Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution
Scholars relied Scholars relied on established on established authorities for authorities for the truth… the truth…
Who were these Who were these established established authorities??authorities??
Before the Before the Revolution…Revolution…
Established Established authorities authorities includedincluded::
The Bible The Bible Catholic ChurchCatholic Church Ancient Greeks/Romans Ancient Greeks/Romans (like (like
Aristotle & Ptolemy)Aristotle & Ptolemy)
Before the Before the Revolution…Revolution…
Early scientists Early scientists who used spells who used spells & magic & magic formulas formulas
Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: AlchemistsAlchemists
Pre-Revolution: AstrologersPre-Revolution: Astrologers Studied the position of the stars Studied the position of the stars
& planets, as well as the way in & planets, as well as the way in which the positions of these which the positions of these bodies affected people’s livesbodies affected people’s lives
Contributed to the body of Contributed to the body of information regarding the information regarding the cosmos cosmos
New Beliefs New Beliefs EmergeEmerge
Principle of DoubtPrinciple of Doubt:: Nothing can be believed Nothing can be believed
unless it has be proven unless it has be proven through experimentationthrough experimentation
New instrumentsNew instruments:: Barometer, microscope, Barometer, microscope,
thermometerthermometer
New Beliefs New Beliefs EmergeEmerge
Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: GeocentricityGeocentricity
EarthEarth as the center of the as the center of the universeuniverse
Planets & sun Planets & sun rotate around rotate around earth earth
Idea from Idea from Aristotle/PtolemyAristotle/Ptolemy
Pre-Revolution: Pre-Revolution: GeocentricityGeocentricity
According to Church doctrine, According to Church doctrine, God created the universe to God created the universe to serve his people; serve his people; therefore, the therefore, the people’s home people’s home must be the must be the center of the center of the universe universe
Nicolaus Nicolaus CopernicusCopernicus
Polish astronomerPolish astronomer Wrote On Wrote On
the Revolution of the Revolution of Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres
New Theory: New Theory: HeliocentricityHeliocentricity
Sun as the Sun as the center of the center of the universe – universe – Heliocentric Heliocentric Theory!Theory!
Planets Planets rotate rotate around it around it
Nicolaus Nicolaus CopernicusCopernicus
Stated that Earth Stated that Earth rotated on an axis rotated on an axis & revolved around the sun & revolved around the sun
Fearing persecution, Fearing persecution, Copernicus did not publish his Copernicus did not publish his findings until 1543, the last findings until 1543, the last year of his life year of his life (he received a (he received a copy of his book on his deathbed!)copy of his book on his deathbed!)
German German Astronomer & Astronomer & MathematicianMathematician
Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler
Stated that Stated that the planets the planets move in an oval-shaped move in an oval-shaped path (ellipses) path (ellipses)
Used mathematics to prove Used mathematics to prove the heliocentric theorythe heliocentric theory
Johannes Johannes KeplerKepler
Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee Italian Italian
MathematicianMathematician Copernican theoryCopernican theory Wrote Wrote Dialogue Dialogue
on Two on Two Great Great World SystemsWorld Systems
Galileo’s Galileo’s ObservationsObservations Built a new telescope Built a new telescope
– observed…– observed… Sun SpotsSun Spots Earth rotates Earth rotates
on its axison its axis Rings on Rings on
SaturnSaturn Moons of JupiterMoons of Jupiter
Mountains & Mountains & valleys of the valleys of the moon moon
Rate at which Rate at which objects fall (32 objects fall (32 feet per sec) minus the feet per sec) minus the friction of airfriction of air
Galileo’s Galileo’s ObservationsObservations
Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee Stood trial for heresy – why?Stood trial for heresy – why? Due to the Inquisition Galileo Due to the Inquisition Galileo
was threatened with torture was threatened with torture and was forced and was forced to recant his to recant his scientific scientific position position
Galileo GalileeGalileo Galilee ““With sincere heart and unpretended With sincere heart and unpretended
faith I abjure, curse, and detest the faith I abjure, curse, and detest the aforesaid errors and heresies [of aforesaid errors and heresies [of Copernicus] and also every other error…Copernicus] and also every other error…contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say that in the future I will never again say or assert…anything that might cause a or assert…anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.”similar suspicion toward me.”
He lived under house arrest until he He lived under house arrest until he died (blind) in 1642died (blind) in 1642
In 1992, the Catholic Church officially In 1992, the Catholic Church officially acknowledged that Galileo had been acknowledged that Galileo had been right…right…
Sir Isaac NewtonSir Isaac Newton English ScientistEnglish Scientist Discovered the Discovered the
law of universal law of universal gravitationgravitation
Developed Developed calculuscalculus
Wrote Wrote Mathematic Mathematic Principles of Principles of Natural ScienceNatural Science
Precise mathematical Precise mathematical formulas could describe an formulas could describe an orderly universeorderly universe
Sir Isaac Sir Isaac NewtonNewton
ConclusionsConclusions The Scientific Revolution:The Scientific Revolution: Created an atmosphere of Created an atmosphere of
skepticismskepticism Emphasized the importance of Emphasized the importance of
using the Scientific Methodusing the Scientific Method Impacted law, study of history, Impacted law, study of history,
chronology & eventually chronology & eventually philosophyphilosophy
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