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RF Measurement Basics
bsw AG
andhilpert Electronic AG
present
RF Basics
presenter: Elmar Neumann
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RF Measurement Basics
Short Introduction of the bsw AG
-Founded 1996 as a System Solution Provider for RF Measurements in R&D
also in DC Parametric Test
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RF Measurement Basics
Short Introduction of the bsw AG
-Founded 1996 as a System Solution Provider for RF Measurements in R&D
also in DC Parametric Test
-Distribution Partner of Maury Microwave for Device Characterization inSwitzerland, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden
-Distribution Partner of W.L. Gore RF Cables
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RF Measurement Basics
Short Introduction of the bsw AG
-Additional business field: Signal Integrity Measurements with a Network Analyzer(
Physical Layer Test System)
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RF Measurement Basics
Short Introduction of the bsw AG
-Since 2009 together with lxinstruments as a family member
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RF Measurement Basics
Short Introduction of the bsw AG
-Founded 1996 as a System Solution Provider for RF Measurements in R&D
also in DC Parametric Test
-Distribution Partner of Maury Microwave for Device Characterization inSwitzerland, Germany, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden
-We are Specialist in all Questions about Noise Parameter Measuremts, on WaferMeasurements and Load Pull Measurements and DC Parametric Test
-Additional business field: Signal Integrity Measurements with a Network Analyzer(Physical Layer Test System)
-Since 2009 together with lxinstruments as a family member
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RF Measurement Basics
• The Definition of RF
• 50Ohm World, Smith Chart
• Rf Bands and their Connectors
• Cables and Cable Characteristics
• RF Measurement Instruments
• Power Meter
• Spectrum Analyzer
• Network Analyzer
What we will see…
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RF Measurement BasicsRF Measurement Basics
The Definition of RF
• There is no clear Definition for RF
• RF is standing for Radio Frequency
• Typicall all above what the human can hear(all above 20kHz)
• No upper Limit, als mm-Wave Masurements are RF Measurements
• Wherever the Wavelength is shorter then the Components there is RF
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RF Measurement BasicsRF Measurement Basics
50Ohm World
To get no reflection it was necessary to create a standard for all
components, cables,lines etc.
And why 50Ohms?
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RF Measurement Basics
50Ohm World
If there is no real 50Ohm, we will get a reflection:
Gamma is the Reflection Coefficient and is defined as:
Vi
Vr =Γ
Vr … reflected Voltage
Vi … incident Voltage
1
1
0
0
+
−
=Γ
Z
Z
Z
Z
l
l Zl … load Impedance
Z0 …system Impedance
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RF Measurement Basics
The Smith Chart
R
+jX
-jX
0 1 8
+j
-j
+j1
-j1
1 2 3
1
1
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RF Measurement Basics
S-Parameter
They describe the electrical function of a network in linear small signal funktion
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Bands and their Connectors
The RF Frequency Range is divided in different Bands
Often there are Connectors and Cables corresponding to one band
Some Bands have in different countries different names
Here the actual bands within europe and the corresponding US Bands:
WVK/QKKXXCSLLPI;GUSA
MLKJIHGFEDCBAEurope
0,30,50,751,5357,5153060120Wavelgth
[cm]
10060402010864321,00,50,25Freq
Up to [GHz]
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Bands and their Connectors
Here is a list of the most common Connectors and their typical specifications:
BNC Connector
- up to 4GHz
- PTFE as Dielectricum
7/16 Connector
- up to 7,5GHz
- PTFE as Dielectricum
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Bands and their Connectors
Here is a list of the most common Connectors and their typical specifications:
N Connector
- up to 11GHz(normal)
- up to 18GHz(precision)
- PTFE as Dielectricum
7mm or APC-7 Connector
- up to 18GHz
- sexless
- PTFE as Dielectricum
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Bands and their Connectors
Here is a list of the most common Connectors and their typical specifications:
SMA Connector
- up to 18GHz(normal)
- PTFE as Dielectricum
3,5mm or APC-3,5 Connector
- up to 26,5GHz
- Air as Dielectricum
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Bands and their Connectors
Here is a list of the most common Connectors and their typical specifications:
2,92mm or K Connector
- up to 40GHz(normal)
- Air as Dielectricum
2,4mm Connector
- up to 50GHz
- Air as Dielectricum
1,85mm(V) Connector
- up to 60GHz
- Air as Dielectricum
1,0mm(W) Connector
- up to 60GHz
- Air as Dielectricum
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RF Measurement Basics
Cables and Cable Characteristics
RF Cables are much more then just a cable…
Every cable is like a transmission line
There are some „key“ specifications in RF Cables…
-Frequency Range
-Loss over the cable
-Phase and Amplitude Stability
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RF Measurement Basics
Cables and Cable Characteristics
Cables….
don‘t bend
once applied, leave them
Be careful with the connectors
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RF Measurement Basics
Cables and Cable Characteristics
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Measurement Instruments
Power Meter Measure the emited power with asensor.
Works like a Voltmeter in the DC World
Broadband There are power meters withexternal heads, or USB Power MeterHeads for use with any PC.
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Measurement Instruments
SpectrumAnalyzer
Show the Power over the Frequency
Works like a Oscilloscop in the DC
World
The resolution bw is tunable
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RF Measurement Basics
Rf Measurement Instruments
NetworkAnalyzer
Skalar and Vektor Networkanalyzers
Measure S-Parameters
Typical 2 and 4 Port
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RF Measurement Basics
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RF Measurement Basics
RF M B i
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RF Measurement Basics
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