A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KENYA AND RWANDA
MO RICHARDS MSIPM
INTRODUCTION
WHAT HAS DEFINED CURRENT ROLES
IMPACT OF SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
WHAT IMPACT DOES DEMOCRATIZATION HAVE?ILLIBERAL DEMOCRACY AUTOCRACY
WHY RESEARCH THIS? OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE
UNDERSTAND HISTORICAL ROLE OF WOMENESTABLISH POSSIBLE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS○ DOES CONFLICT CAUSE CULTURAL SHIFTS○ DO PRE-COLONIAL ROLES IMPACT CURRENT ONES
SIGNIFICANCEIMPACT OF/TO INSTITUTIONS ○ ARE INSTITUTIONS HINDERING OR FACILITATING?○ DO WOMEN ADVOCATE FOR MORE INCLUSIVITY?
CHANGES MADE POST-CONFLICTINTERROGATE SUSTAINABILITY OF CHANGES
RESEARCH QUESTION
Based on research, historical references,
existing structures, institutions and the various levels of democratization experienced by Kenya and Rwanda,
what is the role of women in these transitioning democracies?
A comparison between Kenya and Rwanda Similarities yet significantly different outcomes
SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
KENYABICAMERAL HOUSE○ 290 MPS
47 SEATS RESERVED FOR WOMEN
○ 67 SENATORS16 SEATS RESERVED FOR
WOMEN
RWANDABICAMERAL HOUSE○ 80 MEMBERS IN CHAMBER OF
DEPUTIES24 SEATS RESERVED FOR
WOMEN
○ 26 SENATORS12 PRESIDENTIAL, 4 POLITICAL
PARTY, 2 LEARNING INSTITUTION
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INTERNATIONAL TREATIESCEDAWUNDHRUNSCR 1325
SIGNALING MECHANISMSGENDER MAINSTREAMINGTRADE AGREEMENTS
HISTORICAL REFERENCES
PRE-COLONIAL COLONIAL POST COLONIAL
IMMEDIATELY AFTER INDEPENDENCEPRE-CONFLICTPOST CONFLICT
PRE-COLONIAL HISTORICAL REFERENCES I
COMMONALITIESPATRIARCHALCENTRALITY OF HOMEWOMEN’S AND MEN’S ROLE IN HOMEPUBLIC INFLUENCES
PRE-COLONIAL HISTORICAL REFERENCES II
DIVERGENCESQUEEN MOTHER IN RWANDAFEMALE CHIEFSCOUNCIL OF MALE ELDERS (BANTU)CHIEF OR KING IN KENYA
COLONIAL ERA HISTORICAL REFERENCES
IMPACT OF NEW ECONOMY WOMEN AS FREEDOM FIGHTERS SUPPLY LINES PROTEST LEADERS REACTIONS OF COLONIAL ADMINISTRATIONS
POST COLONIAL HISTORICAL REFERENCE
UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGEKENYA 1963, RWANDA 1961
LOW REPRESENTATION IN NEW GOVERNMENTSENTRENCHMENT OF PATRIACHAL SOCIETIESRETENTION OF COLONIAL POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION○ LACK OF RECOGNITION OF WOMEN’S ROLES IN FREEDOM
STRUGGLECONTINUATION OF NEW ECONOMY
PRE-CONFLICT
RWANDAFEMALE PRIME MINISTER IN 1994LIMITED PUBLIC PARTICIPATIONSOME INFLUENCE THROUGH WOMEN’S GROUPS
KENYANO REPRESENTATION UNTIL 1990sSIGNIFICANT PRESSURE DUE FROM WOMEN’S GROUPSACTIVISTS ○ FREEDOM CORNER
ROLES WOMEN PLAY
PEACEBUILDING AND PEACEMAKING CHANGE AGENTS CIVIC EDUCATORS POLICY MAKERS
PEACEBUILDING AND PEACEMAKING
RWANDA POST GENOCIDENEGOTIATED ACROSS ETHNIC DIVIDEFOSTERING ORPHANSLOBBIED FOR PROPERTY RIGHTS○ ENABLED ECONOMIC PARTICIPATION○ INCREASED NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS LED BY WOMEN
KENYA POST P.E.V 2008WOMEN’S SITUATION ROOMEARLY WARNING MECHANISMINITIATED INTERVENTIONS
PEACEBUILDING AND PEACEMAKING cont…
GRASSROOTS NEGOTIATION AS CONFLICT MITIGATIONPART OF LOCAL PEACE COMMITTEESNEGOTIATED WITH POLITICAL ELITES ○ AS NON-PARTISAN ORGANIZATIONS WITH EXISTING
RELATIONSHIPS○ ACTED AS GO-BETWEENS○ GROUP OF EMINENT WOMEN FROM LIBERIA, TANZANIA,
NIGERIA, UGANDA
CHANGE AGENTS
WOMEN’S GROUPS ABILITY TO EXERT SUSTAINED PRESSUREOFFER COMMUNITY CONTINUITY (RWANDA)
POLITICAL MOVEMENTSGREENBELT MOVEMENT (GBM)○ ENVIRONMENTAL ADVOCACY ORG○ IMPACT OF “TIMES TOWER” DEBACLE IN NAIROBI
IMPACT OF “FREEDOM CORNER”
CIVIC EDUCATORS
ENHANCE COMMUNITY UNDERSTANDING OF RIGHTSGBM COMMUNITY EDUCATION SESSIONSREF: FREEDOM CORNER
FACILITATE COMMUNAL CONVERSATIONSCREATION OF GENDER SENSITIVE LEGISLATIONINCREASE AWARENESS OF WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTION ○ RESULTS IN DECREASE OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE
POLICY MAKERS
AS LEGISLATORSADVOCATE FOR LAWS SAFEGUARDING PROPERTY RIGHTS,
ADDRESS VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLSADVOCATE FOR BETTER EDUCATION FOR GIRLSWORK TO ENSURE SUSTAINABILITY OF CHANGE THROUGH
POLICY
THROUGH WOMEN’S GROUPS AND POLITICAL PARTIESADVOCATE FOR CONSTITUTIONAL GENDER QUOTASPROVIDE INPUTS DURING POLICY FORMULATION
BARRIERS TO ENTRY CONSTITUTIONAL
LACK OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ECONOMIC
LACK OF FUNDING BY POLITICAL PARTIESHISTORICAL ACCESS TO ECONOMIC STRUCTURESINABILITY TO FUNDRAISE
SOCIALCUSTOMARY ROLES PLAYED PREVIOUSLYWOMEN SHOULD BE SEEN NOT HEARDSEXUAL HARRASSMENT
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
SIMILARITIESFORMER COLONIESRETAINED COLONIAL STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMSDIVERSE ETHNIC GROUPS CONSTITUTIONAL GENDER QUOTASWOMEN’S GROUPS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLEBICAMERAL NATIONAL ASSEMBLIES
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS II
RWANDA INCONSISTENT ELECTIONS PROLONGED CONFLICT AUTOCRACY COMPLETE IMPLEMENTATION OF
QUOTA 64% TOTAL IN BOTH HOUSES
KENYA ELECTIONS EVERY 5 YEARS PEACEFUL ILLIBERAL DEMOCARY DELAYED IMPLEMENTATION OF
QUOTA 13% TOTAL IN BOTH HOUSES
RESOLVING THE GENDER GAP
POLICY RECOMMENDATIONSREQUIRE POLITICAL PARTY LISTS TO IMPLEMENT
GENDER QUOTAS
INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESSLAWS TO PROTECT WOMENMEDIA PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN POLITICS
ESTABLISH FUNDING FOR WOMEN ONLYRWANDA’S SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION
LESSONS FROM INTERNSHIP
INDEPENDENT ELECTORAL AND BOUDARIES COMMISSION> 30% WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS
40% WOMEN COMMISSIONERS62% WOMEN DIRECTORS
SUSTAINED INTERNAL LOBBYING INCREASED CIVIC EDUCATION TO FACILITATE GENDER
QUOTA IMPLEMENTATION
http://www.iebc.or.ke/index.php/news-archive/302-november-2014/610-bid-to-realize-two-third-gender-principle-in-parliament
RESEARCH QUESTION
Based on research, historical references as well as existing structures and institutions and the various
levels of democratization experienced by Kenya and Rwanda,
what is the role of women in these transitioning democracies?
A comparison between Kenya and Rwanda Similarities yet significantly different outcomes
CONCLUSION
WOMEN PLAY VARIOUS ROLES AND THEIR ABILITY TO DO THIS IS IMPACTED BY
1. INSTITUTIONS
2. SOCIETY
3. CONFLICTS1. SOCIETAL PARADIGM SHIFTS
2. CREATE SPACE FOR ADDITIONAL DIALOGUE
3. PROLONGED PEACE ENTRENCHES STATUS QUO
Top Related