RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS
SMIJAL
What is rheology???Rheology is the branch of physics that
deals with deformation and flow of matter. (wikipedia)
It is the study of deformation and flow characteristics of matter. (phillip’s)
Dentists are subjected to manipulate materials which flow or deform when subjected to stress .The study of flow characteristics of materials is the basis for the science of rheology .
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITYViscosity is the resistance of liquid to flow.
This resistance to fluid flow is controlled by internal frictional forces within the liquid.
Thus ,viscosity is a measure of the consistency of a fluid and its inability to flow.
A highly viscous fluid flows slowly.
VISCOSITY NOMENCLATURE
A liquid occupies space between 2 metal plates.
Lower plate fixed ; upper plate being moved at a velocity ‘V’
Force ‘F’ required to overcome frictional resistance to fluid flow.
If the plates have an area (A) in cntact with the liquid ,a shear stress (S) can be defined as
S = F / A
The shear strain rate,is E=V/d
Where ‘d’ is the shear distance of the top plate relative to the fixed lower plate.
‘V’ is the velocity f the top plate.
Viscosity is defined as the shear stress divided by strain rate.
Viscosity=shear stress =S/E strain rate
SI unit of viscosity- Cp(Centipoise) or Mpa per
second.
Pure water at 20 degree celsius has a viscosity of 1.00 c P
Application
Measure viscosity of dental materials .Materials manipulated in fluid state in
oral cavity i.e, materials like cements and impression materials undergo a liquid to solid transformation in mouth.
Gypsum products used in fabrication of dies are transformed from slurries into solid structures.
Cements used as luting agents and bases…
CLASSIFIACATION OF FLUIDS BASED ON RHEOLOGY1.NEWTONIA
N
2.PSUDOPLASTIC
3.DILATANT
4.PLASTIC
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Ideal fluid –shear stress proportional to strain rate. The plot is a straight line.
Newtonian fluid has a constant viscosity regardless of the shear strain.
About 10 % of liquids r newtonian
Eg:-Water and newly mixed zinc phosphate cement
NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
PSUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS
They are shear thinning fluids.
Their viscosity decreases with increasing strain rate until it reaches a nearly constant value.
Eg :-poly carboxylate cements, non water mixed glass ionomer
cements elastomeric impression materials.
PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS
DILATANT FLUIDS
Shear thickening fluids
Shows increase in viscosity with an increase in shear rate.
Liquid becomes more rigid as rate of deformation increases.
Eg:-Traditional resin composites
DILATANT FLUIDS
PLASTIC FLUIDS
Plastic fluids are rigid until a certain yield stress is applied to them and they attain constant viscosity.
The application of this yield stress to cause flow in a plastic material is called Bingham characteristic.
Eg:- ketch up..
PLASTIC FLUIDS
FACTORS AFFECTING VISCOSITYa. Temperature b. Pressure
a.Temperature:-inversely proportional . As temperature increases ,viscosity decreases.
Eg :-gheeB. Pressure :-
THIXOTROPICITY
It’s a property exhibited by certain liquids that become less viscous and more fluid under repeated applications of pressure .
If u shear them ,their viscosity decreases ;if it is left undisturbed ,then its viscosity will increase to its pre stressed level.
Eg :-POP , resin cement, dental prophylaxis paste.
Impression material starts to flow when placed in tissues and pressure applied .They don’t flow out of d impression tray until placed over dental tissues
THIXOTROPICITY It’s a property exhibited by certain
liquids that become less viscous and more fluid under repeated applications of pressure .
If u shear them ,their viscosity decreases ;if it is left undisturbed ,then its viscosity will increase to its pre stressed level.
Eg :-POP , resin cement, dental prophylaxis paste.
Impression material starts to flow when placed in tissues and pressure applied .They don’t flow out of d impression tray until placed over dental tissues.
Prophylaxis paste don’t flow out of a rubber cup until it is rotated against the teeth to be cleaned.
CREEP CREEP:- The time dependant plastic
deformation of a material under static load or constant stress near its melting point.
2 types: static dynamic
Static:- creep that takes place under constant load
Dynamic creep:-under changing load.
SAG
SAG:- It is a form of creep that occurs in
a metal at high temperature under its own weight.
Clinical importance:-because of the low melting point of amalgam ,dental amalgam can slowly creep from a restored tooth site under periodic sustained stress , which can be destructive to the dental prosthesis.
Creep test is requires in ANSI/ADA No:1 and Addendum 1a for dental amalgam products.
CREEP
Creep can also lead to an unacceptable fit of FPD frameworks when a cast alloy with poor creep resistance is veneered with porcelain at relatively high temperature.
FLOW
The term flow is used in dentistry to describe the rheology of amorphous materials such as waxes.
The flow of wax is its potential to deform under a small static load ,even that associated with its own mass.
How to measure flow and creep???
A cylinder of prescribes dimension is subjected to a given compressive stress for a specified time and temperature.
Creep or flow is measured as the percentage decrease in length that occur under these testing conditions.
FLOW
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