Scorebuilders Ch. 6 – CARDIAC, VASCULAR, AND PULMONARY SYSTEM A N A T O M Y & P H Y S I O L O G Y O F T H E C A R D I O V A S C U L A R S Y S T E M Cross section of the anterior of the heart showing the chambers and valves.
Cardiac Conduction System
The cardiac conduction system includes the __________ (____) ______ and __________ (____) ______. Each cardiac
myocyte has an intrinsic ability to ____________________ and ____________________ electrical impulses from cell
to cell without nerve stimulation.
The _____ __________ is the normal pacemaker of the heart.
Innervation of the Heart
The sympathetic influence is achieved by release of ____________________ and ____________________.
Sympathetic nerves stimulate the chambers to beat _______________ and with greater _______________ force of
contraction.
The parasympathetic influence is achieved via ____________________ release from the __________ nerve.
Parasympathetic nerves _______________ the heart rate primarily through their influence on the _____ _________.
Anterior surface of the heart showing the great vessels and coronary arteries.
Coronary Veins
The coronary venous circulation includes: _______________ _____________, __________ ________, and
_____________ _________.
The great cardiac vein, along with the small and middle cardiac veins, drain into the ______________ _________,
emptying into the _____________ _____________.
Neural Reflexes and Circulatory Control
Baroreceptor reflex are mechanoreceptors that detect changes in ______________.
What are the reflexes known as that maintain blood pressure? _________________
What type of activation leads to increased blood pressure? ____________________
Which type of activation decreases blood pressure? _____________________
When signals are sent to the medulla’s cardiovascular center that inhibit parasympathetic activity leading to
increased heart rate, what is this reflex known as? __________________
What reflex reacts to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension? _________________________
The________________ maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure by forced expiration against a closed glottis.
Cardiac Cycle Write the correct term or definition.
The contraction of the right and left atria pushing blood into the ventricles. ______________________
Atrial diastole: ___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Contraction of the right and left ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta. _________________
Ventricular diastole: ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. It reflects the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle
during diastole: ______________
The forces that impede blood flow out of the heart, especially peripheral vasculature pressure, aorta compliance,
and the mass and blood viscosity. ______________________
Stroke Volume (SV): ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Normal SV ranges from _____ to _____ L/min depending on age, sex, and activity.
Cardiac Output (CO): ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Normal CO adult male at rest: _____ L/min. Women produce ____ CO than males. During exercise, it can ↑ to ______
Venous return
o The amount of blood that returns to the _______ atrium each minute
o Venous return must be ___ CO when averaged over time because the cardio system is closed loop.
A. More B. Less C. Equal
Blood and Components of Blood
______ Leukocytes A. Blood Platelets
______ Erythrocytes B. Red Blood Cells
______ Thrombocytes C. White Blood Cells
Normal blood volume of an adult is between _____ and _____ L. Woman have _____ than men.
Blood cells and platelets are suspended in this liquid component: ______________. It is important in regulating
__________ _____________ and ____________________________.
What enables red blood cells to bind with oxygen and have its red color? ___________________
What is the term used to describe a high red blood cell count, increased blood thickness? ______________________
o What is a pt in risk of with increased blood cell count? __________or ____________ ______________
A low number in blood platelets, termed ______________________, increases the risk of ______________________
and _________________ _________________. A high number, termed ____________________________, increases
the risk of ___________________, which may result in a ________________ or ______________ _______________.
A low number of white blood cells, termed ________________, increases the risk of ________________. An
abnormal amount of white blood cells, termed ________________, can indicate _____________ or _____________.
What type of WBC protects the body against infection by ingesting bacteria and debris? _______________________
Lymphocytes consists of:
o T-Lymphocytes: ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
o B-Lymphocytes: ______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Monocytes: _____________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
What WBC kills parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses? _________________________
Basophils: ______________________________________________________________________________________
A N A T O M Y & P H Y S I O L O G Y O F T H E R E S P I R A T O R Y S Y S T E M
Ribs 1-7 are called: ___________________; Ribs 8-10: _________________; Ribs 11-12:_________________
What are the three principle muscles of respiration?
o ______________________, ______________________,______________________
The upper respiratory tract consists of the:
o ______________________, ______________________,______________________
The right lung has ______ lobes. The left lung has _____ lobes.
There are _____ bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung and _____ segments in the left lung.
The right lung’s main bronchus gives rise to the superior, middle, and inferior ____________ _______________.
The left lung’s main bronchus divides into the superior _____________ ______________ corresponding to the upper
and lower lobes.
Oxygen diffuses across the _______________________ __________________ into the RBC in lung capillaries where
it combines with ___________________ to be transported back to the heart. Carbon dioxide diffuses in what
direction – Same or Opposite?
The membranous serous sac that covers the lungs is called ______________ _________________. Under abnormal
circumstances, the pleural space may contain air – termed __________________________, blood – termed
_______________________, pus or increased amounts of serous fluid, which compress the lung and cause
_______________________ ________________________.
The pulmonary circulation returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the ____ atrium via the ___________ ______.
Oxygen is physically dissolved in the _________ __________, and chemically combines with _________________ in
RBCs. Carbon dioxide is physically dissolved in __________.
Diagram of the human lungs.
Total Volume Total Volume
ERV = RV =
IRV = IC =
FRC = TV =
VC = TLC =
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Anatomic dead space volume (VD)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Minute volume ventilation (VE)
Peak expiratory flow (PEF)
Residual volume (RV)
Tidal volume (TV)
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Vital capcity (VC)
CLASSIFICATION OF HTN IN ADULTS * Classification determined by higher BP category
BP Classification SBP mm Hg* DBP mm Hg*
Normal
Prehypertensive
Stage 1 HTN
Srage 2 HTN
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
Mean range of adult normal ABG values:
pH
PaCO2
PaO2
HCO3
SaO2
Acidemia
Alkalemia
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Angina Pain Scale
Rating Description
1
2
3
4
Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) Interpretation
> 1.30
1.0 – 1.30
0.8 – 0.99
0.4 – 0.79
< 0.4
This chart and the following chart is on page 218 of Scorebuilders.
HEMATOCRIT REFERENCE VALUES IN CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Conventional Units SI Units
Serum Cholesterol
Total
LDL Cholesterol
HDL Cholesterol
Triglyceride
REFERENCE VALUES IN HEMATOLOGY
Conventional Units SI units
Erythrocytes
Adult Males
Adult Females
Leukocytes
Total
Platelet count
Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)
Hematocrit
Adult Males
Adult Females
Hemoglobin
Adult Males
Adult Females
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Korotkoff Sounds
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Phase IV
Phase V
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE INTERPRETATION
Children (ages 3-17)
Normal BP
Prehypertension
Stage 1 HTN
Stage 2 HTN
Adults
SBP DBP
Normal BP
Prehypertension
Stage 1 HTN
Stage 2 HTN
Auscultation of Heart Sounds
Area Ausculatory area
Aortic Area
Pulmonic Area
Mitral Area
Tricuspid Area
Auscultation of Heart Sounds Interpretation
S1 (lub)
S2 (dub)
S3
S4
Adult BMI Classification
Borg Dyspnea Scale
0
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ECG Waveforms and Intervals
P wave
PR interval
QRS Complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
Sinus Node Rhythms
Normal sinus rhythm
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus arrest
Pulse Points of Selected Peripheral Arteries
Artery Pulse Point
Carotid
Brachial
Radial
Ulnar
Femoral
Popliteal
Posterior tibial
Dorsalis pedis
PULSE CHARACTERIZATION
Characterize the heart rate
Normal infant
Normal child
Normal adult
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Characterize the volume or amplitude of the pulse
3+
2+
1
0
Original RPE Scale Revised RPE Scale
Respiratory Rate
Newborn
1 year
10 years
Adult
Respiratory Rhytm
Normal
COPD
Common Breathing Patterns
Apnea
Biot’s
Bradypnea
Cheyne-Stokes (periodic)
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Hypopnea
Tachypnea
TARGET HEART RATE
Method 1 – Percent of maximum heart rate (HRmax)
Lower THR =
Upper THR =
Method 2 – Heart rate reserve (HRR) or Karvonen formula
Lower THR =
Upper THR =
HRmax=
HRest=
Postural Drainage Positioning
Apical segments
Right and Left upper lobes
Posterior segment
Right Upper Lobe
Posterior segment
Left Upper Lobe
Lingula
Left Upper Lobe
Anterior segments
Right and Left Upper Lobes
Right middle lobe
Superior segments
Left and Right Lower Lobes
Anterior basal segments
Left and Right Lower Lobes
Posterior basal segments
Left and Right Lower Lobes
Lateral basal segments
Lower Lobes
Top Related