DIRECT: Contact with infectious lesions, blood or saliva
INDIRECT: Contact with contaminated objects SPLATTER: Bodily fluids
on broken skin AIRBOURNE: Through bio-aerosols DENTAL UNIT
WATERLINES: Ingest or inhale pathogenic micro organisms from bio
films
Slide 3
*1*1 *2*2 *3*3 *4*4 AT1
Slide 4
* 1 Ingestion * 2 Absorption * 3 Via an insect carrier * 4
Injection / Inoculation injury (puncture of the skin) AT1
Slide 5
Natural lines of defence against attack by pathogens * Intact
skin, mucous membrane and hair * Surface secretions, such as sweat
and saliva * Tears * Stomach acid * Coughing and sneezing
Slide 6
* Immune response
Slide 7
* These are types of patients have a defective immune system. *
Causes may be * 1.Leukaemia * 2.Oncology chemotherapy/radiotherapy
* 3.kidney failure * 4.HIV/AIDS * 5.Diabetes
Slide 8
Slide 9
* The bodies normal reaction to an exposure of a pathogenic
micro- organism, irritant or physical exposure
Slide 10
* 1. * 2. * 3. * 4. * 5. AT2
Slide 11
* 1. Heat * 2. Swelling * 3. Pain * 4. Redness * 5. Loss of
function
Slide 12
* Leucocytes flood the area of infection * The toxins produced
by a pathogen cause the bodies temperature to rise * Normal body
temperature is 37C * Rise in body temperature pyrexia
Slide 13
* Increase in blood volume to the area * Tissues appear red and
swollen to touch HERPETIC WHITLOW
Slide 14
* Swollen tissues put pressure onto surrounding nerves * Area
becomes too painful to use * Eventual loss of function
Slide 15
* To reiterate an infection is the invasion of the body cells
by a pathogen * Acute infection a rapid onset, brief symptoms and
resolved with a few days * Chronic infection occurs over a longer
period with few symptoms present AT3
Slide 16
* Destruction of both leucocytes and pathogens occur * This
debris collects to form Pus * Pus remains in the area to form an
Abscess * If left unmanaged this can spread to surrounding tissues
and cause Cellulitis
Slide 17
* If the infection is overcome the body repairs itself. *
Leucocytes travel to the area, remove any dead or damaged tissue *
Lay down temporary repair layer Granulation tissue Eventually scar
tissue is formed
Slide 18
* Over the last three decades there has been emergence of new
diseases such as * Coxsackievirus (hand-foot and mouth) emergence
in humans * Virulent diseases that currently our immune system and
the use of drugs are unable to fight effectively such as * Variant
Cruetzfeldt-Jacob Disease (vCJD) prion * Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome (SARS) virus * Ebola virus * Methicillin Resistant
Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) Superbug bacteria
Slide 19
Clue: itis
Slide 20
* Micro organisms not only cause disease and illness but also
present in a range of lesions and conditions which as a dental
nurse must be able to recognise * In your groups pair the
definitions to the descriptions and the clinical photograph
Slide 21
* Antibiotics Bacteria * Anti- virals- cold sores *
Anti-fungals- thrush Powerful and difficult to control
micro-organisms are known as Virulent
Slide 22
* Historically antibiotic cover used to be given an hour before
dental treatment. * Risk of allergic reaction began to outweigh the
benefit. * What conditions????? * Rheumatic fever historical
illness that caused scarring and pitting to the inner lining of the
heart. * Bacteremia (bacteria in the blood) could lodge in the
oit/scar and cause inflammation of the inside of the heart known as
Endocardititis * Prophylactic (given before) antibiotics are only
given upon requests of the patients cardiologist and shown in
writing
Slide 23
Each used to alleviate pain but some have more characteristic
effects. These should be avoided during pregnancy. * Paracetamol
-antipyretic properties, exceeded doses cause liver damage possibly
leading to fatality * Ibuprofen -NSAID non steroidal
anti-inflammatory, safer than paracetamol. Can cause stomach
ulcers. NOT to be given to asthmatics * Aspirin -
anti-inflammatory, acts as an anticoagulant. Can cause stomach
ulcers. NOT to be given under 16 and to asthmatics
Slide 24
Research the following viruss and analyse the mode of
transmission and the effects on the body. This must be presented in
a PowerPoint, you may research using your mobile phones if this is
quicker and then develop your presentation. EVERYONE must present a
key point to the class from your presentation. Maximum 5 slides
duration * Hepatitis B - green group * Hepatitis C red group *
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) blue group * Herpes Simplex
yellow group During each presentation you will be expected to take
notes of each other groups findings NB- this will be saved onto
memory stick.