Sanitory and phytosanitory (SPS) measures regarding IPM
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Present development of Plant-Quarantine Procedure (National
and International)
International Plant Protection Convention- (IPPC) -
assessment on the application of Sanitary and Phytosanitory
measure.
(SPS Agreement) conducted within the frame work of the India
to include recent development in establishing standard setting
procedures under the IPPC.
Within the SPS Agreement, the Secretariat of the IPPC is
recognized as one of the major International standard setting
organizations.
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Alignment of the SPS Agreement with IPPC
The SPS Agreement dealt only - risks to human, animal or plant
health, and other requirements on Products that were addressed by
the TBT Agreement.
The SPS Agreement dealt - all aspects of Phytosanitory measure
that may directly or indirectly affect trade.
It was emphasized that it would be most useful if the IPPC covered at
least the same issues as the SPS agreement. As trade is global it
was considered essential that standard are international rather than
regional.
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To prevent the introduction into and spread
within the country of destructive plant pests and
diseases through appropriate Plant Quarantine
Measures.
Bangladesh became a signatory to FAO,
International Plant Protection Commission -
formulate rules and regulations
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Positive Consequence
The plant Quarantine Service - prevent the introduction of pest.
Plant Quarantine Service be also constantly receptive to
Phytosanitory and other problems relating to the export of plant
produce in a pest free areas. Stringent and strict Quarantine is
required to maintain credibility.
It is equally important to ensure successful trading of Agricultural
Products in international market . Exporting countries - must
maintain a pest free agricultural environment.
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There are some views that may be opposing, but what is
important, is not the actual application of plant Quarantine that is a
barrier to trade.
Quality and Quarantine must go together. Quality control should be
maintained to get into international markets.
Customs, Immigration, Quarantine Service of the Department of
Agriculture and concerned Ministries all over the world.
Sometimes and occupational hazards, one must work to sustain
Quarantine Procedures to ensure quality as well as credibility of
agricultural products.
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Negative consequences
The movement of Agricultural commodities in international trade is
affected by plant quarantine Protective measures.
Normally there should be no serious delay encountered by
commercial establishment with the movement of commodities, it
there exists, among trading partners, Cooperation and
understanding between the exporter, importer and the plant
quarantine authorities.
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commodity movement - well organized, their personnel are
properly trained and the legal basis upon which the plant
quarantine activities are based is established on the
appropriate principles.
Thus creating injudicious and unnecessary
barriers to trade between the trading
partners.
some countries in the world, associate
physical and morphological specifications of
certain commodities as part and parcel of a
Quarantine requirement for importation.
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Ensuring exchange of clean germplasm
Crops researched at IITA - propagated -seeds or true
seeds (maize, soybean, cowpea, and other legumes of
importance to African farming)
Crops propagated - vegetative propagules, including
stems (e.g., cassava), tubers (e.g., yam), and in vitro
plants (e.g., banana, cassava and yam).
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Banana germplasm maintained in sterile tissue cultureBanana germplasm maintained in sterile tissue culture
Each germplasm - a unique set of
procedures for assessing the health
status of the material.
At IITA, this work goes from production
to postharvest.
International exchange of plant
material - inspected with the technical officers of NPPO
during the active growth stage in the field or screen house
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Banana germplasm collection showing diverse Banana germplasm collection showing diverse genotypesgenotypes
To ensure the selection of pest-
free material.
The sorted materials (seeds or
vegetative propagules) are then
brought to the GHU laboratories
for critical inspection for the
presence of pests.
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visual inspection of dry seeds,
seed washing,
Agar and blotter tests,
seed soaking,
seedling symptom tests which aid in identifying any
pest-infested material.
Detection methods
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Pest identification including culturing techniques
Microscopy
Biochemical analyses of samples by enzyme-Linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR),
Genomic sequencing.
Only materials that are free of the regulated and unregulated
quarantine pests are released for international exchange.
Additional techniques
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GHU – monitors genetically modified organisms (GMO) .
To comply with the Cartagena biosafety protocol - under the
regulation of NPPOs.
This is done mainly by seeking an additional declaration from
the exporting parties on the GMO status of the planting
material as stipulated in the conditions of the import permit
issued by the NPPO.
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PCR assaysTargeting constitutive
elements of transgene constructs .
Eg :promoters of Agrobacterium
tumefaciens or Cauliflower mosaic
virus 35S gene, that are widely used
for generating transgenic plants
Diagnostic capacity exists to monitor germplasm for traces of GMOs
by
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Complying with regulations
Every country has a nodal agency - issuing
permits for the movement of germplasm.
Complying - essential process under the Convention of
Biological Diversity (CBD) treaty that regards biodiversity
as a national treasure, and requires authorization from -
respective governments for free exchanges.
Germplasm exchange activity commences with the application of a
permit from a host country for germplasm import (for use in IITA’s
R4D programs) or germplasm export (to partners, collaborators
and other stakeholders, including IITA’s missions in other
countries).
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Phytosanitory certification
A Germplasm heath unit applies for phytosanitory certificates (PC)
for the export of material.
The PC issued - NPPO after the condition has been satisfied that
the material being exported meets the phytosanitory standards of
the IPPC and the importing country. GHU complies with national
regulations in obtaining these two documents for all seeds or plant
materials sent or received.
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Similarly, when material is imported it is subjected
to post-entry inspection to ensure its compliance
with the conditions specified in the import permit.
Germplasm export and import – by GHU to
various countries around the world.
Depending on the need, material is held post-entry
isolation facility until the necessary clearances are
obtained.
Material that satisfies all the conditions is released
for IITA’s use.
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Source: L. Kumar, IITA.From 2005 to 2010, GHU, from IITA‘s Ibadan Station in Nigeria in liaison with NAQS, has facilitated about 492 exchanges, 157 imports, and 335 exports of crop and other plant material to 69 countries, 34 of which are in Africa (Fig. 1).
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USA, India, Colombia,
Mexico, and Japan are
among the top 5 non-African
countries.
Within Africa, the top 5 countries -
IITA has exchanged germplasm are
Benin, Ghana, Cameroon, Kenya, and
South Africa.
Each countries has
specific legislation.
However, procedures for health
monitoring have the same
underlying principle, i.e.,
The prevention of pests from spreading.The exclusion of pests
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Phytosanitory protection of genetic resources
Phytosanitory management of the germplasm of food crops
(about 27,000 accessions) - conserved IITA gene bank.
In situ germplasm collections of breeding programs. Germplasm
conserved in the gene bank is systematically evaluated for its
health status .
GHU ensures:
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Clean germplasm is conserved
for distribution by IITA’s Genetic
Resources Center (GRC).
Information dissemination through
exhibits and hands-on demos,
IITA .
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Germplasm exchange: benefits and risks
High-value commodity very frequently exchanged for
agricultural research, crop diversification, food
production, and commerce.
Crop germplasm - seeds, plants, or plant parts
suitable for propagation
International exchanges of useful germplasm
have been the major factor in the diversification
and improvement of global agriculture.
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For instance, about 30% of the world’s food production is derived
from crops originating in other countries.
Cassava, first introduced from Latin America by the Portuguese
in 1558, has been established as one of the major food staples in
sub-Saharan Africa
Germplasm exchange, however, has an inherent risk of
introducing exotic plant pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria,
phytoplasma, and other pathogenic microbes), weeds, insects,
and nematodes (pests).
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Due to a lack of competition and resistance, introduced pests
often result in devastating epidemics in territories in which they
did not exist before, leading to severe economic losses.
In addition, pests associated with the germplasm
may reduce its longevity during storage and may
have negative effects on crop performance (e.g.,
nematodes in yam tubers).
The accidental introduction of the Banana bunchy top
virus in Malawi has affected banana production in over
3000 ha and completely wiped out production in
Nkhota Khota and Nkhatabay.
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Banana bunchy top virusBanana bunchy top virus
several safeguards -
established to prevent the
spread of pests through the
movement of germplasm
from one area to another.
These quarantine or phytosanitary measures are
enforced through national and international legislation.
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Seeds as vehicles of pests
True seeds (botanical seeds) offer the safest form in which to
exchange germplasm.
To serve as potential vehicles for the spread of pests
Relatively easy to sort out contaminated seeds from healthy
seeds.
All the pests present in the vegetative tissues (stems, tubers,
roots, suckers, in vitro plants) are spread through planting
material.
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I. Stem cuttings (e.g., cassava and sweetpotato),
II .Tubers (e.g., yam and Irish potato)
III. Suckers (e.g., banana and plantain) poses themaximum risk
of spreading pests.
As a general rule, quarantine regulations prohibit the exchange of
vegetative propagules unless stocks are derived from plants
certified as pest-free.
Micropropagation or the in vitro propagation of plants using modern
tissue culture methods safest option for exchanging
vegetatively propagated crops.
Planting material:
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Procedures employed during in vitro propagation result in the
elimination of all pests, but not viruses and some fastidious
microbes.
Special procedures are used to eliminate viruses from in vitro
plants.
Therefore, where possible, IITA exchanges only in vitro planting
material (tissue culture) produced under aseptic conditions.
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Categorization of pests
Pests whose introduction into an area
can result in severe destruction are
classified as quarantine pests.
Territories can be free of quarantine
pests (e.g.,Fusarium oxysporum f.
cubense race 4 present in some parts
of Asia but not in Africa) or present but
not widely distributed
(Cassava brown streak viruses, Xanthomonas campestris pv.
musacearum responsible for banana bacterial wilt, and Banana
bunchy top virus occur in Africa, but are restricted to certain
regions).
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Pests are classified into
Regulated pests
Unregulated pests
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Regulated pests
Regulated pests are further classified into
Quarantine pests
Regulated non-quarantine pests. Quarantine pests
Rigorously controlled through official monitoring measures.
Regulated nonquarantine pests - widely distributed .
Their presence in germplasm causes a loss of planting
material or initiates a new disease cycle (e.g., Cucumber
mosaic virus infects a range of hosts, including banana,
and is widely distributed).
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Regulated quarantine pests are monitored
by specific procedures.
The categorization of pests is usually
country-specific.
In general, all programs for the production
of clean planting materials, including those
meant for international exchanges, Ensure
freedom from quarantine pests and
regulated non quarantine pests.
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NAQS classifies pests under three categoriesNAQS classifies pests under three categories
Category A
Pathogens which are not present in Nigeria and/or in any
country in West Africa
Category B
Pathogens which are of restricted local distribution in Nigeria and/or
West Africa against which field inspection and or/seed health testing
methods can provide adequate protection.
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Category C
Internationally widespread pathogens which affect seed quality.
Pest lists and pest categorization are often updated.
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Previous
To sum upTo sum up
Sanitary and phyto sanitary measures to prevent the
introduction in to the country of destructive plant pest and
diseases through appropriate plant quarantine measures.
The germ plasm should free from pest and diseases. It
applies fro phytosanitory certificates for the export of material.
End
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