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Synthesis of Proteins
Amino acids are the most important anabolic
nutrients, and they form:
All protein structures
Most functional molecules- ENZYMES
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Synthesis of Proteins
Synthesis controlled by:
Hormones
Availability of A !" different amino acids
#aries $ith a%e
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Summary: Carbohydrate Metabolic Reactions
Table 24.4.1
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Summary: Lipid and Protein Metabolic
Reactions
Table 24.4.2
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Carbohydrate!at and "mino "cid Pools
!i#ure 24.1$
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%ntercon&ersion Path'ays of (utrients
!i#ure 24.1)
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"bsoprti&e and Postabsorpti&e States
Absorptive
&urin%, 'ust after nutrient inta(e
)ostabsorptive
*+ tract is empty
Ener%y sources from brea(do$n of body reserves
Metabolic controls eualie blood concentrationsof nutrients bet$een t$o states
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"bsoprti&e State
Mostly anabolic
Amino acids to proteins. muscle, liver
*lycerol / 0A to tri%lycerides
*lucose to %lyco%en. muscle, liver
*lucose, 0A to fat. adipose
&ietary %lucose is ma'or ener%y fuel
E1cess amino acids are deaminated and used for
ener%y or stored as fat in the liver
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"bsoprti&e State
!i#ure 24.1*a
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Principal Path'ays of the "bsorpti&e State
!i#ure 24.1*b
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%nsulin +ffects on Metabolism
!i#ure 24.1,
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-iabetes Mellitus
0rom 2 insulin or abnormal insulin receptors
2 *lucose upta(e by cells
Metabolic acidosis 3%lycolysis to lactic acid4
protein $astin%- $ei%ht loss result as fats andtissue proteins are used for ener%y
5starvation in midst of hi%h %lucose6
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Postabsorpti&e State
!i#ure 24.2a
Glucose
feeds
CNS
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Principle Path'ays in the Postabsorpti&e
State
!i#ure 24.2b
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%nfluence of /luca#on
!i#ure 24.21
SNS epinephrine
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Li&er Metabolism
0unctions
)ac(a%es fatty acids to be stored and transported
Synthesies plasma proteins
Synthesies nonessential amino acids
&eaminates ammonia to urea
Stores %lyco%en. helps re%ulate 7blood %lucose8
Synthesies9stores vitamins, stores iron, de%rades
hormones, deto1ifies
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Cholesterol
asis of bile salts, steroid hormones,vitamin &
Ma(es up part of the hedgehog molecule that
directs embryonic development
;ravels in lipoproteins
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Cholesterol
ipoproteins are classified as:
H&s < hi%h-density lipoproteins have more
protein content
&s < lo$-density lipoproteins have a
considerable cholesterol component
#&s < very lo$ density lipoproteins are mostly
tri%lycerides
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Plasma Cholesterol Le&els
;he liver produces cholesterol:
At a basal / constant level
#ia a ne%ative feedbac( loop involvin% serum
cholesterol levels
+n response to saturated fatty acids
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Plasma Cholesterol Le&els
=nsaturated fatty acids > cholesterol e1cretion
Saturated fatty acids 2 e1cretion
ome%a-? fatty acids 2 saturated fats / cholesterol
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(on0-ietary !actors "ffectin# Cholesterol
> &:
Stress
Smo(in%
caffeine
> H&:
Aerobic e1ercise
ody shape / cholesterol levels
0at in upper body correlated > cholesterol
0at on hips, thi%hs correlated 2 cholesterol
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!eedin# eha&iors
@ Neural si%nals from the di%estive tract
! loodborne si%nals related to ener%y stores
? Hormones
B ody temperature
C )sycholo%ical factors
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(utrient Si#nals Related to +ner#y Stores
2 eatin% from > levels of:
*lucose
Amino acids
0atty acids
eptin
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ormones3 Temperature3 Psycholo#ical
!actors
> hunger: *luca%on
Epinephrine
< hunger:
+nsulin
Dholecysto(inin
+ncreased body temperature
)sycholo%ical factors that have little to do $ith caloric
balance can also influence eatin% behaviors
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ypothalamic Command of "ppetite
!i#ure 24.25
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Metabolic Rate
ate of ener%y output 3e1pressed per hour4 eual to
the total heat produced by:
All the chemical reactions in the body
;he mechanical $or( of the body Measured directly $ith a calorimeter or indirectly
$ith a respirometer
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Metabolic Rate
asal metabolic rate 3M4
eflects the ener%y the body needs to perform its
most essential activities
;otal metabolic rate 3;M4 ;otal rate of (ilocalorie consumption to fuel all
on%oin% activities
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!actors that %nfluence MR
Surface area, a%e, %ender, stress, and hormones
As the ratio of surface area to volume increases,
BMR increases
Males have a disproportionately hi%h M Stress increases M
;hyro1ine increases o1y%en consumption, cellular
respiration, and M
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Re#ulation of ody Temperature
ody temperature < balance bet$een heat
production and heat loss
At rest, the liver, heart, brain, and endocrine or%ans
account for most heat production
&urin% vi%orous e1ercise, heat production from
s(eletal muscles can increase ?"
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Re#ulation of ody Temperature
Normal body temperature is ?F!°D 3G!°04.
optimal enyme activity occurs at this temperature
;emperature spi(es above this ran%e denature
proteins and depress neurons
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Re#ulation of ody Temperature
!i#ure 24.24
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Core and Shell Temperature
Dore or%ans have > est temp.
Dore I in s(ull, thoracic, abdominal cavities
;emp pretty constant here
Shell or%ans have 2 est temperature. Shell I s(in
;emp varies here. 3!"°D
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Mechanisms of eat +6chan#e
0our mechanisms:
@ adiation < loss of heat in the form of infrared rays
! Donduction < transfer of heat by direct contact
? Donvection < transfer of heat to the surroundin% air
B Evaporation < from evaporation of $ater.
0rom the lun%s, mouth mucosa, s(in
;hese are insensible heat losses 3unnoticeable4
Evaporative heat loss becomes sensible 3noticeable4 $hen
body temperature rises and s$eatin% produces increased
$ater for vaporiation
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Thermore#ulation0 ypothalmus
Dold
#asoconstriction of
cutaneous blood vessels
> metabolic rate
Shiverin%
> thyro1ine release
Hot
#asodilation - cutaneous
S$eatin%
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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings !i#ure 24.2$
"cti&atesheat0losscenter inhypothalamus
lood 'armer
than hypothalamic
set point
S'eat #lands acti&ated:
secrete perspiration3 'hich
is &apori7ed by body heat3
helpin# to cool the body
S8in blood &essels
dilate: capillaries
become flushed 'ith
'arm blood9 heat
radiates from
s8in surface
ody temper0ature decreases:blood temperaturedeclines and hypo0thalamus heat0loss center shuts off;
Stimulus:%ncreased bodytemperature
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yperthermia0 heat stro8e
Environment too hot
Heat loss processes not enou%h
Elevated body temperatures depress the
hypothalamus )ositive-feedbac( mechanism increases body
temperature and metabolic rate
0atal if not corrected
JJMali%nant hyperthermia
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eat +6haustion
Heat-associated collapse from vi%orous e1ercise
> body temperature, confusion, faintin%
&ue to dehydration / lo$ blood pressure
Heat-loss mechanisms fully functional Dan pro%ress to heat stro(e if the body is not
cooled and rehydrated
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!e&er 0 Controlled hyperthermia
0rom infection, cancer, aller%ic reactions, central
nervous system in'uries
)yro%ens cause release of prosta%landins
)rosta%landins reset the hypothalamic thermostat ;he hi%her set point is maintained until the natural
body defenses reverse the disease process
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-e&elopmental "spects
*ood nutrition is essential in utero as $ell as
throu%hout life
ac( of proteins needed for fetal %ro$th and in the
first three years of life can lead to mental deficits
and learnin% disorders
Kith the e1ception of insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus, children free of %enetic disorders rarely
e1hibit metabolic problems
+n later years, non-insulin-dependent diabetes
mellitus becomes a ma'or problem
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-e&elopmental "spects
Many a%ents prescribed for a%e-related medical
problems influence nutrition
&iuretics can cause hypo(alemia 3potassium loss4
Antibiotics can interfere $ith food absorption
Mineral oil interferes $ith absorption of fat-soluble
vitamins
E1cessive alcohol consumption leads tomalabsorption problems, certain vitamin and
mineral deficiencies, deran%ed metabolism, and
dama%e to the liver and pancreas
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