A Correlation on the Study Habits of Second Year Students
in Special Science Curriculum and Basic
Education Curriculum of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
A Background of the Study
High school students have grown up hearing that study techniques vary from
person to person so they should select techniques that work best for them Certainly
this is true to the extent However students often select study methods that are not
currently meeting their needs Becoming a good student does not happen automatically
or overnight It requires time and patience Studying is a process that is learned through
trial and error You have to discover a strategy that works for you and adapt it for
different learning situations Most importantly make studying a priority
Prioritizing good study habits during and after school time is a challenging part
for the students Attending in a typical classroom discussion is not helpful for those
students who didnrsquot easily understand what had been taught It is a must for every
student to get their mind in focus and keep retention as they are studying their lesson in
school Barriers are present and keep blocking the effectiveness of study techniques
In the Philippines there are several curricula that have been implemented
throughout the years and these are changing Different curricula create a democratic
participation of stakeholders to promote the goals and aims in order to achieve the
desired competencies and process skills needed for the effectiveness of its program
Comparisons in the personal and academic achievements of students are being
determined in the implemented curricula This will affect how the students respond on it
and how they are treating the presented courses
Diversity or differences among students has placed greater demands to teacher
in todayrsquos school The way that students are studying their lessons are said to be
different in which the location time company and even priority has not been taken for
granted There are schools that are implementing two curricula and it is very
observable how the students enrolled in a certain curriculum manifested what kind of
study technique he or she possesses or has The basic skills and attitudes such as
observing gathering correct information interpreting data curiosity open mindedness
and resourcefulness among others are being developed in practicing good study habits
Failure will not be a cause and raising studentrsquos competitiveness in the class creates a
big impression of a developing self
Findings and studies in the effectiveness of practicing good study habits is very
alarming Most of them find other high school subjects boring and not interesting Thatrsquos
the reason why they usually get poor grades in these subjects and interests are not
been cultivated Causes of it can be found in the environment and such phenomena
determine the attitudes and outlook of students towards learning
B Statement of the Purpose
This study will be conducted to create a correlation on the study habits of second
year students enrolled in two school curricula Randomly selected students are the
respondents of this research
Statement of the Problems
1 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Special Science
Curriculum
2 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Basic Education
Curriculum
3 Is there a significant difference between the study habits of the students in
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
C Significance of the Study
The result of this study will benefit the following
Administrators The study will help the administrators to evaluate study
habits of the students under Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education
Curriculum in order for them to provide programs and seminars that will further
enhance their study skills
Parents The study will help the parents to know the skills and abilities of
their children when dealing on study habits and skills
Teachers This study will aid the teachers to improve their teaching
strategies in order to maintain their academic achievement in relation to their
study habits with different curriculum
Students The study will help the students determine if their study habits
are implemented well and fits in their respective curriculum
Researchers This study will help the researchers come up to the
information about the correlation on the study habits of the students under
Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education Curriculum
D Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses only on the differences of study habits between the students
under the Special Science curriculum and Basic Education curriculum The
measurement of the study habits of the students is limited only to the location time
company and priority This research also aims to find out if there is a significant
distinction between the study habits of the students enrolled in the two curricula existing
in Dasmarintildeas National High School
The researchers limit only the study to the sophomore students from four (4)
sections two sections under Special Science Curriculum and two sections under Basic
Education Curriculum in Dasmarintildeas National High School The researchersrsquo method of
data gathering is surveying The representative number of respondents in each section
is forty (40) ten students from each section
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
participation of stakeholders to promote the goals and aims in order to achieve the
desired competencies and process skills needed for the effectiveness of its program
Comparisons in the personal and academic achievements of students are being
determined in the implemented curricula This will affect how the students respond on it
and how they are treating the presented courses
Diversity or differences among students has placed greater demands to teacher
in todayrsquos school The way that students are studying their lessons are said to be
different in which the location time company and even priority has not been taken for
granted There are schools that are implementing two curricula and it is very
observable how the students enrolled in a certain curriculum manifested what kind of
study technique he or she possesses or has The basic skills and attitudes such as
observing gathering correct information interpreting data curiosity open mindedness
and resourcefulness among others are being developed in practicing good study habits
Failure will not be a cause and raising studentrsquos competitiveness in the class creates a
big impression of a developing self
Findings and studies in the effectiveness of practicing good study habits is very
alarming Most of them find other high school subjects boring and not interesting Thatrsquos
the reason why they usually get poor grades in these subjects and interests are not
been cultivated Causes of it can be found in the environment and such phenomena
determine the attitudes and outlook of students towards learning
B Statement of the Purpose
This study will be conducted to create a correlation on the study habits of second
year students enrolled in two school curricula Randomly selected students are the
respondents of this research
Statement of the Problems
1 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Special Science
Curriculum
2 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Basic Education
Curriculum
3 Is there a significant difference between the study habits of the students in
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
C Significance of the Study
The result of this study will benefit the following
Administrators The study will help the administrators to evaluate study
habits of the students under Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education
Curriculum in order for them to provide programs and seminars that will further
enhance their study skills
Parents The study will help the parents to know the skills and abilities of
their children when dealing on study habits and skills
Teachers This study will aid the teachers to improve their teaching
strategies in order to maintain their academic achievement in relation to their
study habits with different curriculum
Students The study will help the students determine if their study habits
are implemented well and fits in their respective curriculum
Researchers This study will help the researchers come up to the
information about the correlation on the study habits of the students under
Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education Curriculum
D Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses only on the differences of study habits between the students
under the Special Science curriculum and Basic Education curriculum The
measurement of the study habits of the students is limited only to the location time
company and priority This research also aims to find out if there is a significant
distinction between the study habits of the students enrolled in the two curricula existing
in Dasmarintildeas National High School
The researchers limit only the study to the sophomore students from four (4)
sections two sections under Special Science Curriculum and two sections under Basic
Education Curriculum in Dasmarintildeas National High School The researchersrsquo method of
data gathering is surveying The representative number of respondents in each section
is forty (40) ten students from each section
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
B Statement of the Purpose
This study will be conducted to create a correlation on the study habits of second
year students enrolled in two school curricula Randomly selected students are the
respondents of this research
Statement of the Problems
1 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Special Science
Curriculum
2 What are the study habits of Second Year students in Basic Education
Curriculum
3 Is there a significant difference between the study habits of the students in
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
C Significance of the Study
The result of this study will benefit the following
Administrators The study will help the administrators to evaluate study
habits of the students under Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education
Curriculum in order for them to provide programs and seminars that will further
enhance their study skills
Parents The study will help the parents to know the skills and abilities of
their children when dealing on study habits and skills
Teachers This study will aid the teachers to improve their teaching
strategies in order to maintain their academic achievement in relation to their
study habits with different curriculum
Students The study will help the students determine if their study habits
are implemented well and fits in their respective curriculum
Researchers This study will help the researchers come up to the
information about the correlation on the study habits of the students under
Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education Curriculum
D Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses only on the differences of study habits between the students
under the Special Science curriculum and Basic Education curriculum The
measurement of the study habits of the students is limited only to the location time
company and priority This research also aims to find out if there is a significant
distinction between the study habits of the students enrolled in the two curricula existing
in Dasmarintildeas National High School
The researchers limit only the study to the sophomore students from four (4)
sections two sections under Special Science Curriculum and two sections under Basic
Education Curriculum in Dasmarintildeas National High School The researchersrsquo method of
data gathering is surveying The representative number of respondents in each section
is forty (40) ten students from each section
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
C Significance of the Study
The result of this study will benefit the following
Administrators The study will help the administrators to evaluate study
habits of the students under Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education
Curriculum in order for them to provide programs and seminars that will further
enhance their study skills
Parents The study will help the parents to know the skills and abilities of
their children when dealing on study habits and skills
Teachers This study will aid the teachers to improve their teaching
strategies in order to maintain their academic achievement in relation to their
study habits with different curriculum
Students The study will help the students determine if their study habits
are implemented well and fits in their respective curriculum
Researchers This study will help the researchers come up to the
information about the correlation on the study habits of the students under
Special Science Curriculum and Basic Education Curriculum
D Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses only on the differences of study habits between the students
under the Special Science curriculum and Basic Education curriculum The
measurement of the study habits of the students is limited only to the location time
company and priority This research also aims to find out if there is a significant
distinction between the study habits of the students enrolled in the two curricula existing
in Dasmarintildeas National High School
The researchers limit only the study to the sophomore students from four (4)
sections two sections under Special Science Curriculum and two sections under Basic
Education Curriculum in Dasmarintildeas National High School The researchersrsquo method of
data gathering is surveying The representative number of respondents in each section
is forty (40) ten students from each section
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
D Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses only on the differences of study habits between the students
under the Special Science curriculum and Basic Education curriculum The
measurement of the study habits of the students is limited only to the location time
company and priority This research also aims to find out if there is a significant
distinction between the study habits of the students enrolled in the two curricula existing
in Dasmarintildeas National High School
The researchers limit only the study to the sophomore students from four (4)
sections two sections under Special Science Curriculum and two sections under Basic
Education Curriculum in Dasmarintildeas National High School The researchersrsquo method of
data gathering is surveying The representative number of respondents in each section
is forty (40) ten students from each section
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Philippine Christian University
Dasmarintildeas Cavite
Methods of Educational Research
Submitted by
Marzo Mechille A
Mendoza Mark Paul D
Naldoza Nintildeo D
Submitted to
Dr Renelda L Alano
February 12 2010
Chapter 2 Review of Literature and Studies
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
A deeper understanding of this study could be achieved by considering some of
the relevant information and studies These information are lifted from different books
electronic library online references and other sources This chapter presents the related
literature and studies reviewed by the researchers that will be of great help in the
understanding of the present study
On Special Science Curriculum
The establishment of the Special Science curriculum is spearheaded by the Department
of Science and Technology- Science Education Institute in the 1980s For the moment
support form DOST has been withdrawn and Special Science classes are maintained
by the Division of City Schools in the implementing schools namely Manuel A Roxas
High School Ramon Magsaysay High School Victorino Mapa High School Arellano
High School and Araullo High School with the exception of Manila Science High School
which is a recognized science high school
To be eligible for the Special Science sections applicants must have final grades no
lower than 85 in Science Math and English and 83 in other subjects They are
subjected to examination which includes knowledge of Sciences and use of Abstract
Reasoning
They are provided with elective subjects to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give
the students good grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Curriculum
Year I Year II Year III Year IV
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
ScienceGeneral Science Earth amp
Environmental ScienceBiology
Chemistry Advanced Biology
(Biotechnology) Basic Physics
Research I
Physics Advanced Chemistry
Research II
Mathematics Elementary AlgebraIntermediate Algebra Statistics
Basic GeometryGeometry Introductory Trigonometry
Advanced Algebra and
Trigonometry Calculus (Analytical
Geometry)
EnglishLanguage and Communication
Skills I Developmental Reading
Language and Communication
Skills II Creative Writing
Language and Communication Skills
III
Language and Communication
Skills IV
Filipino Wika Panitikan at Ibong AdarnaWika Panitikan at Florante At
Laura
Teoryang Pampanitikan at Noli Me
TagereWika Panitikan at El Filibusterismo
Social StudiesPhilippine History and
GovernmentAsian History World History Economics
MAPEHMusic (Theory) Arts (Theory)
Physical Education amp Health I
Music (Philippine) Arts
(Philippine) Physical Education amp
Health II
Music (Asian) Arts (Asian) Physical
Education amp Health III
Music (World) Arts Physical
Education amp Health IV
Technology and Home
EconomicsLivelihood EducationTLETHE I Journalism TLETHE II Journalism TLETHE III Journalism TLETHE IV Journalism
Values Education Values Education I Values Education II Values Education III Values Education IV
Denotes Special Science electives Denotes substitute for TLETHE
It contains the minimum competencies and process skills that should be included in a
general science course It consists of
(1) a rationale for an effective science program
(2) a list and description of three major goals of science
Goal 1 Understand amp apply the methods of scientific inquiry and tech design to
investigate questions solve problems amp analyze claim
Goal 2 Understand the facts and unifying concepts of the life physical and
earthspace science
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Goal 3 Understand connections and relationships among science technology
and society
(3) a list and description of six basic process skills and five integrated processes (such
as controlling variables and defining operationally)
Observing - using the senses to gather information about an object or event Your
vocabulary for this lesson Qualitative Observation (using the senses) and Quantitative
Observation (using exact measurement)
Inferring - making an educated guess about an object or event based on previously
gathered data or information
Measuring - using both standard and non-standard measures and estimates to
describe the dimensions of an object or event
Communicating - using words or graphic symbols to describe an action object or
event
Classifying - grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based on properties
or criteria
Predicting - stating the outcome of a future event based on a pattern of evidence
and (4) a curriculum outline organized into eight major subject areas For each of these
areas performance objectives and corresponding concepts process skills and
suggested activities are given
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
According to Biyo ldquoScience culture is all too important in science education because
science education is not education at all unless we develop among our students the
basic skills and attitudes such as observing gathering correct information interpreting
data curiosity open-mindedness and resourcefulness among othersrdquo Biyo believes
ldquono country will move forward until it develops a scientific culturerdquo she argued that
basic information is needed in planning developing and managing resources and
that ldquoonly through accurate research we can generate accurate datardquo
ldquoAt the basic education level science is taught in a passive or inactive manner
inhibiting creativity active participation and decision making in students Inquiry-
approach or project-based learning is seldom used These approaches require mastery
of skills and concepts on the part of the teacherrdquo
While according to Dr Ester Ogena the current head of the Science Education
Institute and Dr Milagros Ibe both in the University of the Philippines concluded in
their 1998 pioneering study of Philippine science education in the same light blaming
ldquothe absence of a science culturerdquo for its state ldquoA number of our cultural characteristics
as a people are inconsistent with the nurturing of a science culture Curiosity and
observation which are important precursors of scientific discovery are not encouraged
in homes and schools In general children are not encouraged to ask about or pose
non-traditional ideas Teachers prefer lsquowell-behavedrsquo pupils not nonconformists who
seek out things for themselvesrdquo the duo said
On Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
The objectives of elementary and secondary education serve as the ldquoofficial learning
goalsrdquo of basic education as stated for a particular population of learners that is the
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
elementary and secondary education learners The Bureau of Alternative Learning
System (formerly Non-formal Education) likewise has a set of official learning goals for
its particular set of target learners ndash the out-of-school youth and adults
The Education Act of 1982 or Batas Pambansa Blg 232 provides the general
objectives of elementary secondary and non-formal education
The objectives of elementary education are as follows
1 Provide the knowledge and develop the skills attitudes and values essential for
personal development a productive life and constructive engagement with a changing
social milieu
2 Provide learning experiences that increase the childrsquos awareness of and
responsiveness to the just demands of society
3 Promote and intensify awareness of identification with and love for our nation and
the community to which the learner belongs
4 Promote experiences that develop the learnerrsquos orientation to the world of work and
prepare the learner to engage in honest and gainful work
The objectives of secondary education are threefold
1 Continue the general education started in elementary
2 Prepare the learners for college
3 Prepare the learners for the world of work
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
The objectives of non-formal education are as follows
1 Eradicate illiteracy and raise the level of functional literacy of the population
2 Provide an alternative means of learning and certification for out-of-school youth and
adults
3 Develop among the learners the proper values attitudes and knowledge to enable
them to think critically and act creatively for personal community and national
development
To operationalize the official learning goals the BEC was organized into four (4)
learning areas considered as the core or tool subjects and one (1) nonndashcore subject
The core subjects for both the elementary and secondary levels are the following
Filipino bull Mathematics
bull English bull Science
The fifth subject called Makabayan was designated as the ldquopractice environment for
holistic learning to develop a healthy personal and national self-identityrdquo (BEC 2002)
Makabayan has several components as follows
Elementary Level
10487071048707Sibika at Kultura (SampK) (I-III) Heograpiya Kasaysayan Sibika (HKS) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan (MSEP) (Integrated in Grades I-III Separate subjects in Grades IV-
VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) (IV-VI)
10487071048707Edukasyong Pagpapakatao (EP) Separate subject from Grade I-VI
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Secondary Level
10487071048707Araling Panlipunan
10487071048707Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE)
10487071048707Musika Sining at Edukasyong Pangkatawan at Pangkalusugan
10487071048707Edukasyon sa Pagpapahalaga
On Study Habits
According to Palm Beach Community College (PBBC 2008) they
recommend that studentrsquos study should have at least three hours out of class for
every hour spent in class They also said that a student must have a special place to
study with plenty of room to work And students should not be cramped They
presupposes that study time will go better if a learner take a few minutes at the start to
straighten things up A desk and straight-backed chair is usually best ldquo Dont get too
comfortable--a bed is a place to sleep not to studyrdquo as what they said A student must
have everything close at hand (book pencils paper coffee dictionary computer
calculator tape recorder etc) before starting to study Students are not suggested to
spend on time jumping up and down to get things The PBCC suggests also that
distracting noise should be minimized however they said that there are some people
need sound and some like silence In this case a learner must finds what works for him
or her Culprits are family and friends consider a do not disturb sign and turning on
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
your answering machine is the way also to have better study habits according to the
PBBC
Frank Pogue(2000) did a research project to determine why students fail
What he founds to be true in that study habits survey was that more than 30 years ago
still rings true today--students fail because they do not know how to study The best
advice he can give is to develop sound study skills
He said that a student should make sure that heshe has a good study environment a
good desk a sturdy chair good light comfortable room temperature and a quiet
atmosphere That means heshe should eliminate all external and internal distractions
Second get a good overview of the assignment before starting the work Know what
skills facts and ideas that are expected to master and the ground that are expected to
cover Start with most difficult subject first while the mind is freshest and most
receptive
Professors in the developing countries said that the undergraduate
students should be fully equip with high level of analytical skills the capacity for critical
reasoning self-reflection and conceptual grasp and ability to learn autonomously and
exercise flexibility of mind (Simmons 2003) Study habits are said to be improving
because of the advent and wide use of the Internet hypertext and multimedia
resources which greatly affects the Study Habits (Liu 2005) Karim and Hassan (2006)
also note the exponential growth digital information which changes the way students
perceive studying and with printed materials that are to be use in facilitating study Liu
(2005) and Ramirez (2003) report that students print material from the Internet in order
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
to study and read later on Igun (2005) also found that Nigerians study from materials
downloaded from the Internet
Reading is an attempt to absorb the thought of the author and know what the
author is conveying (Leedy 1956) Studying is the interpretation of reading materials
Study habits and skills are particularly important for college students whose needs
include time management note taking Internet skill the elimination of distractions and
assigning a high priority to study
Fielden (2004) states that good study habits help the student in critical reflection
in skills outcomes such as selecting analyzing critiquing and synthesizing Nneji
(2002) states that study habits are learning tendencies that enable students work
private
Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (2008) in their research at the
University of Albany said that Study habit skill and attitude inventories and constructs
were found to rival standardized tests and previous grades as predictors of academic
performance yielding substantial incremental validity in predicting academic
performance The meta-analysis examined the construct validity and predictive validity
of 10 study skill constructs for college students They found that study skill inventories
and constructs are largely independent of both high school grades and scores on
standardized admissions tests but moderately related to various personality constructs
these results were inconsistent with previous theories Study motivation and study skills
exhibit the strongest relationships with both grade point average and grades in
individual classes They also said that Academic specific anxiety was found to be an
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
important negative predictor of performance In addition significant variation in the
validity of specific inventories is shown Scores on traditional study habit and attitude
inventories are the most predictive of performance whereas scores on inventories
based on the popular depth-of-processing perspective are shown to be least predictive
of the examined criteria Overall study habit and skill measures improve prediction of
academic performance more than any other noncognitive individual difference variable
examined to date and should be regarded as the third pillar of academic success
According to the how-to-studycom (2009) students who are very successful
in their desired career have good study habits It is stated in the website that students
apply these habits to all of their classes The website also recommends some tips in
improving study habits The website also suggests that the student should try not to
study all the subjects in just a period The website also added that if you try to do too
much studying at one time you will tire and your studying will not be very effective
Space the work you have to do over shorter periods of time Taking short breaks will
restore your mental energy
A study conducted by University of Kentucky was to determine if the
college success can be improved with the Student Attitude Inventory (SAI) The
inventory was developed in Britain and contains 47 items which attempt to identify
students in higher education on the basis of (1) motivation (2) study methods (3)
examination technique and (4) lack of distractions toward academic work Students in
six Kentucky community colleges were asked to express their attitudes toward study
habits on the Student Attitude Inventory There were 996 students in the sample
population (413 males and 583 females) A measure of ability (composite American
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
College Test score) and academic performance (cumula grade-point average) were
obtained for each student sampled The Student Attitude Inventory did contribute a
statistically significant amount of variance beyond an ability measure for males and
females ( Mark E Thompson 2005)
According to Mark Crilly (2000) Successful students are able to balance
social activities with good study habits A diversion from studies will alleviate stress and
help prevent from becoming fatigued He said that a student should make sure that he
must take a break for an hour after studies to meet with friends to play some cards
work out at the gym or to gab with a new acquaintance For this way that student will
find concentration when he do study if he plans a social activity afterwards He said
ldquoTo develop a healthy social life develop routine study habits After supper lug your
books and homework to the library find a comfortable and quiet niche and study for
two or three hours taking intermittent 10 minute breaks every 45 minutes or sordquo Making
friends with whom you share similar study habits and share a table or a study space
with them would be a best way in developing study habits as what Mark said
Synthesis
From the given set of reviews and literature presented above it can be synthesized that
learning are better acquired and mastered as soon as the learner attends to it Gestalt
psychology mentions the Law of Proximity referring to the way in which he tends to form
groups according to the way they are spaced with the nearer once being grouped
together (Tria et Al 1998) As applied to learning this refers to the closeness in space
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
or in time Furthermore it explains why it is easier to remember recent events and
hence more easily joined with the interest of the present in a common Gestalt (tria et
Al 1998) In application to learning process immediate and regular study periods and
doing school requirements tend to result in a better performance than delayed and
erratic study periods do
This study determines the similarities and differences of the students enrolled in
different curricula based on its study habits It will show how students respond in order
to achieve desired behaviour when dealing with study skills The basis of the study
depends on the likeness of the student in different study habit situations related on time
location company and priority Differences on the basis of the study will depend on
class standing of the students enrolled in two curricula and the requirements needed to
get into a given curriculum
The reviews and related literature and studies presented above also connotes the
Thorndikes Law of Exercise supports this kind of principle asserting that other things
being equal the more frequent a modifiable connection between a situation and
response is used the stronger is the connection
When a modifiable connection between a situation and a response is not being
use over a period of time the strength of that connection is weakened A behaviour that
is stimulated over regular periods will tend to be repeated leading to habit formation A
student who has developed this kind of behaviour in this case in terms of having
regular and scheduled study periods and follows certain methods in studying proves to
have better performance
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Figure 11 Paradigms of the Independent and Dependent Variables on the Study
Habits of Special Science Curriculum Students (SSC) and Basic Education
Students)
Independent variables as it influence the dependent variable of this research are on the
bases of psychological and educational theories principles and concepts
Study Habits
Special Science Curriculum Students
Basic Education Curriculum Students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
The study focuses on the correlation in the study habits of second year students
enrolled in different school curricula Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) and Special
Science Curriculum (SSC) influencing the academic performance and attitudes of the
student towards learning
Hypothesis
Based on the three specific problems which are of concern of this research
problems 1 and 2 are hypothesis-free For problem 3 however the following null
hypotheses were stated
Ho1 The independent variables do not significantly influence the study habits
Ho2 There is no significant difference between the study habits of the students
in Special Science Curriculum (SSC) and Basic Education Curriculum (BEC)
Definition of Variables
Develop Refers to fast or gradual changes in a range of time
Study Habits Refers to the ways of studying on a particular subject
DNHS Students Referring to all officially enrolled students of Dasmarintildeas
National High School
Basic Education Curriculum (BEC) The current education curriculum in
elementary and secondary schools implemented in the Philippines
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Special Science Curriculum (SSC) The special curriculum implemented in
DNHS to fulfill the aim of the program which is to give the students good
grounding in Science as well as in other subject areas
Secondary Education It is the stage of education following primary
school
Science It is a systematic knowledge of the physical or material world
gained through observation and experimentation
Education The act or process of imparting or acquiring particular
knowledge or skills as for a profession
Time The system of those sequential relations that any event has to any
other as past present or future indefinite and continuous duration regarded
as that in which events succeed one another
Location A place or situation occupied
Company A number of individuals assembled or associated together
group of people
Priority Highest or higher in importance rank privilege
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Bibliography
Books
Tulio D (2008) Foundation of Education 2 Mandaluyong City Echanis Press 2008
Noll J (2006) Educational Issues USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Thomas G (2007) Education and Theory ( Strangers in Paradigm New York Open University Press
Hargreaves S(2007) Study Skills for Dyslexic Students California SAGE Publication Inc
Schultz F (2005) Annual Editions Education USA Mcgraw-Hill Companies
Fullan M and Germain C (2006) Learning Places USA Corwin Press
McGregor D (2007) Developing Thinking Developing Learning England Open University Press
Mirasol GC (2002) Extent of Influence of Study Habits Attitude and Peer Relationship on Studentsrsquo Academic Performance St Michaelrsquos College Secondary Level Philippines
Internet Links
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
ldquoThe Ten Study Habits of Successful Studentsrdquo February 18 2009 (httphow-to-studycomstudy-habitshtm)
ldquoEstablishing Good Study Habitsrdquo February 16 2009 (httpwwwacademictipsorgacadliteratureestablishinggoodstudyhabitshtml)
ldquoStudy habits of postgraduate students in selected Nigerian universitiesrdquo February 14 2009 by Igun Stella EAdogbeji Oghenevwogaga Benson (httpwwwarticlearchivescomeducation-trainingstudents-student-life1548550-1html)
ldquoThe Prediction of Academic Achievement by The British Study Habits Iinventoryrdquo Mark E Thompson2005 February 16 2009(httpwwwspringerlinkcomcontentw3715h5884172656)
ldquoStudy Habits Skills and Attitudes The Third Pillar Supporting Collegiate Academic Performancerdquo February 21 2009 by Marcus Credeacute and Nathan R Kuncel (httpwww3intersciencewileycomjournal121531774abstractCRETRY=1ampSRETRY=0)
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology that will be used in the conduct of this study and
will include the discussion of research design samplings respondents data gathering and
statistical instrument used
A The Research Design
The study will use the descriptive comparative design in its attempt to determine describe
and analyze relationships between time management location the persons involved while
the students are studying with their priorities that belong to the Basic Education Curriculum
and Special Science Curriculum and the dependent variable which is the study habits It tries
to find out if the independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable
B Research Locale
The study will be conducted in one of the Special Science classrooms of Dasmarintildeas
National High School Both students of Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science
Curriculum will be scheduled to answer the survey questionnaire on the said location
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
C Samples and Sampling Technique
The study comprised of 40 Second Year High School students Second Year Basic Education
Curriculum students which comprise 26 percent of the total population and Second Year
Special Science Curiculum students which are also comprise 33 percent of the total
population at Dasmarintildeas National High School will be the sample size of the study The
sample population is 20 taken the total from the 60 Second Year Special Science Curriculum
students and 20 taken from the 750 Second Year Basic Education Curriculum students of
Dasmarintildeas National High School The names of the students of the total population will be
arranged alphabetically and according to their respective curriculums Simple stratified
random method proportionate to size will be done based on the random numbers generated
by Excel Names will then be picked up and these will be included in the sample population
D Instrumentation
Self- developed questionnaire composed of 4 items questions focusing on the following
areas time location company and priority will be used to measure Study Habits of Students
under the Basic Education Curriculum and Special Science Curriculum
E Procedure
The researchers will ask permission from the Principal of the school to allow the selected
Second Year students to answer the questionnaire The answering of the questionnaire will be
done in one of the Special Science classrooms Answered questionnaires then will be gathered
responses coded and will be subject to the appropriate statistical computation for reliability The
data collection will run for approximately 20 minutes These students name will then be deleted
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
from the list of the total population so as not to include them again in the selection of the sample
population
F Statistical Analysis of Data
The statistical tool to be used in the interpretation of data will include the arithmetic
mean variance and t-test Arithmetic mean will be used to determine the average weight of
frequency scores obtained by the students of BEC and SSC The formula is
X = sumX
N
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores
obtained by the students of SSC and BEC
The variance is simply the mean square The formula is
SD12= sum(X1-X1) 2
N-1
Where SD stands for variance sumX denotes the sum of frequency scores obtained by the
students of SSC and BEC and N stands to the total number of students per group
The t-test will be used to determine the significance difference on the study habits of the
student under BEC and SSC the formula is
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
t = X1-X2
radicSD12 + SD2
2
N1 N2
Where X stands for the arithmetic mean SD for its variance and N stands to the total number of
students per group
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
Name _________________________ Section _____________
Please check () in which method you feel is most effective
1 Where do you study
on your bed
at a desk in your bedroom
on the living room couch
in the family dining room
at the library
at a friendrsquos house
at school in between classes or during study hall
2 When do you study
immediately after school
right before dinner
right after dinner
just before bedtime
only on the weekends
3 With whom do you study
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students
alone
your best friend
a motivated student who is just an acquaintance
your sibling
your parent
a supportive teacher during extra-help sessions
a private tutor
4 How do you prioritize your assignments paperworks
big projects first
difficult assignments first
easy assignments first
a specific piece of a large assignment first
5 Which assignments do you postpone
studying for a test
short less important assignments
major assignments like an essay or research paper
projects with creative elements
projects with extensive research
collaborative projects with other students