Submitted by Dr Rajesh Kumar Sahu
What is BIOTECHNOGY ?Biology+Technology
Involves the exploitation of biological agents or their components for generating useful products/services
The use of living microorganisms in systems or processes for the manufacture of the useful products , it may be algae, fungi, yeast bacteria ,viruses , cells of higher plants and animals or their subsystems or isolated components from living matter
- It consists of scaling up of biological processes
Biotechnology
We’ll examine:
Animal cloning
Gene cloning for pharmaceutical production
The promise and perhaps perils of embryonic stem cells
CONTINUE.....
BIOTECHNOLOGY- ITS APPLICATIONSCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGEBiochemistryCell biologyComputer scienceGeneticsImmunologyPhysiologyMicrobiologyMolecular biologyBiochemical engineering
BIOTECNOLOGICAL TOOLSBiosensor technologyCell & tissue culture technologyGenetic engineering technology(recombinat
DNA tech)Monoclonal antibody technologyProtein engineering technologyAntisense technologyBioprocessing technology
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGPOLLUTION PREVENTIONBIOREMEDIATION
AGRICULURAL FIELD
DEVLOPMENT OF GOOD QUALITY CROPPREVENTION OF DISEASES IN LIVESTOCK
SECTORNEWER VARITIES OF CROP YIELDTRANSGENIC PLANT AND ANIMAL
PRODUCTIONAlternatives of expensive fertilisers
MEDICAL SECTOREfficient diagnostic techniqueVaccine productiobn & application Therapeutics
BIOSENSORSBiosensor technology couples our knowledge of
biology with advances in microelectronicsA biosensor is composed of a biological
component,such as cell, enzyme,or antibody, linked or tiny transducer.
HELPFUL IN1- Measuring nutritional value, freshness & safty of
food2-Locate & measure the environmental pollution3-Detect & quantify explosive, toxins and
biowarfare agents
CELL CULTUREIt is the growing of cells outside the living
organisms1- plant cell culture2- animal cell culture3- insect cell cultureBENEFICIAL. Production of transgenic plant & animal
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 1- Recombinant DNA technology, joining together of DNA
molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations those are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.
2- Since the focus of all genetics is the gene, the fundamental goal of laboratory geneticists is to isolate, characterize, and to manipulate genes
COUNITUE........
The Inner Cell Mass is the Source of Embryonic Stem Cells
The embryo is destroyed by separating it into individual cells for the collection of ICM cells.
A Site With Three Alleles Useful for DNA Fingerprinting
DNA fragments of different size will be produced by a restriction enzyme that cuts at the points shown by the arrows.
DNA Fingerprinting Basics
If DNA is cut with a restriction enzyme that recognizes sites on either side of the region that varies, DNA fragments of different sizes will be produced.
A DNA fingerprint is made by analyzing the sizes of DNA fragments produced from a number of different sites in the genome that vary in length.
The more common the length variation at a particular site and the greater the number the sites analyzed, the more informative the fingerprint.
NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGYNanobiotechnology is a new technology that works
at the scale of a single molecule or about a thousandth of a micron. It is the study and manufacture of super‐small structures and tiny machines made on the molecular scale.
These can be used to build structures that might be used in microchips for super‐fast computers made of DNA rather than silicon.
Nano biotechnology could be used to miniaturize sensors and improve drug delivery
BIOTECHNOLOGY – DIOGNOSTIC Help diagnose prostate cancer or cholera or high cholesterol
Determine if women have a predisposition to breast cancer
Ensure that our blood supply is safe and doesn’t carry diseases from blood donors, such as HIV or mad cow disease and find out if a baby in the womb have issues like Down syndrome or spina bifida
Biotechnology is allowing us to diagnose disease earlier in the disease process, which greatly improves patient’ s prognosis
PROTEIN ENGINEERINGProtein engineering is used often in conjuction
with recombinant DNA technology to improve existing proteins, such as enzymes, cell receptor,antibodies.
These proteins may be used in drug devlopment, food processing, industrial devlopment
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODYMonoclonal antibody technology allows us to produce large
amounts of pure antibodies in the following way: We can obtain cells that produce antibodies naturally; we also have available a class of cells that can grow continually in cell culture. If we form a hybrid that combines the characteristic of "immortality" with the ability to produce the desired substance, we would have, in effect, a factory to produce antibodies that worked around the clock.
In monoclonal antibody technology, tumor cells that can replicate endlessly are fused with mammalian cells that produce an antibody. The result of this cell fusion is a "hybridoma," which will continually produce antibodies. These antibodies are called monoclonal because they come from only one type of cell.
Biotechnology
Dolly and surrogate Mom
Genetically modified rice.
Embryonic stem cells and gene therapy
(Science (2002) 295:1443)
Carbon Copy– the First Cloned Pet
Significantly, Carbon Copy is not a phenotypic carbon copy of the animal she was cloned from.
CONTINUE...........
ORGANISM BIOTECHNOLOGYHelp the organism live better or be more
productiveGoal – improve organisms and the
conditions in which they grow
SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY
Is important because it brings science closer to creating life in the lab
Cells and tissues may be developed to treat human injury and disease
THERAPEUTICS Treat cancer, arthritis, asthma, heart disease, and
hemophilia.New drugs have been developed that Produce
antibiotics, birth control pills, vitamins, and growth hormones.
Treat the side effects of chemotherapy and give cancer patients a better chance for a cure.
Prevent hepatitis, meningitis, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus through vaccines.
Grow skin replacements for burn victims and materials that help broken bones heal better
FOOD PRODUCTION & PROCESSINGAgriculture companies are also using biotechnology to
improve production of meat and dairy products and to improve processing of other foods. Examples include:
Using Bovine somato‐tropin (BST), a hormone that helps to increase milk production.
Cloning cows that are high milk producers or beef stock. Reducing soy sauce fermentation from a few months to a few
days.Improving the processing of cheese, cocoa and tea. Using industrial enzymes to process corn syrup to high
fructose corn syrup which is used in many food products such as sodas, sauces, salad dressings tomato paste and ketchup.
Developing preservatives to replace sulfur and nitrates.Developing healthier vegetable oils with reduced saturated fats
crop produced Have the resistance power against the
wormsHave production ability maximumBetter improvement prior to previous
practiceHigh % of food suppliments
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HUMAN HEALTHThe biotechnology pharmaceutical industry has
grown immensely in the past 25 years.The first drug produced through biotechnology,
human insulin, has been helping to save lives since 1982. Since then, the biotechnology industry has brought to market more than 200 new drugs and vaccines that treat and prevent diseases. More than 400 new biotechnology drugs are in the process of being tested to see if they can be brought to market.
MICROARRAYSMicro arrays technology is transferming
laboratory research because it allows us to analyse tens of thousands of samples simultaniously
1- DNA micro arrays2- protein micro arrays3-Tissue micro arrays4-whole –cell micro arrays
SOME OF IMPORTANT POINTS MULE HINNY etc………..
THEY ARE THE PRODUCTS OF SPECIES HYBRIDISATION
IT IS THE CROSS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT TWO SPECIES & SPECIES DEVLOPS CONTAIN BOTH OF CHARACTER OF TWO SPECIES
USU’s Contribution – A Cloned Mule and the First Cloned Equine
The Biotechnology of Reproductive Cloning
Even under the best of circumstances, the current technology of cloning is very inefficient.
Cloning provides the most direct demonstration that all cells of an individual share a common genetic blueprint.
Plant Tissue CultureA Requirement for Transgenic Development
A plant part Is cultured
Callusgrows
Shootsdevelop Shoots are rooted;
plant grows to maturity
Harnessing the Power of Recombinant DNA Technology – Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
6) join the plasmid and human fragment
and cut with a restriction enzyme
Human Insulin Production by Bacteria
Mix the recombinant plasmid with bacteria.
Screening bacterial cells to learn which contain the human insulin gene is the hard part.
BioremediationBioremediation can be defined as any
process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
Genetically Modified Food It’s the blessings of biotechnology. tomato is incorporated with cat fish gene
which will be the fishy in taste
Personality As the work is largely related to scientific
research. It becomes quite important to have a good
academic background in science. Hard work and high level of intelligence with
a scientific bent of mind, determination, perseverance, imagination,
innovative attitude, ability to work for long hours, originality,
team spirit, These are some important essentials for
becoming a successful biotechnologist!!
Professional Courses Candidates having background in science at the
intermediate level can take up B.Tech. programme in Biotechnology. P.G. courses available are M.Sc. Biotechnology, Agriculture Biotechnology, M.V.Sc. (Animal) Biotechnology, M.Tech. Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering M.Sc./M.V.Sc. in Veterinary Biotechnology,M.Sc. (Marine) Biotechnology,Medical Biotechnology, M.Tech. in Biomedical Engineering /Biotechnology. - PHD in biotechnology.
Qualified biotechnologists are employed in leading business companies, pharmaceutical companies, chemical industries, bio-processing industries, agriculture related industries and pollution control activities of the major industries etc.
They can even join government and corporate run research and development organizations.
On the whole making it a good career opportunity for the bright young people like you.
THAT MUCH OF DISSCUSSION IS NOT
SUFFICIENT
ABOUT
SCOPE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
THANK U ALL HAVE A NICE DAY
Dr Rajesh Kumar Sahu MVSc( VPH) 2013V 21M
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