation
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Diesel ParticulateFilter
SCRCatalyst
Diesel Engine
Urea Injectionpurifiedexhaust
Reduction of > 90% PM with Continuous or
Dis-continuous Regeneration
Reduction of >80% NOx
Combined NOx / PM Reduction System for Highest Conversion Rates
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 16
NOx and PM Reduction with Combined SCR/DPF Systems
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Frame Conditions
Conclusions
US FTP Results with a SCR + DPF Combination System
FTP results on a MACK E7, 12l Engine, 355/380hp, 6gr/bhp-hr NOx raw emissions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
EngineOut
SCR DPF +SCR
NOx
[gr/b
hp-h
r]
76% 82
%
NOx
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
EngineOut
SCR DPF +SCR
PM [
gr/b
hp-h
r] 22%
90%
& PM
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
EngineOut
SCR DPF +SCR
HC [
gr/b
hp-h
r]
81%99%
& HCare below the US 07 emission limits
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 17
Boundary Condition Required for SCR
Urea Infrastructure
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 18
Urea Infrastructure
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Logistical Implementation
1st stageFilling stations at Trucking companies
2nd stageAutomotive filling stations at truck stops along the major highways
3rd stagePublic filling stations
Joint project realized by theOEMs, urea industry, oil industry, component suppliers Urea filling station in Stuttgart (source: Total)
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 19
Urea Specification in the EU
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Tabelle 1 — Qualitätsmerkmale
GrenzwertPrüfmerkmal Einheit
min. max
Prüfverfahren
Harnstoffgehalt Gew.-% 31,8 33,3 VDA 2025-1-1 oder –2Teil 1 gilt als Schiedsmethode
Dichte bei 20°C g/cm³ 1,080 1,100
DIN EN ISO 3675 oder DIN EN ISO12185Schwingquarz 1/185 gilt als Schieds-methode
Brechzahlbei 20°C
1,381 1,385 DIN 51423 Blatt 1 oder Blatt 2Teil 2 gilt als Schiedsmethode
Alkalität als NH3 % - 0,2 VDA 2025-3
Carbonat als CO2 % - 0,2 VDA 2025-4
Biuret % - 0,3 VDA 2025-5
Formaldehyd mg/kg - 10 VDA 2025-6-1 oder –2Teil 2 gilt als Schiedsmethode
Unlösliches mg/kg - 20 VDA 2025-7
Phosphat (PO4) mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-8Teil 1 gilt als Schiedsmethode ???
Calcium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9
Eisen mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9
Kupfer mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9
Zink mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9
Chrom mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9
Nickel mg/kg - 0,2 VDA 2025-9
Magnesium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9
Natrium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9
Kalium mg/kg - 0,5 VDA 2025-9
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 20
AdBlue Demand for Western Europe (Forecast)
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Tons
/ ye
ar
(source: ACEA)
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 21
Conclusions
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
SCR is a feasible and well-proven technology to reduceDiesel emissions and make to use of fuel optimized engines
All European HDV manufacturers have decided to use SCR to comply with Euro 4 (2005) and Euro 5 (2008) emissionregulations and reduce fuel consumption
For future emissions regulation in Europe, but also in US and Japan SCR in combination with filter technology offersa solution even for the most stringent emission limits
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 22
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Boundary Conditions
Conclusions
Summary
SC
R
impleost - effective
obust ... for a clean future of Diesel engines
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SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 23
Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Frame Conditions
Conclusions
NOx Reduction JE05 (Japanese Transient Cycle)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800time [sec]
NO
x[g
/h]
0
10
20
30
40
50
NH
3 [p
pm]
NOx before SCRNOx after SCRNH3 after SCR
Catalyst: 35l SCR + 4l Pre-OxiEngine: 12 l, 290 kW
03_06_17a
NOx Reduction: 87% NOx before SCR:NOx after SCR:
8.11.1
g/kWhg/kWh
SCR Technology to Meet Future Diesel Emission Regulations Dr. Stefan Fischer 24
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
time [sec]
NO
x[p
pm]
NOx Reduction: 79% Drivers for SCR
Advantages of SCR
Technical Description
Performance
Frame Conditions
Conclusions
NOx Reduction Hot US FTP
NOx before SCRNOx after SCR
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