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RIVERBANK FILTRATION

Water Science and Technology Library

VOLUME 43

Editor-in-Chief

V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.

Editorial Advisory Board

M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K.L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden

J. F. Cruise, Huntsville, U.S.A.U. C. Kothyari, Roorkee, IndiaS.E. Serrano, Lexington, U.S.A.

D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South AfricaW.G. Strupczewski, Warsaw, Poland

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

RIVERBANK FILTRATION

Improving Source-Water Quality

edited by

CHITTARANJAN RAYUniversity of Hawaii at Mãnoa,

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

GINA MELINNational Water Research Institute,Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

and

RONALD B. LINSKYNational Water Research Institute,Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

in collaboration with

NWRI National Water Research Institute

Fountain Valley, California, U.S.A.

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERSNEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: 0-306-48154-5Print ISBN: 1-4020-1133-4

©2003 Kluwer Academic PublishersNew York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow

Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

All rights reserved

No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher

Created in the United States of America

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Dordrecht

Acknowledgements

This book is the direct result of the many excellent presentations and ideas brought forwardat the International Riverbank Filtration Conference, held by the National Water ResearchInstitute in cooperation with the United States Environmental Protection Agency, LouisvilleWater Company, and Cincinnati Water Works, in November 1999. The efforts of the followingindividuals are gratefully acknowledged.

Editors

Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E.University of Hawaii at MãnoaHonolulu, Hawaii, United States

Gina MelinNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Ronald B. LinskyNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Contributors

Harish Arora, Ph.D., P.E.O’Brien & Gere Engineers, Inc.Landover, Maryland, United States

Kay BallLouisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, United States

William P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Philippe Baveye, Ph.D.Laboratory for Environmental GeophysicsCornell UniversityIthaca, New York, United States

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Philip Berger, Ph.D.Ijamsville, Maryland, United States

Edward J. Bouwer, Ph.D.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Jörg E. Drewes, Ph.D.Colorado School of MinesGolden, Colorado, United States

Rolf Gimbel, Ph.D.IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für WasserforschungInstitut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität DuisburgMülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany

William D. GollnitzGreater Cincinnati Water WorksCincinnati, Ohio, United States

Thomas Grischek, Ph.D.Institute for Water ChemistryDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany

Alison M. Gusses, M.S.University of CincinnatiCincinnati, Ohio, United States

David L. Haas, P.E.Jordan, Jones, and GouldingAtlanta, Georgia, United States

Thomas Heberer, Ph.D.Institute of Food ChemistryTechnical University of BerlinBerlin, Germany

Stephen Hubbs, P.E.Louisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, UnitedStates

Henry Hunt, CPGCollector Wells International, Inc.Columbus, Ohio, United States

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii

Ronald B. LinskyNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Hans-Joachim Mälzer, Ph.D.IWW Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für WasserforschungInstitut an der Gerhard-Mercator-Universität DuisburgMülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany

Ilkka Miettinen, Ph.D.National Public Health InstituteDivision of Environmental HealthKuopio, Finland

Gina MelinNational Water Research InstituteFountain Valley, California, United States

Till Merkel, M.Sc.DVGW Water Technology CenterKarlsruhe, Germany

Charles O’Melia, Ph.D., P.E.Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Chittaranjan Ray, Ph.D., P.E.University of Hawaii at MãnoaHonolulu, Hawaii, United States

Michael J. Robison, P.E.Jordan, Jones, and GouldingAtlanta, Georgia, United States

Traugott Scheytt, Ph.D.Technical University of BerlinBerlin, Germany

Jack Schijven, Ph.D.National Institute of Public Health and the EnvironmentMicrobiological Laboratory for Health ProtectionBilthoven, The Netherlands

Dagmar Schoenheinz, M.Sc.Institute of Water ChemistryDresden University of TechnologyDresden, Germany

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Jürgen Schubert, M.Sc.Stadtwerke Düsseldorf AGDüsseldorf, Germany

Thomas F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.United States Environmental Protection AgencyCincinnati, Ohio, United States

R. Scott Summers, Ph.D.University of ColoradoBoulder, Colorado, United States

Ingrid M. Verstraeten, Ph.D.United States Geological SurveyBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Jack Wang, Ph.D.Louisville Water CompanyLouisville, Kentucky, United States

W. Joshua WeissJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimore, Maryland, United States

Graphic Design

Tim HoganTim Hogan GraphicsWestminster, California, United States

Table of Contents

RIVERBANK FILTRATION: IMPROVING SOURCE-WATER QUALITY

IntroductionC. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.,J. Schubert, M.Sc., R.B. Linsky, and G. Melin

What is Riverbank Filtration?Historical SignificanceUnrecognized RBF PlantsSimilarities Between RBF and Slow Sand FiltrationSurface-Water Contaminants of ConcernCase Studies of Log Removal Credit in the United StatesThe Value of Applying RBF as a Pretreatment Technology

Part I: Systems

Chapter 1: Conceptual Design of Riverbank Filtration SystemsH. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionWell Types and the Suitability of Vertical Versus

Horizontal Collector WellsEvolution of the Design of Horizontal Collector Wells

Chapter 2: American Experience in Installing Horizontal Collector WellsH. Hunt, CPG

IntroductionTimelineHistorical ProgressionCollector Well ConstructionHydrogeological Investigation/TestingDesign and Construction Details

Chapter 3: German Experience with Riverbank Filtration SystemsJ. Schubert, M.Sc.

IntroductionRiver Characteristics for Siting RBFFlow Dynamics of Rivers and the River/Aquifer InteractionField Studies on RBF — Hydraulic Aspects

Chapter 4: Riverbank Filtration Construction Options Consideredat Louisville, KentuckyS. Hubbs, P.E.,K. Ball, D.L. Haas, P.E., and M.J. Robison, P.E.

IntroductionSite ConditionsSite Hydraulic CharacteristicsSoft-Soil Tunnel OptionHard-Rock Tunnel Option with Horizontal Collector WellsHard-Rock Tunnel Option with Vertical WellsConventional Collector Well DesignConstruction Cost Estimate NotesEvaluation of Alternatives

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Chapter 5: Operation and Maintenance ConsiderationsH. Hunt, CPG, J. Schubert, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionSelect Operating Wells in the United StatesSelect Operating Wells in GermanyOther ApplicationsConclusion

Part II: Contaminant Removal

Chapter 6: Removal of Pathogens, Surrogates, Indicators, and ToxinsUsing Riverbank FiltrationJ. Schijven, Ph.D., P. Berger, Ph.D., and I. Miettinen, Ph.D.

IntroductionWhy RBF for Microbial Pathogens?Pathogen Occurrence in Surface WaterHealth EffectsOutbreaks Related to the Use of Riverbank-Filtered

Drinking WaterRequired Treatment of Surface Water for Drinking-Water

Production in the United States, Finland, andThe Netherlands: Implications for RBF Treatment

Hydrology and HydrogeologyMicroorganism Removal by RBF: ProcessesSurrogate Microorganisms and Other IndicatorsRemoval by RBF and Artificial InfiltrationCyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)Conclusions

Chapter 7: Riverbank Filtration Case Study at Louisville, KentuckyJ. Wang, Ph.D.

IntroductionPrevious Studies Conducted at Louisville, KentuckyDescription of the RBF FacilityDetermination of Water Time Travel and Groundwater DilutionNOM and Disinfection Byproduct Precursor RemovalRemoval of Microbial ContaminantsSummary

Chapter 8: Reduction in Disinfection Byproduct Precursors and PathogensDuring Riverbank Filtration at Three Midwestern United StatesDrinking-Water UtilitiesW.J. Weiss, E.J. Bouwer, Ph.D., W.P. Ball, Ph.D., P.E., C.R. O’Melia, Ph.D., P.E.,H. Arora, Ph.D., P.E., and T.F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionSite DescriptionsInorganic MonitoringMicrobial MonitoringDisinfection Byproduct Formation Potential TestingSimulated Conventional TreatmentUniform Formation Conditions TestingRisk Calculations for Disinfection Byproduct Formation DataConclusions

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TABLE OF CONTENTS xi

Chapter 9: Occurrence, Characteristics, Transport, and Fate of Pesticides,Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Products, and Personal Care Productsat Riverbank Filtration SitesI.M. Verstraeten, Ph.D., T. Heberer, Ph.D., and T. Scheytt, Ph.D.

IntroductionPhysical and Chemical Characteristics

of Selected Classes of OrganicsThe Presence of Pesticides, Pharmaceuticals, Industrial Products,

and Personal Care Products in Riverbank-Filtered WaterCase StudiesConclusions

Chapter 10: Effectiveness of Riverbank Filtration Sitesto Mitigate Shock LoadsH. Mälzer, Ph.D., J. Schubert, M.Sc., R. Gimbel, Ph.D.,and C.Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionExperience Gained from the Sandoz Accident

on the Rhine River in EuropeMechanisms of Pollutant Transport and an Assessment

of the Effects of Shock Loads on RBFTransient Three-Dimensional Simulation of RBF Systems

to Attenuate Shock LoadsEarly Warning System in the Rhine River Basin —

Emergency Management

Chapter 11: Riverbank Filtration as a Pretreatment forNanofiltration MembranesT.F. Speth, Ph.D., P.E., T. Merkel, M.Sc., and A.M. Gusses, M.S.

IntroductionMethods and ProceduresResults and Discussion

Chapter 12: Water-Quality Improvements with Riverbank Filtrationat Düsseldorf Waterworks in GermanyJ. Schubert, M.Sc.

IntroductionRemoval of Particles and TurbidityRemoval of Biodegradable CompoundsRemoval of Bacteria, Viruses, and ParasitesRemoval of Pharmaceutical Wastes and Other Specialty OrganicsThe Gasoline Oxygenate MTBEDecline of Mutagenic Activity by RBFConclusion

Part III: Research Needs

Chapter 13: Infiltration Rate Variability and Research NeedsW.D. Gollnitz

IntroductionFactors Influencing the Rate of InfiltrationRate EvaluationInfiltration Evaluation Using HydrographsResearch Needs

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Chapter 14: Siting and Design Issues for Riverbank Filtration SchemesT. Grischek, M.Sc., D. Schoenheinz, M.Sc., and C. Ray, Ph.D., P.E.

IntroductionAspects of DesignDesign OptionsExamples from GermanyExamples from HungaryExample from the United StatesConclusion

Chapter 15: Natural Organic Matter Removal During Riverbank Filtration:Current Knowledge and Research NeedsJ.E. Drewes, Ph.D., and R.S. Summers, Ph.D.

IntroductionNOM in Surface Water and GroundwaterFate of NOM During Travel Through Subsurface/Porous MediaFuture Research Needs

Chapter 16: Research Needs to Improve the Understanding ofRiverbank Filtration for Pathogenic Microorganism RemovalP. Baveye, Ph.D., P. Berger, Ph.D., J. Schijven, Ph.D.,and T. Grischek, Ph.D.

IntroductionImproved Assay Methods for Pathogen Enumeration —

Research NeedsUse of Surrogate Organisms — Research NeedsDirect Observations of Transport Pathways in Riverbanks —

Research NeedsEffect of Riverbank Heterogeneity on Pathogen Transport

and Removal — Research NeedsConclusions

Chapter 17: Organic Chemical Removal IssuesI.M. Verstraeten, Ph.D., and T. Heberer, Ph.D.

Current State of KnowledgeImplicationsRemedies

ConclusionC. Ray, Ph.D., P.E., G. Melin, and R.B. Linsky

Major FindingsResearch NeedsSummary

Glossary

Index

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List of Figures

Generalized schematic of an RBF system.

Horizontal collector well with a pump house.

Vertical well with a pump house.

Well gallery in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Well gallery (vertical filter wells connected by siphon tubes).

Cross-section of a production well and the collector caisson from Figure 1-4.

Representation of both a horizontal filter well and a vertical RBF well(alternate design).

Schematic of the sinking of caisson during the constructionof a collector well.

Different types of well screen completion.

Cross-section and plan view of a horizontal collector well.

A meandering stream with cross-section.

Discharge and level hydrograph of the Rhine River (Düsseldorf, Germany).

The river level of the Rhine River during a flood wave near Urmitz, Germany.

Cumulative volume of bank storage along the Rhine Riverduring a flood wave near Urmitz, Germany.

Infiltration and exfiltration rates along the Rhine Riverduring a flood wave near Urmitz, Germany.

Chloride concentration in Rhine River water compared with thatin adjacent well water.

Hypothesis of groundwater flow during RBF.

Monitoring wells at the Flehe Waterworks.

Water temperature in Rhine River water and in Sampling Wells A1,A2, and A3 at the Flehe Waterworks.

Chloride concentration in Rhine River water and inSampling Wells A1, A2, and A3 at the Flehe Waterworks.

Map of the investigation area: Flehe Waterworks in Düsseldorf, Germany.

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Representation of both a horizontal collector well and a vertical well(United States design)

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Zones of classification of the riverbed in front of the Flehe Waterworks

Pattern of clogged areas in the riverbed.

Grain-size distribution of the aquifer under the riverbed and siltin the clogged areas.

Turbidity in Rhine River water during a flood wave.

Water level of the Rhine River and the water tableat Sampling Wells A1, B1, and P07.

Plan view of the soft-soil tunnel design option.

Profile of the soft-soil tunnel design option.

Details of the soft-soil tunnel design option.

Plan view of the hard-rock tunnel option with horizontal collector wells.

Profile of the hard-rock tunnel option with horizontal collector wells.

Plan view of a hard-rock tunnel option with vertical wells.

Profile of a hard-rock tunnel option with vertical wells.

Schematic of the vertical well connection to the hard-rock tunnel.

RBF sites at the Lower Rhine Valley in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Cross-section through the aquifer in the Düsseldorf, Germany, region.

Conceptual representation of a filtered seawater (beach) collector well.

Conceptual representation of a groundwater collector well.

Removal of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1 by dune passage.

Removal of bacteriophages MS-2 and PRD-1, spores ofClostridium bifermentans R-5, and E. coli WR-1 by deep well injection.

Removal of thermotolerant coliforms, spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia,somatic coliphages, and F-specific RNA bacteriophages by RBF.

The mean removals of microbial parameters measured asacridine orange direct counts, HPC, and bacterial production activityin water samples obtained from Hietasalo Bank Filtration Plant.

Schematic of the RBF process.

Locations of area-wide water-quality sampling wells.

Ohio River water temperature profile.

Ohio River water turbidity results.

Ohio River water total hardness results.

TOC concentrations of Ohio River water and RBF.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Temperature profile of RBF during initial pumping.

Total hardness profile for RBF during initial pumping.

Total hardness concentration in collector well laterals.

Fluoride concentration in collector well laterals.

Bromide concentration in collector well laterals.

Temperature profiles of the river and well water.

Removal of TOC as a function of filtration depth.

Average TOC removal for various monitoring points and collector well laterals.

Seasonal variation of TOC removal for Collector Well Lateral 4.

Biodegradable organic carbon results for various monitoring pointsand collector well laterals.

Removal of disinfection byproduct formation potential through RBFwithout groundwater dilution.

Turbidity data for the Ohio River and the collector well for the year 2000.

Turbidity removal as a function of filtration distance.

Turbidity removal as a function of filtration distance for the collector well.

HPC concentration both in the river and collector well.

Log removal of total coliform for the collector well.

Log removal of HPC for the collector well.

Removal of total aerobic spores as a function of filtration distance.

Log removal of total aerobic spore count.

Total aerobic spore concentration in the river, laterals, and collector wells.

Location of the Babbs Well Field along the Ohio River.

Location of the horizontal collector well and vertical wellsalong the Wabash River.

Location of the Missouri-American Well Field along the Missouri River.

Anion and cation concentrations at Jeffersonville, Indiana.

Anion and cation concentrations at Terre Haute, Indiana.

Anion and cation concentrations at Parkville, Missouri.

THM and HAA FP distributions at Jeffersonville, Indiana.

THM UFC and FP distributions at Jeffersonville, Indiana.

HAA UFC and FP distributions at Jeffersonville, Indiana.

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THM UFC and FP distributions at Terre Haute, Indiana.

HAA UFC and FP distributions at Terre Haute, Indiana.

THM UFC and FP distributions at Parkville, Missouri.

HAA UFC and FP distributions at Parkville, Missouri.

Theoretical upper bound cancer risk induced by THM speciesfor Jeffersonville, Indiana, simulated treatment THM FP data.

Average percent reduction in TTHM FP, TTHM UFC, andtotal theoretical cancer risk calculated from FP and UFC data sets.

Annual sales of various pesticide classes in Germany between 1993 and 1999.

Location of sampling sites and the municipal drinking-watertreatment plant near Lincoln, Nebraska.

Atrazine concentrations and removal of atrazine by ozonationin a treatment plant in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Degradation pathway of DDT residues in water from theTeltowkanal in Berlin, Germany.

Locations of sampling sites in the Dahme River and theTeltowkanal in Berlin, Germany.

Chromatogram of the derivatized extract of a groundwater samplecollected from a bank filtration area at the Teltowkanal in Berlin, Germany.

Geologic cross-section of the water catchment area, Eich,showing groundwater flow directions.

Concentration of bentazone residues in water from Wells B1 to B9in the water catchment area, Eich.

Location of piezometers and wells at Lake Tegel in Berlin, Germany.

Geologic cross-section of the transect along Lake Tegel.

Schematic geologic cross-section at Lake Tegel showing locationsof deeper wells and a public-supply well, as well as shallow wells.

Concentrations of EDTA in the Rhine River at Sampling Location M1and in raw water from the Wittlaer Waterworks.

Behavior of different synthetic complexing agents in laboratoryexperiments using Sontheimer test filters.

Concentrations of diclofenac in the Rhine River at Sampling Point M1tand in the raw water from Wittlaer Waterworks.

Concentrations of carbamazepine in the Rhine River at Sampling Point M1tand in the raw water from Wittlaer Waterworks.

Delay and attenuation of shock loads in the river by RBF.

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LIST OF FIGURES xvii

Oscillation of the chloride concentration in the Rhine River.

Vertical section of the aquifer at Wittlaer between the Rhine River andObservation Well M1, and a simplified model assumption of five parallel tubes.

Chloride concentration at the end of each tube.

Mean chloride concentration at Observation Well M1.

Attenuation of a sinusoidal oscillating concentration by dispersionin one-dimensional transport for different mean pore velocities.

Example for the one-dimensional transport of a pollutant after aninstantaneous shock load.

Schematic drawing of a control filter and the recirculation filter.

Elimination of DOC by RBF and by control filter treatment at Mündelheim.

Calculated active biomass concentration in the control filtersas a function of filter length.

Shock-load simulation at the control filter in Wittlaer using benzeneas the pollutant and determined parameters for porosity,dispersivity, retardation factor, and biodegradation rate.

Breakdown of DOC elimination during shock-load simulationat the control filter in Wittlaer using 2,4,6-TCP as the pollutant.

Measured and calculated nitrobenzene concentrations inObservation Well M11 caused by a shock load in the Rhine River.

Use of control filters in the case of a shock load in the Rhine River.

Locations of the four sampling locations along the Illinois River.

Concentration of atrazine in river water and pumped water for the collector wellof Jacksonville, Illinois, along with the stage and discharge of the Illinois River.

Schematic of the site layout at the Henry well site.

Cross-section of the aquifer through the pumping well.

Source concentration of ethylene dibromide used for simulationat the horizontal collector well.

Atrazine concentration in a horizontal collector well for a less conductive bank.

Ethylene dibromide concentration in a horizontal collector wellfor less conductive bed material during low flow.

Ethylene dibromide concentration in a horizontal collector wellfor highly conductive bed material during low flow.

DOC concentration in the Rhine River and in well water at 731.5 km.

Cross-section through the aquifer in the Düsseldorf, Germany, region.

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DOC level at Cross-Section 731.5 km for the Rhine Riverand select monitoring sites.

Ultraviolet absorbance (254 nm) at Cross-Section 731.5 kmfor the Rhine River and select monitoring sites.

Adsorbable organic halogen level at Cross-Section 731.5 kmfor the Rhine River and select monitoring sites.

Water level in the Rhine River and colony counts in well water.

Water level in the Rhine River and coliform counts in well water.

Water level in the Rhine River and E. coli counts in well water.

Ames Test data in the Rhine River at Lobith.

Ames Test data of the Flehe Waterworks in well water,during treatment, and in drinking water.

Conditions for minimal induced infiltration.

Conditions for maximum induced infiltration.

River stage and groundwater elevation data.

River stage and groundwater elevation points.

Piezometric contours and flow path lines around a well gallery parallel to a river.

Piezometric contours and flow path lines around three well groups along a river.

Piezometric contours and flow path lines around well groupsat different locations in a meander.

Location of well galleries along the Elbe River downstreamof the City of Torgau in Germany.

Location map of a RBF site of the Meissen-Siebeneichen Waterworks in Germany.

Location map of the RBF site of the Dresden-Tolkewitz Waterworks in Germany.

Layout of the horizontal collector wells with five laterals towardsthe river and five additional laterals towards the land.

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List of Tables

Selected Classes and Members of Pharmaceuticals andPersonal Care Products Found in Environmental Samples

The Value of RBF

Design and Construction Details for the Horizontal Collector Wells in Lincoln,Nebraska; Louisville, Kentucky; and Prince George, British Columbia, Canada

Characteristics of the Rhine River in the Lower Rhine Valley Region in Europe

Monitoring Data Collected from Daily Samples Usedto Characterize River/Aquifer Interactions During RBF

Flow Path and Travel Time Characteristics of WaterAlong Cross-Section 731.5 km on the Rhine River

Water Sources for Public Water Systems in the United States in 2001

Design and Maintenance Details for Select HorizontalCollector Wells in the United States

Distribution of Drinking-Water Sources in the Rhine River Region

Volume of Water Withdrawn from the Rhine River Between 660 and 789 km

ICR Sampling Results for Large RBF Sites

Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks Associated with RBF in Alluvial Aquifers

Cryptosporidiosis Outbreaks Associated with the Failure of RBFin Non-Porous Media Aquifers.

Concentration of Pathogenic Surface Water in The Netherlandsand Required Treatment

Diatom Occurrence Data for River and RBF Wells atKilgore Island Well Field in Kearney, Nebraska

Log Removal of Microorganisms from Surface Water by RBF and fromPretreated Surface Water by Dune Recharge in The Netherlands.

Collision Efficiencies of Microorganisms from Studies on the Removal ofMicroorganisms by Dune Recharge and Deep Well Injection in The Netherlands.

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Microbial Activity Measured as Acridine Orange Direct Counts, HPC, andBacterial Production Activity in Water Samples Obtained fromHietasalo Bank Filtration Plant.

Size of Pathogenic Protozoa.

Wells with Oocyst or Cyst Breakthrough and with Ancillary Data.

Oocyst, Cyst, and Diatom Breakthrough in Well F

Dose for Three Genotype 2 Cryptosporidium Parvum Strains

Characteristics of River Water and Groundwater in the Project Area

Average Total Hardness Level at Different Stages of RBF

Groundwater Dilution at Each Sampling Location

Microscopic Particulate Analysis Results of River Water

Microscopic Particulate Analysis Results of River Water Resultsof Water from Lateral 1

Microscopic Particulate Analysis Results of River Water Resultsof Water from Lateral 2

Microscopic Particulate Analysis Results of River Water Resultsof Water from Lateral 4

Particle Removal Efficiency Through the Path Between the River and Lateral 4

Clostridium and Bacteriophage Concentrations and Log Removals

Giardia and Cryptosporidium Monitoring ResultsOver Seven Sampling Rounds

Number of Monthly Sampling Rounds at Terre Haute, Indiana,with Positive Detects during Coliform Monitoring.

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions uponRBF for Jeffersonville, Indiana, TOG, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions upon RBFfor Jeffersonville, Indiana, HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductions upon RBFfor Terre Haute, Indiana, TOC, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductions upon RBFfor Terre Haute, Indiana, HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP

6-8.

6-9.

6-10.

6-11.

6-12.

7-1.

7-2.

7-3.

7-4.

7-5.

7-6.

7-7.

7-8.

8-1.

8-2.

8-3.

8-4.

8-5.

8-6.

8-7.

100

101

103

104

106

124

129

129

140

141

142

143

144

153

154

154

155

156

157

157

LIST OF TABLES

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductions upon RBFfor Parkville, Missouri, TOC, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP.

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductions upon RBFfor Parkville, Missouri, HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Jeffersonville, Indiana,TOC, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Jeffersonville, Indiana,HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP.

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Terre Haute, Indiana,TOC, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductionsupon RBF or Simulated Conventional Treatment for Terre Haute, Indiana,HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP.

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Parkville, Missouri,TOC, DOC, THM FP, and HAA FP

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Parkville, Missouri,HAN FP, HK FP, CH FP, and CP FP.

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Jeffersonville, Indiana,TOC, DOC, THM UFC, and HAA UFC.

Average Concentrations in the Ohio River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Jeffersonville, Indiana,HAN UFC, HK UFC, CH UFC, and CP UFC

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Terre Haute, Indiana,TOC, DOC, THM UFC, and HAA UFC.

Average Concentrations in the Wabash River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Terre Haute, Indiana,HAN UFC, HK UFC, CH UFC, and CP UFC

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductionsupon RBF or Simulated Conventional Treatment for Parkville, Missouri,TOC, DOC, THM UFC, and HAA UFC.

8-8.

8-9.

8-10.

8-11.

8-12.

8-13.

8-14.

8-15.

8-16.

8-17.

8-18.

8-19.

8-20.

158

158

159

159

160

160

161

161

162

162

164

164

166

xxi

xxii

Average Concentrations in the Missouri River and Reductions upon RBFor Simulated Conventional Treatment for Parkville, Missouri,HAN UFC, HK UFC, CH UFC, and CP UFC

Cancer Potency Factors for Individual THM Species

Theoretical Upper Bound THM Cancer Risks of Ohio River Waterand Reductions in Calculated Risk at Jeffersonville, Indiana

Theoretical Upper Bound THM Cancer Risks of Wabash River Waterand Reductions in Calculated Risk at Terre Haute, Indiana.

Theoretical Upper Bound THM Cancer Risks of Missouri River Waterand Reductions in Calculated Risk at Parkville, Missouri.

Ranking of Herbicides in Germany According to Annual Sales in 1999

Percentage of Surface-Water Samples in which Pesticide ResidueConcentrations Exceeded the Target Value Set by the German“Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser und Pflanzenschutzmittel-Wirkstoffe”

Pesticide Detections in Groundwater in Germany

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Selected Pesticides

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Selected Pharmaceuticals.

Efficacy of Artificial Groundwater Recharge for the Removal of SelectedPesticide Residues from Surface Water and Physico-Chemical Propertiesof the Individual Compounds

Concentrations of Triazine and Acetamide Herbicides and Degradates

DDT Residues in Samples Collected from the Teltowkanal in Berlin

Ranges of Maximum Concentrations of Selected Herbicides and Organic CarbonDetected in Water from Municipal and Observation Wells and Surface-WaterSites Near Cedar Rapids, Iowa

Maximum Concentrations of Selected Compounds in Water from.the Mohawk River and 32 Wells of the City of Schenectady in New York

Pesticide Concentrations in Riverbank-Filtered Water Samples Collected fromTwo Well Fields Along the Seine and Yonne Rivers that Supply Waterto the City of Paris in France

Concentrations of Clofibric Acid and N-(phenylsulfonyl)-Sarcosinein Drinking-Water Samples from Berlin Area Waterworks in Germany

Concentrations of Pharmaceutical Residues in Wells Located NearContaminated Surface Water in Berlin, Germany

8-21.

8-22.

8-23.

8-24.

8-25.

9-1.

9-2.

9-3.

9-4.

9-5.

9-6.

9-7.

9-8.

9-9.

9-10.

9-11.

9-12.

9-13.

166

168

169

169

169

179

180

183

189

190

192

200

204

206

209

210

211

212

LIST OF TABLES xxiii

Distribution of Pharmaceuticals in Groundwater from Deep Wellsat the Bank Filtration Site at Lake Tegel in Germany

River Stage and Concentrations of Nitrate and Atrazine in Illinois River Waterand at the Specified Head Boundary Used in Simulations

Abridged Water Qualities for Waters Studied

Operation and Flux Results for Membrane Systems

Selected Water-Quality Parameters Measured in the Rhine River and the LeftoverFractions at 0.6-m Beneath the Riverbed and in Two Nearby Monitoring Wells

Locations of the River and Sampling Wells to Production Well 5

Microbial Concentrations in the Well Water of Production Well 5

Removal Data for Cryptosporidium and Giardia for the Rhine Riverand Monitoring and Production Wells

Concentrations of Pharmaceutically Active Substances, Chelating Agents,Aromatic Sulfonates, and Aliphatic Amines in the Rhine River Near theFlehe Waterworks in Düsseldorf, Germany

Mutagenic Activity of the Rhine River at Düsseldorf and Lobith

Estimates of Induced Infiltration from the Great Miami River, Southwest Ohio —Warm River Temperature

Estimates of Induced Infiltration from the Great Miami River, Southwest Ohio —Cold River Temperature.

Estimates of Induced Infiltration from the Hunt River, Eastern Rhode Island —Warm River Temperature.

Estimates of Induced Infiltration from the Hunt River, Eastern Rhode Island —Cold River Temperature.

Aquifer Thickness and Hydraulic Conductivity of the Aquifer Material forSelected Alluvial Sand and Gravel Aquifers in the United States and Europe

Selected Site Data for Nine RBF Systems in the United States and Germany.

Effects of Design Parameters on RBF Efficiency

Parameters Used for MODFLOW Simulations

Quantities of River Water, Flow Times, and Length of the Infiltrationfor the Four Variants of RBF Well Configurations

9-14.

10-1.

11-1.

11-2.

12-1.

12-2.

12-3.

12-4.

12-5.

12-6.

13-1.

13-2.

13-3.

13-4.

14-1.

14-2.

14-3.

14-4.

14-5.

215

249

263

263

268

269

271

273

275

276

284

285

286

287

292

293

295

295

298

Acronyms

Aminomethylenephosphonic acidAmino-(trimethylenephosphonic) acidBromochloroacetonitrileBrominatedCalcium carbonateChloral hydrateChloral hydrate formation potentialChlorinatedChlorine dioxideChloropicrinDischlorophenyl acetic acidDibromoacetonitrile1,1 -dichloroacetonitrile2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acidDichlorodiphenyl trichloroethaneDissolved organic carbonDiethylenetrinitrolopentaacetic acidEthylenediaminetetraacetic acidEthane sulfonic acidFormation potentialGas chromatographyHaloacetic acidTotal haloacetic acidHaloacetonitrilesHaloketonesHeterotrophic plate countHigh-performance liquid chromatographyInformation Collection RuleLong Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment RuleMaximum contaminant level(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acidMass spectrometryMethyl tertiary butyl etherSodium chlorideNucleic acid sequence based amplificationNatural organic matterNitrilotriacetic acidPolychlorinated biphenylRiverbank filtrationTrichloroacetonitrileThermotolerant coliform

xxv

AMPAATMPBCANBr-

CHCHFPCl-

CPDAADBANDCANDDADDTDOCDTPAEDTAESAFPGCHAAHAA6HANHKHPCHPLCICRLT2ESWTRMCLMCPAMSMTBENaClNASBANOMNTAPCBRBFTCANTHCOL

xxvi

THMTOCTOXTTHMUFC2,4-D2,4,5-T2,4,6-TCP

TrihalomethaneTotal organic carbonTotal organic halogenTotal trihalomethaneUniform formation condition2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid2,4,6-trichlorophenole

Units of Measure

CelsiusColony forming unitCentimeterDayFormazine nephelometric unitsGramsHectareHourKilogramKilometerKilometers squaredLiterMeterMilligramsMilligrams as nitrogen per literMilliliterMillimeterMost Probable NumberMeters squaredCubic metersNewtonNanogramNanometerNephelometric turbidity unitPlaque forming unitSecondTonYearMicron

Ccfucmdfnu

ghah

kgkm

Lmmgmg-N/LmLmmMPN

Nngnmntupfustyr

ACRONYMS, UNITS OF MEASURE, AND CONVERSION TABLE xxvii

Conversion Table