REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST The Renaissance The Protestant
Reformation
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INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in
the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question REVIEW
FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST
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Renaissance means rebirth; what was being reborn were the ideas
of Classical Greece and Rome, which had been mostly forgotten in
Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire When the Middle Ages
ended, an era called the Renaissance (1300s to the 1600s)
began
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The revival of trade in Europe helped bring an end to the
Middle Ages and gave rise to the Renaissance
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During the Renaissance, as those Greco-Roman ideas made a
comeback, Western Europe experienced a great increase of trade,
art, and learning Wealthy patrons like the Medici family in
Florence funded the artists of the Renaissance, paying them well to
create magnificent art
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The Renaissance was led by a group of scholars and artists
called humanists; they placed human beings, rather than God and
religion, at the center of their world-view Humanists emphasized
the importance of human potential and achievement
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Florence was home to the Medici family, one of the wealthiest
families in Europe; they made their fortune through banking People
like the Medici were the wealthy patrons who funded the
Renaissance
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The Crusades were a series of failed holy wars started by the
Catholic Church and fought by Medieval lords and knights; the
Crusades helped end feudalism when those lords and knights lost
money, land, and power while fighting the Crusades
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Another reason for the decline of feudalism was the spread of
the Plague, also known as the Black Death
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From 1337 to 1453, England and France began a series of
conflicts over territory that would be called the Hundred Years War
During the war, nationalism (loyalty to ones nation) increased as
people became more loyal to their king and nation, rather than
their local lords ENGLAND FRANCE
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During the Hundred Years War, new military weapons decreased
the power of knights as an elite fighting force; this also helped
end feudalism
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New weapons such as cannons, crossbows, and longbows decreased
the importance of knights
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A side effect of the Crusades was the increase of European
demand for luxury goods from Asia
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Effects of the Crusades From the Silk Road trade routes, Europe
was introduced to many new things They increased desires for luxury
goods like silk, cotton, sugar, and spices They introduced
technologies like compass, astrolabe, ship designs, and gunpowder
They introduced ideas like Arabic numbers, chemistry, algebra, and
telescopes
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Increased trade gave rise to several wealthy Italian
city-states The most important Italian city-state was Florence; in
this wealthy trade city, the Renaissance began
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This map demonstrates an effect of the increase of trade: towns
and cities began to grow in Europe
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Greek Classicism: The humanist artists of the Renaissance
focused on the cultural achievements of the Greeks and Romans
Renaissance Ancient Greek art and Renaissance art both emphasized
realism and perfecting the human form
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Perspective: using perspective in paintings allows an artist to
create an illusion of depth New styles and techniques of
Renaissance art
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Leonardo da Vinci The ultimate Renaissance man was Leonardo da
Vinci; this was because he was skilled at many different things He
was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, engineer, scientist,
alchemist, musician, anatomist, map-maker, and writer
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Donatello Donatellos David was the first large, free- standing
sculpture of the Renaissance that could be viewed from all sides
since the Roman times
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Leonardo da Vincis greatest masterpiece was the Mona Lisa,
which was known for its emotion, detail, and depth
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These are images from da Vincis notebooks, showing his studies
of the human body
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Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, Pieta and David, are
considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well- known for the
painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo
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Two well-known Michelangelo sculptures, Pieta and David, are
considered masterpieces; he is perhaps most well- known for the
painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
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During the Renaissance, the humanists focused on the importance
of the individual Social status was based on wealth you earned and
your ability, not birthright A new way of thinking began during the
Renaissance called Humanism
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Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi was Florences greatest
architect When he built the Cuppolo of Maria del Fiore Cathedral in
Florence, he was inspired by Romes classical architecture
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Some of Machiavellis ideas about politics: (1) to be a
successful ruler, a prince must be willing to be feared over being
loved (2) A ruler should do anything necessary to remain in power
(lie, steal, cheat, or kill) (3) He wrote that rulers should do
what works best, not necessarily what is good or moral (4)
Machiavelli wrote that the ends (achieving a goal) justifies the
means (actions taken to achieve that goal) The Prince was a very
influential book
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Dismayed at the corruption of the Catholic Church he served,
Erasmus wrote In Praise of Folly, which sharply criticized the
abuses of Church leaders and called for reform of the Catholic
Church
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Renaissance Writers: Dante The influential writer Dante wrote
about real people in his lengthy poem The Divine Comedy; he also
wrote it in the vernacular, which is common everyday speech
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In the Middle Ages, writings focused on God and religion; the
Renaissance focused on secular (non- religious) matters
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The Causes of the Reformation SOCIAL CAUSES: the Renaissance
values of humanism and new ideas in art, literature, and science
led to the questioning of religion POLITICAL CAUSES: powerful
monarchs challenged the Churchs authority ECONOMIC CAUSES: princes
and kings were envious of the Catholic Churchs wealth RELIGIOUS
CAUSES: corruption among Church officials and in the Churchs
practices (such as selling indulgences) led to calls for
reform
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Corruption of the Catholic Church There were many ways that the
Catholic Church was also growing corrupt: (1) Priests were
hypocritical in their actions, often having mistresses and
fathering children; this is against Church rules (2) Rather than be
educated, priests would buy their way into getting their jobs
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Corruption of the Catholic Church The most corrupt Church
practice was the selling of indulgences (indulgence is reducing the
penalty for a sin) At first, indulgences were given out by the
Church when people did good works However, the Church began giving
indulgences in exchange for money
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Martin Luthers belief that salvation was gained only through
having faith in God was called Justification by Faith Martin Luther
strongly disagreed with the Churchs selling of indulgences, which
he saw as false salvation Martin Luther
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In 1517, Martin Luther wrote a list of arguments against Church
practices called the Ninety- Five Theses Thanks to the printing
press, the Ninety- Five Theses spread through Europe, causing an
incredible controversy
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Martin Luthers actions led to the Protestant Reformation, which
was a movement to reform the practices of the Catholic Church; this
led to new versions of Christianity The Catholic Church and the
Protestant Churches still shared the basic ideas of Christianity,
though (such as belief in Jesus and the Bible)
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Henry needed a son to pass the crown to; he wanted to divorce
Catherine and marry a younger queen, who could bear him more
children The problem is that divorce is not permitted in the
Catholic Church, and the pope refused his request for a
divorce
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King Henry VIII of England, not the Pope, became the head of
his own Church of England (later called Anglicanism)
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Calvin believed in pre- destination: God already knows who will
be saved (the saved ones are called the elect) and who will not Out
of the numerous reformers, one of the most influential was John
Calvin His new version of Christianity would be called
Calvinism
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The practices of the Church of England and the Catholic Church
were nearly identical There were two major differences between the
two Churches; one, divorce is legal in England Second, the king,
not the Pope, is the head of Englands Church
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THE COUNCIL OF TRENT In 1545, Pope Paul III created a committee
of Catholic leaders called the Council of Trent; its purpose was to
review Church practices, make reforms, and emphasize core Catholic
beliefs
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Jesuits did much for the Counter-Reformation; the Jesuits
focused on THREE GOALS: From the Council of Trent came the
Catholics Counter- Reformation, which was opposed to the Protestant
Reformation First, Jesuits tried to stop the spread of
Protestantism
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Many Jesuit colleges can be found in the world today Secondly,
the Jesuits formed schools to better educate Catholic priests
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Third, Jesuits sent missionaries around the world to convert
non-Christians to Catholicism
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The Protestant Reformation led to a decline in the power of the
Roman Catholic Church, but it still remained the largest religion
in Europe (especially in Italy, Portugal, France, and Spain)
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The Effect of the Printing Press This invention revolutionized
the way ideas were spread around Europe
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The penalties for heresy were severe; often the penalties were
all manners of horrible torture and execution The Inquisition is
one of the darkest parts of history; its purpose was to put
heretics (those who go against Church teachings) on trial
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Several different Protestant faiths came about, leaving Europe
religiously divided but what remained of the Catholic Church became
more unified due to the Council of Trent However, the overall
influence of the popes declined, so kings gained more power and
formed stronger nations The encouraging of education led to people
questioning long-held beliefs This questioning would lead to new
ideas as well as numerous wars The Impact of the Reformation
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During the Protestant Reformation, reformers protested Church
corruptions and practices in hopes of reforming Christianity
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IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON YOUR
REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE UNIT 6 TEST.