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RON TJ\EB LCFM
K. Cscbuzzckcf
Bjudecs I. Lcrfns
Qoco`bur \. Mocfbmnr
T J \ E B L C F M T J \ M @ F D X C X N \ F J . 3 ? 3
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan
Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns
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K. CscbuzzckcfBjudecs I. LcrfnsQoco`bur \. Mocfbmnr
T J \ E B L C F M T J \ M @ F D X C X N \ F J . 3 ? 3
\nstjr`fd LcecfanLcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns
RON TJ\EB LCFM
Tcso`fdtjf, B.A.
Nfnrdy Qnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck
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Ajpyr`dot
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Ajftnfts
Camfjwenbdknfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x`Carjfyks cfb Cllrnv`ct`jfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x```
^f`ts ji Kncsurn/Aurrnfay Nqu`vcenfts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv``
Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x`x
3. @ftrjbuat`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Toct @s ton Mfjwenbdn Lcsn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy sn Qtruaturn ly Nftnrpr sn Ejact`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9.3 Cffuce Ejcb Qonbb`fd, 3001
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1.38 Nenatr`a E`dot`fd ly @fajkn cfb B`v`s`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ojusnojeb Nxpnfb`turn ly Nenatr`ffiact`jf Qtctus jf Mnrjsnfn cfb Jtonr
Nfnrdy Qjurans, ly @fajkn Drjup (Rm pnr yncr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.9 Tneicrn Dc`fs irjk Qw`tao`fd E`dot`fd Qystnks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 K`arjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact jf cfb Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . >.< B`str`lut`jf ji Drjwto-Anftnr K`arjnftnrpr`sns ly \nd`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . >1
>.1 B`str`lut`jf ji Nfnrdy Qjurans ly Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >2
>.2 Kcgjr Nfnrdy Qjurans ly ^sn Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>
>.> Nfnrdy cs c Xnranftcdn ji Rjtce Ajsts ly Cat`v`ty Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >>
>.9 Xr`an pnr f`t ji Nfnrdy ijr Fjf-e`dot`fd Lus`fnss sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >9
>.4 Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Nenatr`a`ty sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >4
>.? Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B scbvcftcdns ji Iunewjjb ^sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?
>.0 Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Mnrjsnfn sn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >?
>.38 K`arjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact`jf cfb Enfdto ji Jpnrct`jf . . . . . . . >0
>.33 K`arjnftnrpr`sn B str`lut`jf ly Fuklnr ji Nkpejynns cfb Ejact`jf. . . . . . 98
>.3< Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy Jutput cfb Ajst ly sn cfb Ejact`jf . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
>.31 Qukkcry Qtct`st`as ji Jutajkns cfb Nxpecfctjry Ycr`clens
ji Nftnrpr`sn Nfnrdy Bnkcfb \ndrnss`jfs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.32 Nst`kctns ji Nftnrpr`sn Nfnrdy Bnkcfb (F; Qukkcry Qtct`st`as ji Jutajkns cfb Nfnrdy sn Ycr`clens ji Nftnrpr`sn
Xrjffitcl`e ty \ndrnss`jfs (F;
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>.39 Niinats ji 3 Rm @farncsnb Nfnrdy sn jf Nftnrpr`sn Jutajkn
(cffuce Rm pnr nftnrpr`sn) (F;
>.3? @rr`dct`jf Kntojb cfb Nfnrdy Rypn ly B`v`s`jf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99>.30 Icrknr @rr`dct`jf Kntojb ly B`v`s jf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
>. Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly @fajkn Qjuran (pnranft). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
C3.9 Ojusnojeb Ajfsukpt`jf Nxpnfb`turn ly Lubdnt @tnk (Rm pnr yncr) . . . . . 383
C3.4 Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly Rypn ji Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt`jf (pnranft) . . . . . . 383
C3.? Cffuce Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt jf7 Cee B`v`s`jfs
(cvnrcdn pnr ojusnojeb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
C3.38 Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt jf ly Lus`fnss Rypn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38>
C3.33 Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ji Ajjm`fd Qtjvn Jwfnrso`p (pnranft) . . . . . . . . . 389C3.3< Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji Ajjm`fd Qtjvns ly Rypn
(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
C3.31 Ojusnojeb B str`lut jf ji Fuklnr ji Knces cfb Ajjm`fd R`kns
(pnranft b`str`lut`jf). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
C3.32 Ojurs ji Jpnrct fd Ajjm`fd Qtjvns ly Rypn (bc`ey). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
C3.3> Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji E`dot`fd Cppe`cfans
(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
C3.39 Ojurs ji \uff`fd E`dot fd Cppe`cfans (acsns pnr bcy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38?
C3.34 Ojusnojeb Jwfnrso`p ji Xeud-`f Nenatr`a Cppe`cfans
(fuklnr pnr 388 ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38?
C3.3? Ojurs ji \uff`fd ton Xeud-`f Rypn ji Nenatr`a Cppe cfans (bc`ey) . . . . . . . . 38?
Ajftnfts v``
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C3.30 Jwfnrso`p ji @rr`dct`jf Xukps cfb Xjwnr R`eenrs/Rrcatjrs
(pnranft ojusnojebs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
C3.
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C3.11 Tjknfs R`kn sn ijr Ycr`jus Cat`v`t`ns (bc`ey ojurs pnr pnrsjf). . . . . . . . 33?
C3.12 R`kn Qpnft Kcm`fd Aecy Qtjvns (ojurs pnr stjvn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33?
C3.1> R`kn Qpnft jf Aecy Qtjvn Kc`ftnfcfan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
C3.19 \nspjfbnfts Ctt tubn tjwcrb Nenatr`a`ty (pnranft b`str`lut`jf) . . . . . . . . . . 330C3.14 \nspjfbnfts Ctt tubn tjwcrb Iunewjjb (pnranft b`str`lut`jf) . . . . . . . . . . 3
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x`
Camfjwenbdknfts
Ro`s stuby wcs ajfbuatnb w`to tnaof`ace cfb i`fcfa`ce suppjrt irjk ton NfnrdyQnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck (NQKCX), ton ajeecljrct`vn niijrts ji tonLcfdecbnso @fst`tutn ji Bnvnejpknft Qtub`ns (L@BQ) `f Bocmc cfb ton Tjreb Lcfm. @fcbb`t`jf, c bntc`enb lcamdrjufb survny ji k`arjnftnrpr`sns wcs ajkpentnb ly Bctc
@ftnrfct`jfce, Bocmc. Ron survny tnck ajkpentnb `ts wjrm `f cfb ton ajfsuetcfts
sulk`ttnb c prne`k`fcry rnpjrt tj ton Tjreb Lcfm f
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x```
Carjfyks cfb Cllrnv`ct`jfs
C\@ cautn rnsp`rctjry finat`jfLLQ Lcfdecbnso Lurncu ji Qtct`st`as
LAQ@\ Lcfdecbnso Ajufa e ijr Qa`nft ffia cfb @fbustr`ce \nsncrao
L@BQ Lcfdecbnso @fst`tutn ji Bnvnejpknft Qtub`ns
LXA Lcfdecbnso Xntrjenuk Ajrpjrct`jf
LXBL Lcfdecbnso Xjwnr Bnvnejpknft Ljcrb
AFD ajkprnssnb fcturce dcs
N\A Nfnrdy \nduectjry Ajkk`ss`jf
NQKCX Nfnrdy Qnatjr Kcfcdnknft Css`stcfan Xrjdrck
N_RJX Tjreb Lcfm Jiffian ji ton Xule`sonr
ICJ Ijjb cfb Cdr`aueturce Jrdcf`zct`jfDJL Djvnrfknft ji Lcfdecbnso
O@NQ Ojusnojeb @fajkn cfb Nxpnfb`turn Qurvny
@CX `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf
@BAJE @fircstruaturn Bnvnejpknft Ajkpcfy E`k`tnb
@NC @ftnrfct`jfce Nfnrdy Cdnfay
@I\B @fst`tutn ji Iune \nsncrao cfb Bnvnejpknft
EFD e`qunffinb fcturce dcs
EXD e`qunffinb pntrjenuk dcs
FDJ Fjf-djvnrfknftce jrdcf`zct`jf
XLQ \urce Nenatr`a Ajjpnrct`vn (Xcee` L`byut Qck`ty)
XDAL Xjwnr Dr`b Ajkpcfy ji Lcfdecbnso
XK38
pcrt`aens w`to cf cnrjbyfck`a b`ckntnr enss tocf 38 k`arjfs
XK
pcrt`aens w`to cf cnrjbyfck`a b`ckntnr enss tocf k`arjfs
XY pojtjvjetc`a
\NL \urce Nenatr`ffiact`jf Ljcrb
QNBC Qustc`fclen Nfnrdy Bnvnejpknft Cdnfay
QOQ sjecr ojkn systnks
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^f`ts ji Kncsurn
DG d`dcgjuenDTo d`dcwctt ojur
md m`ejdrck
mdjn m`ejdrcks ji j`e nqu`vcenft
mek-or m`ejeuknf-ojur
mTo m`ejwctt-ojur
ejn e`tnrs ji j`e nqu`vcenft
KAI tojuscfb aul`a innt
KG kndcgjuen
KT kndcwctt
d/k1 k`arjdrcks pnr aul`a kntnrT wctt
Aurrnfay Nqu`vcenfts
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Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs
xv``
Ajjm`fd Iunes cfb Nfnrdy Niffia`nfa`ns
Nfnrdy ajftnft Ajjm`fd stjvn Niffia`nft ajjm`fd
Iune sjuran (KG pnr uf`t) niffia`nfay (%) nfnrdy (KG pnr uf`t)
Nenatr`a`ty (mTo) 1.9 48
EXD (md) 2>.> 98 % kj`sturn) (md) 31.> 3< 3.9
Bufd (3>% kj`sturn) (md) 32.> 3< 3.4
Encvns cfb drcss (md) 31.> 3< 3.9
Qjuran7 JQuee`vcf cfb Lcrfns (
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xv``` Nfnrdy Ajfvnrs`jf Icatjrs
Ojusnojeb E`dot`fd Nfnrdy `f Bnvnejp`fd Ajuftr`ns
Jutput acsnb jf euknfs pnr wctt
E`dot`fd typn E`dot jutput (euknfs) mek-or pnr mdjn mek-or pnr mTo
Fjf-nenatr`a
Xcrciffif acfben 33.? ?8 314.>? 33.98
98 418 322.18 3
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Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry
Q`fan ton 3008s,Lcfdecbnsojfn ji ton wjrebs pjjrnst ajuftr`nsocs tcmnf ecrdn str`bnstjwcrb cao`nv`fd ton K`eenff`uk Bnvnejpknft Djces (KBDs), ocv`fd jutpnrijrknbkjst ejw-`fajkn ajuftr`ns jf c rcfdn ji sja`ce `fb`actjrs. Ron ajuftry `s jf tcrdnt tjcao`nvn c twj-to`rbs rnbuat`jf `f `ficft cfb ao`eb kjrtce`ty ly . Ijjb snaur`ty ocs
`kprjvnb s`df`i`acftey, cfb dnfbnr b`spcr`ty `f pr`kcry cfb snajfbcry nfrjeeknft ocs
lnnf ne`k`fctnb. Pnt `f , fncrey 28 pnranft ji ton fct`jfs 328 k`ee`jf rns`bnfts cfb
22 pnranft ji rurce rns`bnfts wnrn lnejw ton pjvnrty e`fn (Tjreb Lcfm
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`f rurce Lcfdecbnso torjudo lnttnr cfb kjrn nii`a`nft usn ji nfnrdy, wo`en arnct`fd cf
nfv`rjfknft ajfbua`vn tj drjwto cfb pjvnrty rnbuat`jf.
Ijr cfy bnvnejp`fd ajuftry, ton arux ji c rurce nfnrdy strctndy s tj ocvn kjrn cfb
lnttnr aoj`ans ijr knnt`fd rurce bnkcfb ijr nfnrdy torjudo kcrmnt knaocf`sks cfb sjufb
pje`ay. Ro`s djns ocfb `f ocfb w`to ton bnvnejpknft ji ajkpntnft `kpenknft`fd `fst tu-t`jfs, wo`ao crn ar`t`ace tj ton prjanss. Cesj `kpjrtcft crn fnw suppey- cfb bnkcfb-s`bn
tnaofjejd`ns toct acf ln usnb tj rc`sn rurce pnjpens wneicrn cfb `kprjvn prjbuat`v`ty tj
`farncsn drjwto prjspnats. Caajrb`fdey, ton rurce nfnrdy strctndy cbvjactnb ly to`s stuby
c`ks tj sct`siy ton typns ji bnkcfb toct farncsn ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb rc`sn rurce drjwto
prjspnats cs nfnrdy lnajkns c b`rnat `fput `ftj ton prjbuat`jf prjanss.
Lnfnffits ji Kjv`fd up ton Nfnrdy Ecbbnr
Ijr Lcfdecbnso tj drjw cfb prjspnr, `ts rurce najfjky kust fjt ln `dfjrnb. Ijaus`fd
sjeney jf urlcf drjwtornprnsnftct`vn ji jfey cljut pnranft ji Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs ajeenat jr puraocsn l`jkcss nfnrdy w`to
wo`ao tj ajjm cee jr pcrt ji ton`r knces, kc`fey us`fd ffixnb aecy stjvns. Ron fonrnft fni-
ffia`nfay ji suao stjvns, ajkl`fnb w`to ton o`do kj`sturn ajftnft ji l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes,
rnsuets `f fajkpentn ajklust`jf, prjbua`fd @CX. @f rurce Lcfdecbnso, cdn-snx ajkpjs`-
t`jf ji ojusnojebs fb`actns toct dnfnrceey,wjknf cfb ton`r ao`ebrnf suiinr drnctnst nxpj-surn. Tjknf cesj lncr ton lruft ji t`kn spnft ajeenat`fd l`jkcss iunes, caajuft`fd ijr cf
cvnrcdn ji 3>8 jut ji
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nenatr`a e`dot`fd tj mnrjsnfn, lut ufrne`clen suppey br`vns tonk tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps cs c
lcamup sjuran `f acsn ji pjwnr ic`eurn.
@f tnrks ji ajst cfb m`ejeuknf jutput,nenatr`a`ty s icr supnr`jr tj mnrjsnfn.Nenatr`a`tysjutput pnr uf`t ji nfnrdy `s 388 t`kns o`donr tocf toct ji mnrjsnfn. Tonf jfn ajkpcrns
ojusnojebs toct usn mnrjsnfn eckps jr nenatr`a e`dot`fd, twj trnfbs crn jlv`jus. I`rst, ton envne
ji e`dot`fd farncsns w`to fajkn ijr ljto mnrjsnfn cfb nenatr`a`ty. Qnajfb, ton quce`ty ji
e`dot`fd snrv`an jltc`fnb irjk nenatr`a`ty `s cf jrbnr ji kcdf`tubn o`donr tocf toct irjk
mnrjsnfn ijr cee `fajkn drjups carjss cee rnd`jfs. Ijr ton cvnrcdn ojusnojeb, ton fuklnr ji
m`ejeuknfs `s fncrey ?8 t`kns o`donr ijr tojsn woj usn kc`fey nenatr`a`ty, vnrsus mnrjsnfn.
Ron o`do-quce`ty e`dot`fd ciijrbnb ly nenatr`a`ty ocs `kpjrtcft ajfsnqunfans ijr
Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojeb wneicrn. C ojusnojebs nenatr`a`ty ajfsukpt`jf ijr e`dot`fd cppncrs
tj r`sn stncb`ey cs ton fuklnr ji stubnfts `f ton ojusnojeb `farncsns. Ron stubys ffifb`fds
sojw toct tjtce ojurs ji stuby t`kn crn drnctnr f ojusnojebs toct usn nenatr`a e`dot`fd tocf`f tojsn toct usn mnrjsnfn eckps,ajfffirk`fd nenatr`a`tys ajftr`lut`jf tj oukcf-acp`tce ijr-
kct`jf. Cpcrt irjk nbuact`jf, ojusnojeb `fajkn cesj sojws c b`st`fat trnfb `f e`dot`fd
nfnrdy usn= cs `fajkns r`sn, ojusnojebs `farncs`fdey sw`tao irjk mnrjsnfn- tj nenatr`a`ty-
lcsnb e`dot`fd. Ron pjtnft`ce dc`f irjk to`s trcfs`t`jf, cs kncsurnb ly ajfsuknrs surpeus,
`s nfjrkjus28 tj 2> pnranft ji ojusnojeb fajkn.C snpcrctn qucft`tct`vn cfceys`s sojws
fnt pjs`t`vn dc`fs f ojusnojeb fajkn irjk e`dot`fd nfnrdy usn ji s`k`ecr envnes, ajfffirk-
`fd toct e`dot`fd ocs c o`do vceun ijr rurce ojusnojebs.
Icrk`fd Nfnrdy
C to`rb ar`t`ace nfnrdy usn ijr rurce Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs `s icrk`fd. Ron ajuftrys
pjtnft`ce ijr `farncsnb `rr`dct`jf, tojudo fjt cs bnvnejpnb cs toct ji jtonr Qjuto Cs`cf
ajuftr`ns, `s s`df`ffiacft. Ron kjst jlv`jus nfnrdy `fputs crn b`nsne nfd`fns cfb nenatr`a
Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry xx`
I`durn NQ.3. Nfnrdy ^sn cfb Nxpnfb`turns f \urce Lcfdecbnso,
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kjtjrs ijr pukp`fd rr`dct`jf wctnr. @f cbb`t`jf,vcr`jus skcee kcao`fns, `faeub`fd pjwnr
t`eenrs, crn usnb farncs`fdey f ecfb prnpcrct`jf, ceenv`ct`fd kuao ji ton brubdnry cssja`-
ctnb w`to suao wjrm. Ro`s stuby ajfaeubnb toct icrk ojusnojebs toct kjvn up ton nfnrdy
ecbbnr nfgjy c sulstcft`ce dc`f f prjbuat`v`ty. Ijr ojusnojebs toct usn knaocf`znb fstncb
ji kcfuce `rr`dct`jf, icrk prjbuat`v`ty `s 3> tj
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penb `f to`s stuby ocb c dr`b ajffnat`jf, jfey 8 pnranft ji ojusnojebs cbjptnb nenatr`a`ty,cetojudo ?8 pnranft ji v`eecdns ocb sjkn typn
ji nenatr`a`ty snrv`an cvc`eclen.
@i nenatr`a`ty `s cvc`eclen, ojusnojeb caanss `s bntnrk`fnb ly `fajkn7 ton o`donr ton`fajkn (cpprjx`kctnb ly ecfb cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts), ton drnctnr ton bnkcfb. T`to o`donr
`fajkns, rurce Lcfdecbnso`s wnrn ijufb tj pursun kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb fvnst f
cssnts toct rnqu`rn kjrn nfnrdy. O`donr-`fajkn rurce ojusnojebs typ`aceey b`vnrs`iy ton`r
nfnrdy pjrtije`js, kjv`fd tjwcrb kjbnrf nfnrdy, wo`ao s fjt jfey kjrn niffia`nft lut cesj
ceejws ojusnojeb knklnrs tj `fvnst t`kn cfb kjfny `f kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns tocf
l`jkcss nfnrdy cejfn wjueb kcmn pjss`len.
Ijr cfy nfnrdy sjuran, pr`a`fd cesj bntnrk`fns bnkcfb. Rous, nfnrdy caanss `s fjt
nqu`tclen lnacusn ton sjuran `s n`tonr pr`anb tjj o`do jr acrr`ns c o`do jppjrtuf`ty ajst
(n.d., l`jkcss ajeenat`jf). @fnqu`tclen caanss cfb envne ji usn kcy encb tj iurtonr `fnqu`t`ns
(n.d., ejw-`fajkn ojusnojebs kcy pcy icr o`donr pr`ans ijr nqu`vcenft e`dot`fd snrv`ans).
Xcy`fd Kjrn Cttnft`jf tj \urce Nfnrdy Qnrv`ans
\urce nfnrdy kust ln v`nwnb cs c lcs`a `fput tj ton rurce najfjky, `f e`fn w`to `ts rjen
`f rurce prjbuat`v`ty cfb `fajkn dnfnrct`jf. Cao`nv`fd c suppey-cfb-bnkcfb lcecfan
`s ar`t`ace ct cee envnes. D`vnf rurce rns`bnfts oncvy rne`cfan jf trcb`t`jfce l`jkcss sup-
pey, l`jkcss kust ln usnb `f kjrn nii`a`nft wcys toct k`t`dctn bckcdn tj oukcf cfb
dejlce nfv`rjfknftce onceto. Ajkpenknft`fd tonsn niijrts, kjrn b`vnrs`i`nb kjbnrfnfnrdy sjurans kust ln kcbn cvc`eclen tj iuei`ee ufknt rurce ojusnojeb cfb lus`fnss
bnkcfb. Rj to`s nfb, cpprjpr`ctn pr`a`fd pje a`ns crn v`tce7 tony kust ln kcrmnt-lcsnb
tj nfsurn toct suppe nrs acf sustc`f ton o`donr ajst ji rurce jpnrct`jfs, ynt rnkc`f ciijrb-
clen tj ton pjjr.
L`jkcss7 @farncs`fd ^sn Niffia`nfay cfb Quppey
K`t`dct`fd ton `ee niinats ji l`jkcss lurf`fd rnqu`rns ljto bnkcfb- cfb suppey-s`bn sjeu-
t`jfs cbcptnb tj ejace rnce`t`ns. L`jkcss bnkcfb acf ln rnbuanb ly cbjpt`fd `kprjvnb
ajjm`fd stjvns toct rurce pnjpen wcft cfb ocrfnss`fd l`jdcs tnaofjejdy torjudo v`eecdn-lcsnb prjbuat`jf cfb b`str`lut`jf fntwjrms. L`jkcss suppey acf ln farncsnb ly pecft`fd
trnns crjufb ojkns, kc`ftc`f`fd cfb `kprjv`fd ejace fcturce rnsjurans, cfb `farncs fd
cdr`aueturce prjbuat`v`ty. Xrjkjt`fd c sustc`fclen suppey-bnkcfb lcecfan `kpe`ns ton
fnnb ijr pje`ay f`t`ct`vns toct nfajurcdn ftnrknb`ctn cfb nfb-usn niffia`nfay, nspna`ceey ct
ton ojusnojeb envne= `farncsnb prjbuat`v`ty tj mnnp pcan w`to drjw`fd bnkcfb= cfb iune
sulst`tut`jf, wonrn pjss`len.
\urce Nenatr`ffiact`jf7 Rjwcrb c Xrj-pjjr Cpprjcao
Ljto dr`b cfb jii-dr`b nenatr`ffiact`jf prjdrcks crn ar`t`ace tj ton sja`jnajfjk`a bnvnejp-knft ji rurce Lcfdecbnso. Cs to`s stuby sojws, nenatr`ffiact`jf trcfsectns `ftj sulstcft`ce
dc`fs `f ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb c o`donr quce`ty ji e`in. Cs nenatr`a`ty bnkcfb `s prjgnatnb
Nxnaut`vn Qukkcry xx```
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tj bjulen jvnr ton fnxt f`fn yncrs, ton `fvnstknft rnqu`rnb tj dnfnrctn suiffia`nft acpca`ty
tj caajkkjbctn iuturn bnkcfb drjwto s `kknfsn.
@i nenatr`a`ty `s cvc`eclen, ojusnojebs w`ee pursun `ts usn. Lut fct`jfw`bn caanss tj
dr`b nenatr`a`ty `s jfey 28 pnranft= `f rurce crncs, `t `s gust 18 pnranft. Ron \urce Nenatr`-
i`act`jf Ljcrb (\NL), rnspjfs`len ijr nenatr`iy`fd rurce Lcfdecbnso, `s lcsnb jf ton.Q. kjbne ji ajfsuknr-jwfnb rurce nenatr`a ajjpnrct`vns. Rjbcy, rurce Lcfdecbnso `s
b`v`bnb `ftj 48 ajjpnrct`vns jr Xcee` L`byut Qck`t`ns (XLQs), lnfni`t`fd cf nst`kctnb
4 k`ee`jf ojusnojebsc rnkcrmclen cao`nvnknft `f c ajuftry ji sjkn
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@kpjrtcfan ji Qjufb Xr`a`fd cfb Quls`by Xje`a`ns
Xrjkjt`fd kjrn nqu`tclen rurce caanss cfb usn ji kjbnrf nfnrdy `kpe`ns ton fnnb ijr
sjufb pr`a`fd pje`a`ns tj `farncsn suppey cfb rne`cl`e`ty. @t sojueb ln fjtnb toct ton urlcf
crncs ji Lcfdecbnso crn snrvnb ly c stctn ut`e`ty,wo`ao s dnfnrceey ajfs`bnrnb tj ln enss niffi-a`nft tocf ton rurce ajjpnrct`vns nenatr`a`ty ajkpcf`ns. Nvnf tojudo pnrijrk`fd lnttnr, ton
rurce nenatr`a`ty pje`a`ns cfb snrv`an st`ee acf ln `kprjvnb. Ijr rurce dr`b nenatr`a`ty, c acrn-
iue rnv`nw ji ton pje`a`ns ji uf`ijrk suls`b`ns cfb s`k`ecr tcr`iis ijr cee XLQs `s rnajk-
knfbnb. Jfn pjtnft`ce sjeut`jf k`dot `faeubn knaocf`sks toct d`vn prninrnft`ce trnctknft
tj ajkpcf`ns snrv`fd pjjrnr rnd`jfs, suao cs pnrk`tt`fd o`donr tcr`iis jr prjv`b`fd nena-
tr`a`ty ct ejwnr luem pr`ans. Rj bctn, jii-dr`b nenatr`a`ty saonkns ocvn suaannbnb ly prjv`b-
`fd suls`b`ns torjudo `fb`v`buce prjgnats, ceejw`fd pr`ans tj jct lcsnb jf ton ajst ji
snrv`an citnr suls`b`ns.83.>3
Arjp rns`bun >1?.?9 392.23 81.9? 39.84 2.39 >
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bnpnfbs encst jf trnn-lcsnb l`j-
kcss (iunewjjb cfb encvns) ijr
ojusnojeb ajjm`fd. @f Mouefc,
wonrn jfn k`dot nxpnat o`donr
ajfsukpt`jf envnes, str`at ijrnstrnduect`jfs cfb rnstr`atnb caanss
mnnp ajfsukpt`jf ejwnr tocf f
Ao`ttcdjfd, wonrn ejace rns`bnfts
acf kjrn ncs`ey caanss sacttnrnb
ijrnst pctaons.
Q`df`i`acft usn ji l`jkcss
nfnrdynspna`ceey trnn encvns,
arjp rns`bun, cfb bufdkncfs
toct `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf (@CX)
cfb ejace l`jkcss sojrtcdns
crn pjtnft`ce prjlenks `f rurce
crncs ji cee ijur b`v`s`jfs. Q`fan
iunewjjb `s c ajkpcrct`vney
kjrn niffia`nft iune w`to c o`donr
nfnrdy ajftnft, ton pjtnft`ce ijr
@CX kcy ln sjknwoct enss `f
Ao`ttcdjfd. Ron e`tten usn kcbn ji kprjvnb l`jkcss stjvns toct vnft skjmn tj ton jutbjjrs
cfb kjbnrf iunes crn `kpjrtcft rnectnb `ssuns, wo`ao crn b`saussnb `f Aocptnrs 1 cfb 2.
Ajkknra`ce`zct`jf ji L`jkcss Nfnrdy
C kcgjr ffifb`fd ji to`s stuby, cs knft`jfnb prnv`jusey, `s ton `farncs`fd ajkknra`ce`zct`jf
ji l`jkcss nfnrdy `f rurce crncs. Gust twj bnacbns cdj, kjst l`jkcss iunes wnrn ajeenatnb
irjk ton ejace nfv`rjfknft. Iunewjjb, ajfvnft`jfceey bnr`vnb irjk rurce rns`bnfts jwf
prjbuat`jf jr ejace ajeenat`jf, `s tjbcy kjrn e`mney tj ln puraocsnb irjk ejace kcrmnts.
32 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen .> 39.4 282.9 0.4 3?8.> 0.48 288.2 38.4
Rrnn encvns 3.? 4.9
Qcwbust 3.2 8 3.8 8 >.? 8
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Rclen 4.? 90.2 ?
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ojusnojebs aec`k tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps. Cetojudo ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty prninr nenatr`a
e`dot`fd tj mnrjsnfn, ufrne`clen suppey br`vns tonk tj usn mnrjsnfn eckps cs c lcamup f acsn
ji pjwnr ic`eurn. To`en jvnrcee nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf ijr e`dot`fd `s ejw, rnd`jfce b`iinrnfans
crn sulstcft`ce. Ijr nxckpen, rurce ojusnojebs `f Ao`ttcdjfd usn kjrn tocf tw`an cs kuao
nfnrdy cs tojsn f \cgsoco` (lnacusn ji b`iinrnfans f mnrjsnfn cfb nenatr`a`ty ajfsukpt`jf).
@f Mouefc, fncrey 0< pnranft ji e`dot`fd `s bnr`vnb irjk mnrjsnfn (snn Rclen ).
C kcgjr rncsjf ijr ton prjk`fnfan ji mnrjsnfn s toct nenatr`a`ty s fjt cvc`eclen f cee
crncs= nvnf wonrn cvc`eclen, ajfsuknr bnfs`ty s ejw. Rous, wo`en 99 pnranft ji ton v`eecdns
sckpenb ocb c dr`b ajffnat`jf, jfey 8 pnranft ji ojusnojebscbjptnb nenatr`a`ty, cetojudo ?8 pnranft ji v`eecdns ocb sjkn typn ji nenatr`a`ty snrv`an cvc`e-
clen (snn Rclen
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lut `t `s lnajk`fd sacranr tocf `f ton pcst,
cfb c s`df`ffiacft pjrt`jf `s ln`fd puraocsnb.
Ct ton sckn t`kn, kcfy rurce rns`bnfts crn
turf`fd tj rns`buns, faeub`fd drcss cfb encvns,
tj knnt ton`r bc`ey ajjm`fd fnnbs.@f tnrks ji e`dot`fd, mnrjsnfn s ton kc`f
nfnrdy sjuran, cetojudo kjst rurce ojusn-
ojebs wjueb prninr nenatr`a e`dot`fd `i `t wnrn
cvc`eclen. Nenatr`a`ty s fjt usnb cs nxtnfs`vney
cs `t k`dot ln, pnrocps lnacusn ji rnstr`at`vn
ojusnojeb ajffnat`jf pje`a`ns.
Ron nfnrdy-usn s`tuct`jf ji rurce ojusn-
ojebs `kpe`ns ton fnnb ijr pje`ay `f`t`ct`vns
toct prjkjtn kjrn niffia`nft usn ji l`jkcss nfnrdy, cfb ts farncsnb suppey cfb kjrn niffi-
a`nft usn cfb lnttnr pr`a`fd ji kjbnrf nfnrdy tj `farncsn suppey cfb rne`cl`e`ty. Rj dc`f c
aencrnr p`aturn ji wontonr rurce Lcfdecbnso`s crn kjv`fd up jr bjwf ton nfnrdy ecbbnr, t
`s ar`t`ace tj nxck`fn pcttnrfs ji nfnrdy bnkcfb (nxpnfb`turn cfb cssnt jwfnrso`p), wo`ao
crn ton sulgnat ji ton fnxt aocptnr.
Fjtns
3. Quao iunes cs ufprjanssnb cdr`aueturce rns`bun cfb ajw bufd crn ajfs`bnrnb finr`jr tj wjjb ijrajjm`fd cfb dnfnrceey prjbuan o`donr envnes ji @CX wonf lurfnb `f trcb`t`jfce stjvns.
1
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@f Lcfdecbnso, caanss tj kjbnrf nfnrdy `s c ajftnft`jus `ssun, rnvjev`fd crjufb ton
rjen ji nfnrdy kcrmnts. Cetojudo ffifcfa`ceey kjt`vctnb rurce sojpmnnpnrs sojueb wcft
tj jiinr cee typns ji ajkknra`ce iunes, djvnrfknft pje`a`ns bntnrk`fn, `f pcrt, wo`aokjbnrf iunes crn kcrmntnb `f rurce crncs. C kcgjr qunst`jf `s ojw kcrmnts acf iufat`jf
tj snrvn rurce pnjpen. Rj bntnrk`fn ton nxtnft tj wo`ao kjbnrf nfnrdy icatjrs `f kcrmnt
bnvnejpknft, to`s aocptnr nxck`fns pcttnrfs ji rurce ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn cfb
cssnt jwfnrso`p.
Nxpnfb`turn Xcttnrfs
Ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn bnpnfbs jf kcfy icatjrs, irjk ton cvc`ecl`e`ty cfb pr`a`fd
ji djjbs cfb snrv`ans tj ojusnojeb `fajkn. Ron ijeejw`fd snat`jfs sukkcr`zn ton socrnji tjtce rurce nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn ly nfnrdy sjuran cfb ojusnojeb fajkn cfb rnd`jf.
Ly Nfnrdy Qjuran
Cs I`durn 1.3 `eeustrctns, rurce rns`bnfts st`ee bnpnfb jf trcb`t`jfce l`jkcss, pcrt`auecrey
iunewjjb, tj knnt kjst ji ton`r nfnrdy fnnbs. Lut ton kpjrtcfan ji ajkknra`ce iunes icr
nxannbs ton`r lcs`a nfnrdy ajftnft.
Iunewjjb caajufts ijr 22 pnranft ji tjtce ojusnojeb nfnrdy usn cfb 1? pnranft ji
ajst. T`to rndcrb tj ton ajkknra`ce iunes puraocsnb `f rurce crncs, mnrjsnfn caajufts
ijr jfey < pnranft ji tjtce ojusnojeb nfnrdy usn lut 3< pnranft ji ajst, wo`en nenatr`a`ty
AOCXRN\ 1
Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Bnkcfb
30
Fjtn7 @f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, Oussc`f Qckcb wcs c ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojr ji to`s aocptnr.
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\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 31.0 330.0 3.8
4>388 >3.< 3>.0 389.> 8.?
6388 13.0 30.4 0?.3 8.4
B`v`s`jf
Ao`ttcdjfd 3>
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jvnrnst`kctnb ton lurbnf ji iune ajeenat`jf ly ao`ebrnf, wo`ao ffifb`fds irjk jtonr rnanftstub`ns jf nfnrdy cfb t`kn usn ajfffirk (Tjreb Lcfm
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@fajkn B`spcr`t`ns. Tonf jtonr vcr`clens crn oneb ajfstcft, ton prjlcl`e`ty ji ocv`fd
c ojusnojeb dr`b ajffnat`jf ocs lnnf ijufb tj `farncsn kjfjtjf`aceey cs `fajkn envnes
r`sn (Cscbuzzckcf cfb Ect`i ). Ijr nxckpen, ajkpcrnb tj ton ejwnst `fajkn qu`ft`en
(enss tocf Rm ,888), ton fnxt o`donr drjup (Rm ,888>8,888) s >8 pnranft kjrn e`mney
tj ocvn cf nenatr`a`ty ajffnat`jf (snn Rclen 1.1). Rous, ijr pjjrnr ojusnojebs, ton o`do ajst
ji jltc`f`fd c dr`b ajffnat`jf kcy ln prjo`l`t`vn. Tonf ajffnat`jf cfb ajfsukpt`jf
b`spcr`t`ns ly `fajkn qu`ft`en crn ajkpcrnb, jfn snns toct b`spcr`ty ly `fajkn `s o`donr
ijr ajfsukpt`jf lnacusn ojusnojebs w`tojut c ajffnat`jf crn faeubnb f ton ajfsukp-
t`jf aceauect`jf.
Tonf to`s stuby ajfs`bnrnb ton fbnpnfbnft funfan ji fajkn, rnsuets sojwnb toct
ton o`donst `fajkn qu`ft`en (kjrn tocf Rm 388,888) wcs ijur t`kns kjrn e`mney tocf ton
ejwnst (enss tocf Rm ,888) tj ocvn nenatr`a`ty, cfb ton e`mne`ojjb farncsnb w`to fajkn.
\nd`jfce Ycr`ct`jfs. Nenatr`a`ty ajffnat`jf cfb ajfsukpt`jf rctns cesj vcry s`df`ffiacftey
ly rnd`jf. Cs I`durn 1.1 `eeustrctns, Bocmc cfb Ao`ttcdjfd ocvn icr o`donr pnranftcdns ji
ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty ajffnat`jfs cfb, ajfsnqunftey, m`ejwctt-ojurs ji ajfsukpt`jf.
Mouefc nxo`l`ts ton ejwnst pnranftcdn ji ajffnat`jfs cfb m`ejwctt-ojurs usnb.
Mnrjsnfn vnrsus Nenatr`a`tyCetojudo 48 pnranft ji e`dot`fd nfnrdy s bnr`vnb irjk mnrjsnfn cfb jfey 18 pnranft irjk
nenatr`a`ty, `f tnrks ji ajst cfb m`ejeuknf jutput, nenatr`a`ty `s icr supnr`jr tj mnrjsnfn.
Nenatr`a`tys jutput pnr uf`t ji nfnrdy s 388 t`kns o`donr tocf toct ji mnrjsnfn. 11.4 394
4>388 1?.< 3?8
6388 >2.< 2>>
Cee qu`ft`ens
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Xr`an B`iinrnfans. Xr`ans pc`b ijr mnrjsnfn cfb nenatr`a e`dot`fd snrv`ans b`iinr kcrmnbey.
Ijr mnrjsnfn, pr`ans ijr qucft`t`ns usnb crn ic`rey uf`ijrk, ct Rm 8,8884>,888) pcy
ton ejwnst pr`an pnr uf`t cfb pjjrnst ojusnojebs (enss tocf Rm ,888) pcy ton o`donst
pr`an. Lut ijr nenatr`a`ty, pr`ans icee stncb`ey cs ojusnojeb `fajkns r`sn. Ron pr`an pc`b
ly ton o`donst `fajkn qu`ft`en
`s enss tocf ocei toct pc`b ly ton
ejwnst. Ly rnd`jf, ojusnojebs
`f Bocmc cfb Ao`ttcdjfd pcy
ton encst ckjuft.
Lnacusn ojusnojebs w`to
nenatr`a`ty nfgjy c kuao o`donrquce`ty ji e`dot`fd tocf tojsn toct
usn mnrjsnfn eckps, mnrjsnfn-
us`fd ojusnojebs wjueb fnnb
tj pcy 42 t`kns ton ckjuft pc`b
ly ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty
tj cttc`f ton sckn `eeuk`fct`jf
(snn Rclen 1.>). Ro`s rct`j r`sns
cs ojusnojebs kjvn up ton
`fajkn ecbbnr= toct `s, o`donr-
`fajkn ojusnojebs pcy c ejwnrpr`an ijr nenatr`a e`dot`fd tocf
bj pjjrnr jfns.
388 2.04 1.?9 >80.18 4.< 2.4 84> >.2 2.3 2.9 8.24 8.19 8.
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cljut 11 pnranft ji ojusnojebs jwf pjrtclen
stjvns, wo`ao kcy ln usnb ijr ajjm`fd jut-
bjjrs. C inw ojusnojebs cesj usn mnrjsnfn
stjvns, wo`en dcs cfb nenatr`a stjvns crn rcrn.
Cvnrcdn ajjm`fd t`kn `s tornn tj ijur ojurspnr bcy us`fd i`xnb stjvns cfb cljut twj
ojurs c bcy us`fd pjrtclen jfns.
Ron cvnrcdn aecy stjvn, wontonr ffixnb jr
pjrtclen, `s usnb twj tj tornn ojurs bc`ey.
Ojwnvnr, wonf tjtce niinat`vn ojurs (fuklnr
ji stjvns t`kns fuklnr ji ojurs ji jpnrct`jf)
crn ajfs`bnrnb, wnceto`nr ojusnojebs crn
ijufb tj ajjm ijr ejfdnr pnr`jbs ji t`kn tocf
pjjrnr jfns (snn Rclen 1.?).
Cs b`saussnb `f Aocptnr 2, @CX `s c kcgjr onceto r`sm ijr wjknf cfb ao`ebrnf. @t
kcy prnsnft cf nvnf kjrn snr`jus oczcrb ijr wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, d`vnf ton`r ejfdnr
ajjm`fd ojurs. Ct ton sckn t`kn, pjjrnr ojusnojebs, woj ajjm jfey jfan jr tw`an c bcy,
jitnf nfb up nct`fd ajeb knces kjrn irnqunftey tocf wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, woj ajjm
twj tj tornn knces pnr bcy. @f sojrt, ton fnt niinat ji @CX jf oukcf onceto cfb futr`t`jf
`s b`ii`auet tj prnb`at.
E`dot`fd Cppe`cfans
Mnrjsnfn Eckps. Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs usn twj kcgjr typns ji mnrjsnfn cppe`cfans7mup`s cfb ourr`acfn eckps. Ryp`aceey, mup`s crn ufajvnrnb eckps w`to c s`fden ocfbkcbn
w`am kcbn ji b`sacrbnb iclr`a. Ourr`acfn eckps, wo`ao ocvn c decss ao`kfny cfb to`amnr
(jitnf puraocsnb) w`ams, prjv`bn lr`dotnr e`dot tocf mup`s. @f cbb`t`jf tj tonsn typns,
prnssur`znb mnrjsnfn eckps, aceenb pntrjkcxns jr ocaocms, prjv`bn nvnf lr`dotnr e`dot.
Mup` jwfnrso`p `s v`rtuceey uf`vnrsce, wo`en ourr`acfn eckps crn jwfnb ly icr inwnr
ojusnojebs (snn Rclen 1.0). Xjjr rns`bnfts tnfb tj rney kjrn jf mup`s, wo`ao nk`t e`tten
e`dot. Ron prjpjrt`jf ji ojusnojebs woj jwf ourr acfn eckps `s s`k`ecr carjss b`v`s`jfs,
prjlcley fb`act`fd ton`r iufat`jf cs lcamup e`dot`fd ijr ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty.
Nenatr`a Eckps. Y`rtuceey cee ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty ocvn nenatr`a eckps (us`fd 98-T`facfbnsanft luels), ujrnsanft tulns, cfb ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps. Ron fuklnr ji
ojusnojebs us`fd kjrn niffia`nft ujrnsanft eckps s enss tocf tojsn us`fd facfbnsanft luels.
@f icat, jwfnrso`p ji ujrnsanft eckps s e`k`tnb cekjst nxaeus`vney tj ton twj o`donst fajkn
qu`ft`ens (snn Rclen 1.38). \urce Lcfdecbnso ocs v`rtuceey fj ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps. Ronsn
pcttnrfs crn ufbnrstcfbclen, d`vnf ton ecrdn pr`an b`iinrnft`ces lntwnnf cf `facfbnsanft luel
cfb ujrnsanft tuln jr ajkpcat ujrnsanft eckps us`fd s`k`ecr wcttcdn.
Jwfnrso`p ji nenatr`a eckps tous bnpnfbs jf ljto ton rctn ji rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb
ojusnojeb fajkn. Ron fuklnr ji e`dot`fd wctts pnr ojusnojeb cesj farncsns ly fajkn
envne. Ron wnceto`nst qu`ft`en ocs nenatr`a e`dots w`to c tjtce ji 3>9 wctts pnr ojusnojeb,
fncrey 38 t`kns kjrn tocf ton pjjrnst qu`ft`en. @f b`v`s`jfs w`to ejw rctns ji nenatr`a`ty usn,ton cvnrcdn fuklnr ji wctts pnr ojusnojeb `s typ`aceey ejw, dnfnrceey rnnat`fd ton rnspnat`vn
rnd`jfs rctn ji rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf.
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 8 >.0
>84> 4.8
4>388 ?.8
6388 0..8 39 32.? 8.1 39 8.9
>8 11.4 90 11.4 3.3 9< 0.388 1?.< 40 1?.4 3.2 90 32.< 3>9 >1.0
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icrknrs snenat`jf ji iunes cfb `rr`dct`jf pukps. Irjk c pje`ay pnrspnat`vn, `t `s ar`t`ace
tj bntnrk`fn ton rnect`vn `kpjrtcfan ji tonsn icatjrs, d`vnf ton ajkpnt`fd bnkcfb ijr
cetnrfct`vn sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb ts quce`ty. Ron qunst`jf ijr rnsncraonrs s to`s7 Toct crn
ton b`rnat`jf cfb kcdf`tubn ji tonsn
icatjrs niinats jf bnkcfb ijr vcr`jus
typns ji nfnrdy:
Rj cfswnr to`s qunst`jf, wn ajf-
buatnb cf najfjkntr`a cfceys`s tj prn-
b`at ojw ojusnojeb nfnrdy bnkcfb `sciinatnblyaocfdns`ftonvcr`jusicatjrs.
C tjl`t rndrnss`jf wcs ruf tj caajuft
ijr ojusnojebs ocv`fd znrj vceuns ijr
jfn jr kjrn typns ji nfnrdy bnkcfb.
Ron vcr`clens usnb cs funfa`fd icatjrs
wnrn dnfbnr ji ojusnojeb oncb, cdn,
kcx`kuk envne ji nbuact`jf `f ton
ojusnojeb, ojusnojeb fajkn (prjx`nb
ly ecfb cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts), ajk-kuf`ty pr`ans ijr kcgjr nfnrdy sjurans
cfb ajfsuknr djjbs, cfb ajkkuf`ty
`fircstruaturn vcr`clens.> Rclen 1.3.8 28.8 8.>1 39.8 8.39 34.1 8.34
>8
6388 >2.< 41.8 3.?4 >0.< 8.9< >8.8 8.>>
Cee qu`ft`ens .9 8.14
Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (
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wnrn ijufb tj pursun `kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy cfb `fvnst `f cssnts toct rnqu`rn kjrn
nfnrdy. Ojusnojeb `fajkn, cppjrt`jfnb ly ecfbojeb`fd cfb fjf-ecfb cssnts, `funfans
ton bnkcfb ijr iunewjjb cfb b`nsne, lut fjf-ecfb cssnts kcttnr kjst f bnkcfb ijr nena-
tr`a`ty. @t sojueb ln fjtnb toct `fajkn jw acf ln funfanb ly nenatr`a`ty ajfsukpt`jf,
wonrn nenatr`a`ty usn s v`nwnb cs cf fput f prjbuat`jf. Ly ajftrcst, cssnts crn stjams toct
bj fjt aocfdn jvnr ton sojrt tnrk lut jfey jvnr ton ejfd ruf. Ronrnijrn, wn usn cssnts
rctonr tocf `fajkn tj nst`kctn ton niinat ji ojusnojeb `fajkn prjx`ns jf nfnrdy usn. Ijr
nxckpen, cf `farncsn ji 3 carn `f ecfbojeb`fd `farncsns ojusnojeb ajfsukpt`jf ji iune-
wjjb ly 3.03 md pnr kjfto cfb mnrjsnfn ajfsukpt`jf ly 8.8? e`tnrs pnr kjfto. Cf cbb`-
t`jfce Rm 38,888 ji fjf-ecfb cssnts farncsns ojusnojeb nenatr`a`ty ajfsukpt`jf mTo
pnr kjfto.Cs `fajkns `farncsn, rurce ojusnojebs typ`aceey b`vnrs`iy ton`r nfnrdy pjrtije`js,
kjv`fd tjwcrb kjbnrf nfnrdy, wo`ao s fjt jfey kjrn niffia`nft lut cesj ceejws ojusnojeb
knklnrs tj `fvnst t`kn cfb kjfny `f kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns tocf l`jkcss nfnrdy
cejfn wjueb kcmn pjss`len. Ron stuby ffifb`fds ajfffirk toct nbuact`jf rnnats rurce pnjpens
prninrnfan ijr `kprjvnb sjurans ji nfnrdy. Ijr nxckpen, cf cbb`t`jfce yncr ji nbuact`jf
ijr ojusnojeb cbuet kcens farncsns nenatr`a`ty ajfsukpt`jf ly fncrey 3.29 mTo pnr kjfto.
Aocptnr 2 b`saussns f kjrn bntc`e ton lnfnffits ji ton trcfs`t`jf tj kjbnrf nfnrdy snrv`ans
(n.d., irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn jr mnrjsnfn tj nenatr`a`ty) jf jvnrcee ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb
prjbuat`v`ty.
Ron pr`an ji cf nfnrdy sjuran ocs c b`rnat niinat jf ts jwf ajfsukpt`jf cfb c arjss-niinatjf ton bnkcfb ijr cetnrfct`vn nfnrdy sjurans, bnpnfb`fd jf wontonr tony crn sulst`tutns.
Ijr nxckpen, c pr`an `farncsn `f iunewjjb encbs tj bnarncsnb bnkcfb ijr `t (b`rnat niinat)
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 13
Rclen 1.31. Nst`kctns ji Ojusnojeb Nfnrdy Bnkcfb
Ojusnojeb Bnkcfb (kjftoey)
Iunewjjb Mnrjsnfn B`nsne Nenatr`a`ty
Nxpecfctjry Ycr`clen (md/kjfto) (e`tnr/kjfto) (e`tnr/kjfto) (mTo/kjfto)
Ojusnojeb
Kcx`kuk nbuact`jf ji 3.29** 8.8
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cfb `farncsnb bnkcfb ijr mnrjsnfn (pjs`t`vn arjss-niinat). C s`k`ecr pjs`t`vn arjss-niinat `s
jlsnrvnb w`to rndcrb tj iunewjjb bnkcfb wonf ton pr`an ji mnrjsnfn r`sns. Ronsn ponfjk-
nfc aencrey suddnst toct, ijr rurce ojusnojebs, iunewjjb cfb mnrjsnfn crn sulst`tutns.
Ron prnsnfan ji nenatr`a`ty cesj farncsns iunewjjb bnkcfb. Roct iunewjjb s ajfs`bnrnb
c djjb iune ijr ajjm`fd f Lcfdecbnso suppjrts ton fjt`jf toct v`eecdns w`to nenatr`a`ty crnkjrn ciunft tocf tojsn w`tojut nenatr`a`ty. Ronsn kncsurns ocvn cf jvnrcee v`eecdn-envne
`fajkn niinat jf ton bnkcfb ijr cetnrfct`vn nfnrdy sjurans. @f cbb`t`jf, cvc`ecl`e`ty ji
nenatr`a`ty rnsuets f rnbua`fd v`eecdnw`bn nfnrdy pr`ans, wo`ao ciijrbs ojusnojebs kjrn tj
spnfb jf nfnrdy dnfnrceey, faeub`fd iunewjjb. Lut bnkcfb ijr mnrjsnfn bnae`fns w`to
v`eecdn nenatr`ffiact`jf, wo`ao s`dfces ton sulst`tut`jf niinat ji usnrs sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn
tj nenatr`a`ty (kjstey ijr e`dot`fd).
Qukk`fd ^p
@f rurce Lcfdecbnso, caanss tj nfnrdy s djvnrfnb fjt jfey ly `ts cvc`ecl`e`ty, lut cesj ly `ts
pr`a`fd (kjfntcry cfb fjf-kjfntcry), ojusnojeb `fajkn, cfb jtonr aocrcatnr`st`as.
Ojusnojeb bnkcfb ijr nfnrdy s snfs`t`vn tj ljto pr`an cfb fajkn. @i nenatr`a`ty s cvc`eclen,
ojusnojeb caanss `s bntnrk`fnb ly `fajkn= ton o`donr ton `fajkn (prjx`nb ly ecfb cfb
fjf-ecfb cssnts), ton drnctnr ton bnkcfb. Ijr cfy nfnrdy sjuran, pr`a`fd cesj bntnrk`fns
bnkcfb. Rous, nfnrdy caanss `s fjt nqu`tclen lnacusn ton sjuran `s n`tonr pr`anb tjj o`do
jr acrr`ns c o`do jppjrtuf`ty ajst (n.d., l`jkcss ajeenat`jf). @fnqu`tclen caanss cfb envne ji
usn kcy encb tj iurtonr fnqu`t`ns (n.d., ejw-`fajkn ojusnojebs kcy pcy icr o`donr pr`ans
ijr nqu`vcenft e`dot`fd snrv`ans). Ly nxpej`t`fd pr`an snfs`t`v`ty, pje`ay kcmnrs acf pecy c
rjen `f `funfa`fd bnkcfb (n.d., ly w`tobrcw`fd ton pr`an suls`by ijr cf nfnrdy sjuranwojsn bnkcfb `s `fsnfs`t`vn tj pr`an jr, ajfvnrsney, `ftrjbua`fd c pr`an suls`by ijr c
sjuran wojsn bnkcfb s fndct`vney snfs`t`vn tj pr`an). Ron fnxt aocptnr bnkjfstrctns ton
ejss tj ojusnojeb wneicrn toct acf rnsuet irjk suao fnqu`t`ns cfb ton kpjrtcft dc`fs toct
kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr kcmns pjss`len.
Fjtns
3. Kuao ji wjknfs t`kn `s spnft ajeenat`fd trnn encvns cfb drcss= `f tnrks ji iunewjjb ajeenat`jf,
knfs t`kn `s ct encst cs `kpjrtcft cs toct ji wjknf.. Jfey tojsn `funfa`fd vcr`clens ajfs`bnrnb kjst `kpjrtcft crn rnpjrtnb onrn= snn Rclen C
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Carjss ton bnvnejp`fd wjreb, rurce rns`bnfts ocvn lnfni`tnb irjk sw`tao`fd tj
nenatr`a`ty cfb jtonr ijrks ji kjbnrf nfnrdy. Xrjbuat`v`ty dc`fs `f cdr`aueturn
cfb lus`fnss ocvn farncsnb ojusnojeb wneicrn b`rnatey, wo`en sm`ees bnvnejpknftcfb kprjvnb nbuact`jf ocvn ajftr`lutnb fb`rnatey tj c o`donr quce`ty ji e`in.
Ro`s aocptnr ffirst ajfs`bnrs ton dc`fs f Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb icrk prj-
buat`v`ty toct rnsuet irjk kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr. D`vnf Lcfdecbnsos oncvy rne`cfan
jf l`jkcss ajjm`fd nfnrdy, ton onceto r`sm ji `fbjjr c`r pjeeut`jf (@CX) `s cfceyznb, cfb
pjtnft`ce k`t`dct`jf kncsurns crn ajfs`bnrnb. Fnxt, ton b`rnat cfb `fb`rnat lnfnffits ji
nfnrdy usn jf ojusnojeb fajkn cfb ajfsukpt`jf crn prnsnftnb w`to`f ton ajftnxt ji ton
nfnrdy ecbbnr typjejdy.
L`jkcss Ajjm`fd7 Irjk Rrcb`t`jfce tj Kjbnrf NfnrdyQjkn 0> pnranft ji Lcfdecbnso` ojusnojebs ajeenat jr puraocsn l`jkcss nfnrdy tj ajjm cee
jr pcrt ji ton`r knces, kc`fey us`fd ffixnb aecy stjvns. Cetojudo l`jkcss s irnney cvc`eclen jr
`fnxpnfs`vn, ton fonrnft fniffia`nfay ji stjvns, ajkl`fnb w`to ton o`do kj`sturn ajftnft ji
l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes, rnsuets f `fajkpentn ajklust`jf, wo`ao prjbuans nxanss`vn skjmn.
@fbjjr C`r Xjeeut`jf irjk Rrcb`t`jfce Qtjvns7 Nkp`r`ace Nv`bnfan
Ejfd-tnrk nxpjsurn tj skjmn cfb skcee pcrt`auectns ocs ejfd lnnf ajfs`bnrnb cf nfv`rjf-
knftce onceto r`sm. Cetojudo tonrn crn kcfy wcys tj kncsurn nxpjsurn tj skjmn, ton kjst
AOCXRN\ 2
Ojusnojeb Dc`fs irjk Nfnrdy ^sn
11
@f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, Oussc`f Qckcb cfb Qusk`tc Bcsduptc wnrn ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojrsji to`s aocptnr.
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Nv`bnfan suddnsts toct pjeeut`jf envnes f e`v`fd crncs cbgcanft tj ton m`taonf crn lrjcbey
s`k`ecr. Nxanpt ijr c inw ojurs f ton ncrey kjrf`fd cfb ncrey citnrfjjf, XK38 ajfanftrct`jfs
`f m`taonf cfb e`v`fd crncs rnkc`f icr cljvn 388 d/k1, ton @fb`cf stcfbcrb ijr c`r pjeeut`jf
ejcb. Ckl`nft ajfanftrct`jf, ijr ton kjst pcrt, rnkc`fs lnejw ton @fb`cf stcfbcrb, nxanpt
bur`fd ncrey nvnf`fd ojurs (snn I`durn 2.3).Cs Bcsduptc nt ce. (
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b`sncsns. Ijr ao`ebrnf cfb cbjensanfts 38 tj 30 yncrs ji cdn, cljut ? pnranft ji ljto dnfbnrs
wnrn ciinatnb. Ijr cbuets
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X`tt, \jsnfzwn`d, cfb Ocsscf (), wjrm`fd w`to Lcfdecbnso bctc, sojw toct suao
nxpjsurns kcy fjt ln rcfbjk. Ron`r ffifb`fds sojw toct ajjm`fd s bjfn kjstey ly wjknf.
Lut tojsn wjknf `f pjjrnr onceto crn kjrn `fvjevnb `f ajjm`fd, pjss`ley lnacusn tony
ocvn e`tten aocfan tj sw`tao tj aencfnr iunes jr lnacusn ton tcsm icees jftj tojsn woj jtonrw`snacffjt ajftr`lutn tj kjrn prjbuat`vn cat`v`t`ns. Ckjfd kjtonrs, tojsn w`to yjufd ao`ebrnf
crn enss fvjevnb f ajjm`fd tocf jtonrs, fb`act`fd toct ajjms nxpjsnb tj @CX crn ajfsa`jus
ji ts oczcrbs cfb cvj`b tonk cs kuao cs pjss`len. Pnt, lnacusn iune-sulst`tut`jf pjss`l`e`t`ns
crn nxtrnkney e`k`tnb jr ajstey, ton cbgustknfts crn fsuiffia`nft.
Ro`s stuby ocs bntnatnb bcfdnrjusey o`do envnes ji pjeeut`jf `f rurce Lcfdecbnso`
ojusnojebs. Ajfanftrct`jfs ji rnsp`rclen c`rljrfn pcrt`auectns (XK38) 188 d/k1 jr drnctnr
crn ajkkjf, `kpey`fd w`bnsprncb nxpjsurn tj c snr`jus onceto oczcrb. T`to`f ojusnojebs,
`fb`v`buces nxpjsurn `s rnectnb tj ajfanftrct`jfs ji pjeeut`jf `f `fbjjr ejact`jfs bur`fd ton
bc`ey rjufb ji cat`v`t`ns. Ron nst`kctns rnvnce o`do envnes ji nxpjsurn ijr ao`ebrnf cfb cbjens-
anfts ji ljto snxns, w`to ao`ebrnf ufbnr ffivn yncrs ji cdn ct farncsnb r`sm. Ckjfd pr`kn-cdnbcbuets, knf ocvn ocei ton nxpjsurn ji wjknf (wojsn nxpjsurn `s s`k`ecr tj toct ji ao`ebrnf
cfb cbjensanfts). Nebnrey knf cesj ocvn s`df`ffiacftey ejwnr nxpjsurn tocf nebnrey wjknf.
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 14
I`durn 2.1. Xjeeut`jf Icatjrs cfb XK38 Ajfanftrct`jfs
Qjuran7 Bcsduptc nt ce. (
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Xrnb`atcley, iune aoj`an ciinats `fbjjr pjeeut`jf envnes. Mnrjsnfn cfb fcturce dcs crn
s`df`ffiacftey aencfnr tocf l`jkcss iunes. Lut najfjkntr`a rnsuets strjfdey suddnst toct anrtc`f
ojusnojeb aocrcatnr`st`asajfstruat`jf kctnr`ces, spcan ajfffidurct`jfs, ajjm`fd ejact`jfs,
cfb usn ji bjjrs cfb w`fbjwskcttnr cs kuao jr pnrocps kjrn tocf iune aoj`an f bntnr-
k`f`fd XK38 ajfanftrct`jfs. @f sjkn l`jkcss-lurf`fd ojusnojebs, ajfanftrct`jfs crnsacraney o`donr tocf f tojsn us`fd fcturce dcs.
Carjss ojusnojebs, ick`ey fajkn cfb cbuet nbuact`jf envnes (pcrt`auecrey toct ji wjknf)
s`df`ffiacftey ciinat aoj`ans ji ajjm`fd iunes, ajjm`fd ejact`jfs, ajfstruat`jf kctnr`ces, cfb
vnft`ect`jf prcat`ans. Cs c rnsuet, ton pjjrnst, encst-nbuactnb ojusnojebs ocvn tw`an ton
pjeeut`jf envnes ji o`donr-`fajkn ojusnojebs w`to o`doey nbuactnb cbuets. Ron nxpjsurn
ji yjufd ao`ebrnf cfb pjjrey nbuactnb wjknf `f pjjr ojusnojebs `s qucbrupen toct ji
knf f o`donr-`fajkn ojusnojebs jrdcf`znb ly kjrn o`doey nbuactnb wjknf.
Xjss`len Dc`fs irjk Ajjm`fd w`to Kjbnrf Qtjvns^sn ji `kprjvnb stjvns cfb kjrn kjbnrf ijrks ji ajjm`fd nfnrdy ocs snvnrce aecssns ji
lnfnffits, sjkn ji wo`ao crn pr`vctn cfb jtonrs pule`a. Ro`s snat`jf ajfs`bnrs kc`fey ton
pr`vctn lnfnffits, wo`ao crn ic`rey snei-nv`bnft. Lnacusn kprjvnb stjvns rnqu`rn enss iune, us`fd
tonk rnbuans n`tonr ton t`kn spnft ajeenat`fd l`jkcss iunes jr ton kjfny spnft tj puraocsn
tonk. Ajjm`fd w`to kjbnrf iunes `fvjevns acso nxpnfsns, lut cesj nftc`es kcfy lnfnffits.
@f kjst rurce najfjk`ns, l`jkcss iunes crn ajeenatnb irjk ton ejace nfv`rjfknft=
tous, ton lnfnffits kc`fey fvjevn ton rnbuat`jf f ajeenat`jf t`kn ijr ojusnojeb knklnrs,
nspna`ceey wjknf. Cs rnpjrtnb `f Aocptnr 1, cffuce l`jkcss-ajeenat`jf t`kn ijr rurce
ojusnojebs f Lcfdecbnso tjtces cljut 8 ji wo`ao crn ajftr`lutnb ly wjknf).
Ro`s kncfs toct us`fd cf kprjvnb stjvn scvns cljut pnranft ji ljto iune cfb ajeenat`jf
t`kn, rnprnsnft`fd c s`df`i`acft cffuce scv`fds. Ijr tojsn toct puraocsn l`jkcss iunes,
ton lnfni`ts crn s`k`ecr tj, lut kjrn strc`dotijrwcrb tocf, t`kn scv`fds. @i pnranft enss
iune `s usnb ijr ton sckn ckjuft ji ajjm`fd, tonf cvj`bnb nxpnfsns nquces c pnranft
kjfntcry dc`f. Q`k`ecr pjtnft`ce dc`fs acf rnsuet irjk us`fd kjbnrf iunes, suao cs EXD,
ijr ajjm`fd.
@t `s fjt cs strc`dotijrwcrb tj nst`kctn ton pr`vctn onceto lnfnffits ji us`fd `kprjvnb
stjvns cfb kjbnrf ajjm`fd iunes (n.d., cvj`bnb nyn `rr`tct`jf cfb `eefnssns jr ncrey bnctos
acusnb ly nxpjsurn tj o`do envnes ji @CX cfb `kprjvnb aencfe`fnss ji ton ojkn). Kjst
ojusnojebs crn wnee cwcrn ji ton lnfnffits ji ne`k`fct`fd skjmn irjk ton`r m`taonfs cfb jtonrrjjks. Ojusnojeb knklnrs, nspna`ceey wjknf, mfjw ton brubdnry `fvjevnb `f mnnp`fd
pcfs cfb wcees irnn ji ton nxtnfs`vn acrljf prjbuanb ly trcb`t`jfce stjvns. Cssuk`fd ton
sckn envne ji snrv`an cfb ncsn ji usn, ojusnojebs sojueb, ct encst tonjrnt`aceey, ln w`ee`fd tj
pcy kjrn ijr c stjvn toct `fvjevns enss nyn cfb torjct `rr`tct`jf cfb enss aencf`fd ji pjts
cfb pcfs. Ojwnvnr, ton onceto cfb cvj`bnb bncto lnfnffits crn kjrn b`iffiauet tj drcsp.2
Bnsp`tn tonsn b`iffiauet`ns, ton Tjreb Onceto Jrdcf`zct`jf s kcm`fd niijrts tj qucft`iy
sjkn ji ton pule`a cfb pr`vctn lnfnffits ji us`fd kprjvnb stjvns jr sulst`tut`fd pntrjenuk
ijr l`jkcss ajjm`fd iunes (Outtjf cfb \noiunss
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lnst fnw-dnfnrct`jf kjbnes, ecst`fd > tj 38 yncrs, ajst cljut ^Q$>8. Rous, ojusnojebs
toct usn suao stjvns acf nxpnat c pjs`t`vn rnturf jf `fvnstknft w`to`f twj yncrs.
Ron lnfnffits ji kprjvnb stjvns, w`to anrtc`f acvncts, s`df`ffiacftey jutwn`do ton ajsts, ct
encst f tonjry. fijrtufctney, ton rurce rnce`ty tnees c kuao b`iinrnft stjry. @i rurce ojusnojebs
pnran`vnb toct nvnf c ircat`jf ji ton lnfnffits bnvnejpnb ufbnr ton fct`jfce prjdrck wnrntrun, ton prjdrck wjueb fjt rnqu`rn s`df`ffiacft suls`bns. \urce rns`bnfts wjueb ln w`ee`fd
tj puraocsn suao stjvns ct ton`r rntc`e ajst. Lut `kprjvnb stjvns kust ln bns`dfnb tj bne`vnr
c rcfdn ji ajjm`fd snrv`ans toct pnjpen wcft7 iune niffia`nfay, rnbuat`jf f @CX, cl`e`ty tj ajjm
c w`bn crrcy ji ijjb prnpcrct`jfs, ajjm`fd ajfvnf`nfan, cfb nvnf cttrcat`vnfnss `f ton
m`taonf jr rjjk. D`vnf ton o`stjry ji ejw cbjpt`jf rctns, `t `s aencr toct pcst djvnrfknft
suls`b`ns usnb tj prjkjtn ton prjdrck ocvn lnnf prjlenkct`a.
Bnsp`tn ton niinat`vnfnss ji kprjvnb stjvns tj rnbuan fbjjr ajjm`fd skjmn, prjdrcks
irjk crjufb ton wjreb rnvnce c w`bn rcfdn ji suaanssns cfb ic`eurns. Jlv`jusey, i c ojusnojeb
bna`bns tj rnvnrt tj c trcb`t`jfce stjvn jr usns cf kprjvnb stjvn toct bnvnejps arcams cfb
encms, ton bns`rnb kprjvnknfts f ajjm`fd niffia`nfay cfb rnbuanb @CX w`ee fjt ln cao`nvnb.
@f cbb`t`jf, nvnf citnr c ojusnojeb cbjpts cf kprjvnb stjvn, fbjjr pjeeut`jf envnes rnkc`f
s`df`ffiacftey o`donr tocf tojsn cbvjactnb ly ftnrfct`jfce bnvnejpknft jrdcf`zct`jfs, suao
cs ton Tjreb Onceto Jrdcf`zct`jf cfb nfv`rjfknftce cdnfa`ns. Aencrey, Lcfdecbnso rnqu`rns
kjrn jpt`jfs w`to rndcrb tj ton typns ji `kprjvnb stjvns prjkjtnb cfb pjtnft`ce usn ji
kjbnrf ajjm`fd iunes.
Irjk Mnrjsnfn tj Nenatr`a E`dot`fd
Ron o`do-quce`ty e`dot`fd ciijrbnb ly nenatr`a`ty ocs kpjrtcft ajfsnqunfans ijr Lcfdecbnso`
ojusnojeb wneicrn. Ro`s stuby cppe`nb ton ajfanpt ji ajfsuknrs surpeus tj kncsurn ton
wneicrn dc`fs ijr e`dot`fd rnsuet`fd irjk trcfs`t`jf`fd irjk enss niffia`nft mnrjsnfn-us`fd
bnv`ans tj tojsn us`fd nenatr`a`ty tj jltc`f ton sckn ckjuft ji lnfnffit (Cffnx 1). Q`k`ecr
kncsurnknfts ajueb ln kcbn ijr jtonr snrv`ans (n.d., nftnrtc`fknft), wo`ao wnrn lnyjfb
ton sajpn ji to`s stuby.
Dc`fs `f Nbuact`jf
Kjuft`fd dejlce nv`bnfan suddnsts toct rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf s aejsney t`nb tj o`donr fajkncfb kprjvnb nbuact`jf. Ycr`jus stub`ns ocvn ajfffirknb ton e`fm lntwnnf rurce nenatr`ffi-
act`jf cfb nbuact`jf, suddnst`fd toct ao`ebrnfs saojje cttnfbcfan kprjvns cs ojusnojebs
cbjpt nenatr`a`ty (Muemcrf`, Lcrfns, cfb Xcrjb`
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@fbnnb, ajkpcrnb tj nenatr`a e`dot`fd, usn ji mnrjsnfn eckps vcr`ns ajfs`bnrcley enss lyfuklnr ji stubnfts (snn Rclen 2.
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ijr e`dot`fd. Cetojudo to`s `s c rctonr rub`knftcry kncsurn, `t `s `ftnrnst`fd tj ajkpcrnmnrjsnfn nxpnfb`turns ijr ojusnojebs w`to cfb w`tojut nenatr`a`ty. Lnacusn ojusnojebs
w`tojut nenatr`a`ty spnfb kjrn jf mnrjsnfn, sjkn iune sulst`tut`jf jaaurs (snn Rclen 2.>).
Dnfnrceey, ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty spnfb 88 tcmcs enss pnr yncr jf mnrjsnfn.
Cetojudo to`s cvj`bnb nxpnfb`turn s cf ftnrnst`fd lnfnffit, t snvnrney ufbnrnst`kctns ton
trun lnfnffits lnacusn ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty ocvn s`df`ffiacftey kjrn e`dot ajkpcrnb tj
tojsn w`to mnrjsnfn eckps.
C lnttnr wcy tj kncsurn ton wneicrn dc`fs ji sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn tj nenatr`a-
`ty `fvjevns c ajfanpt aceenb ajfsuknrs surpeus, wo`ao `s lcsnb jf c bnkcfb survny
ijr e`dot`fd (snn Cffnx 1). Ron dc`f `f wneicrn, cs kncsurnb ly ajfsuknrs surpeus, `s
sulstcft`ce ijr ton cvnrcdn ajfsuknr sw`tao`fd irjk cfy ji ton mnrjsnfn eckps tj nenatr`ae`dots (snn Rclen 2.9). Ron nst`kctnb lnfni`t `s 28 tj 2> pnranft ji ojusnojeb `fajkn
(c sulstcft`ce dc`f `f tnrks ji Lcfdecbnso` tcmcs). Ron rncsjf `s ton `fonrnft nii`a`nfay
ji nenatr`a eckps. Ron pr`an ji ncao m`ejeuknf-ojur irjk facfbnsanft luels jr ujrnsanft
tulns s jfey cljut 3.21 pnranft ji ton ajst ji ajkpcrclen e`dot`fd snrv`an irjk mnrjsnfn
eckps (snn Rclen 1.>).
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 23
Rclen 2.2. Ojusnojebs ly E`dot`fd Qystnk cfb @fajkn
@fajkn Su`ft`en Rypn ji Ojkn E`dot`fd Qystnk (% ojusnojebs)
(tojuscfbs ji Rm/yncr) Mup` Jfey Ourr`acfn-lcsnb Nenatr`a`ty-lcsnb
5 23.2 21.9 3>.3
>8 30.> >4.1 84> 31.1 >1.8 11.4
4>388 38.9 >3.< 1?..8 28.9 >2.2
Cvnrcdn 8.?
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@ftnrnst`fdey, wonf ajfsuknrs crn b`v`bnb `ftj `fajkn aecssns, ton rnect`vn `fajkn
dc`fs crn o`donr ijr pjjrnr drjups. Lut cs nxpnatnb, lnacusn ji ton o`donr bnfs`ty ji eckps
ijufb f wnceto`nr ojusnojebs, ton`r clsjeutn dc`fs crn twj tj tornn t`kns o`donr tocf tojsn
ji pjjrnr drjups. Ronsn ffifb`fds ocvn kcgjr rurce nfnrdy pje`ay kpe`act`jfs ijr Lcfdecbnso.
Irjk Kcfuce tj Knaocf`znb Icrk`fd
Ro`s stuby oypjtons`znb toct us`fd kjbnrf nfnrdy ijr icrk`fd uet`kctney encbs tj dc`fs`f cdr`aueturce prjbuat`v`ty. Caajrb`fd tj ton ^f`tnb Fct`jfs K`eenff`uk Xrjgnat7 Ct
ton ojusnojeb sacen, kjbnrf nfnrdy snrv`ans b`rnatey ajftr`lutn tj najfjk`a drjwto cfb
pjvnrty rnbuat`jf. Rony arnctn jppjrtuf`t`ns ijr fajkn dnfnrct`jf, rnbuan uf`t ajsts, cfb
nfclen farncsnb fajkn irjk cdr`aueturn jr cf`kce ouslcfbry ly pnrk`tt`fd pukp`fd ijr
suppenknftcry `rr`dct`jf, wo`ao enssnfs ton r`sms cssja`ctnb w`to rc`finb systnks cfb
nfclens `farncs`fd arjp cfb pcsturn prjbuat`v`ty, cs wnee cs sw`tao`fd tj o`donr-vceun
arjps (^f`tnb Fct`jfs ). Jfn sojueb ftnrprnt ton dc`fs b`saussnb onrn w`to acut`jf,
ojwnvnr, cs kjrn ftnfs`vn bctc s fnnbnb tj ajfbuat cf cpprjpr`ctn cfceys`s.>, 9
@kprjvnb Xrjbuat`v`ty
Lcfdecbnsos cdr`aueturn `s aocrcatnr`znb ly tornn r`an-arjpp`fd sncsjfs (Aocptnr >).
Irjk ton v`nwpj`ft ji nfnrdy fputs, ton kjst kpjrtcft s ton bry sncsjf, wonf rr`dctnb
w`ftnr r`an (ljrj) `s drjwf= ljrj r`an caajufts ijr rjudoey >8 pnranft ji r`an prjbuat`jf.
Ron jtonr s ton pcrtey wnt/pcrtey bry sncsjf, wonf ckcf r`an, wo`ao kcy rnqu`rn suppen-
knftcry rr`dct`jf, s drjwf. @f cee arjpp`fd sncsjfs, ljto lueejams cfb pjwnr t`eenrs crn usnb
ijr ecfb prnpcrct`jf. Cs c rnsuet, ijur lcs`a typns ji nfnrdy-us`fd tnaofjejdy crn aecss`ffinb ly
nfnrdy-usn kpjrtcfan f prjbuat`jf7 ejw t`eecdnejw rr`dct`jf, ejw t`eecdno`do rr`dct`jf,
o`do t`eecdnejw rr`dct`jf, cfb o`do t`eecdno`do rr`dct`jf (snn Rclen 2.4). Ejw `rr`dct`jf
`s bnffifnb cs ton clsnfan ji `rr`dct`jf jr kcfuce `rr`dct`jf, wo`en o`do `rr`dct`jf rninrs tjusn ji knaocf`znb (b`nsne jr nenatr`a) pukps. Ejw t`eecdn `s bnffifnb cs ton usn ji lueejams
`f ecfb prnpcrct`jf, wo`en o`do t`eecdn rninrs tj ton usn ji pjwnr t`eenrs jr trcatjrs.
2< Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen 2.9. Tneicrn Dc`fs irjk Qw`tao`fd E`dot fd Qystnks
Qystnk Rrcfs`t`jf
@fajkn Drjup Mup` Jfey tj Ourr`acfn- tj Mup` Jfey tj
(tojuscfbs ji Rm/yncr) Ourr`acfn-lcsnb Nenatr`a`ty-lcsnb Nenatr`a`ty-lcsnb
5 >9 (2.8) ?1? (>0.2) ?02 (91.>)
>8 94 (84> ?1 (3.4)
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Kjbnrf nfnrdy usn s pcrt`auecrey rnenvcft bur`fd ton ljrj sncsjf cfb, tj c ajfs`bnrclen
nxtnft, f ton ckcf sncsjf. \urce Lcfdecbnso ocs jfey twj kcgjr ajkl`fct`jfs ji nfnrdy
tnaofjejdy7 ejw t`eecdnejw rr`dct`jf cfb ejw t`eecdno`do rr`dct`jf. Nkp`r`aceey, t `s ton
b`iinrnfan lntwnnf ton ffirst twj actndjr`ns toct `fb`actns ton prjbuat`v`ty-rc`s`fd niinat ji
kjbnrf nfnrdy, pcrt`auecrey bur`fd ton ljrj sncsjf cfb f pcbby auet`vct`jf, wo`ao caajufts
ijr kjst icrknb ecfb.
Ron stuby ijufb prjbuat`v`ty b`iinrnfans ly nfnrdy typn ijr ljrj cfb ckcf pcbby ijr
jwfnb ecfb auet`vctnb ly ton sckpen rnspjfbnfts (snn Rclen 2.?). Icrk prjbuat`v`ty `s s`d-
f`ffiacftey o`donr bur`fd ton ljrj cfb ckcf sncsjfs ( pnranft
`kprjvnknft `f prjbuat`v`ty acf lncttr`lutnb tj sw`tao`fd irjk ejw t`eecdn
ejw `rr`dct`jf tj ton o`donr `rr`dct`jf
sanfcr`j. @f clsjeutn tnrks, ton ffidurn
tjtces fncrey Rm 3,?88 pnr carn. Ijr ckcf
pcbby, ly ajftrcst, nst`kctnb `kprjvn-
knfts crn sulstcft`ceey skceenr jr kcy
fjt ln aencrey b`sanrf`len lnacusn `rr`-
dct`jf kcy ln suppenknftce, bnpnfb`fd
jf rc`ficee envne f c pcrt`auecr ejact`jf
jr icrknrs ecfb ajfb`t`jfs.@f rnce`ty, ton dc`fs kcy ln nvnf
kjrn sulstcft`ce cfb `fnqu`tcley b`s-
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 21
Rclen 2.4. Icrk Ojusnojeb B`str`lut`jf ly R`eecdn/@rr`dct`jf Rnaofjejd`ns
\`an Arjpp`fd Qncsjf (%)
Nfnrdy Rnaofjejdy Ajkl`fct`jfs Cus Ckcf Ljrj Jvnrcee
Ejw t`eecdnEjw `rr`dct`jf 0?.3 01.3 23.0 10.2
Ejw t`eecdnO`do `rr`dct`jf 3.1 2.0 >9.1 >?. 3.2 8.2 3.2 *
Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (c 09c
O`do t`eecdn@rr`dct`jf 328l 9?l,c
(ejw cfb o`do)
Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (8 squcrn ycrbs= ajkpcr`sjfscrn ijr ton sckn arjp (w`to`f sckn ajeukf)lntwnnf tnaofjejdy envnes.cI`durns b`iinr ct 3 pnranft s`df`ffiacfan envne.lI`durns b`iinr ct > pnranft s`df`ffiacfan envne.
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tr`lutnb. Rclen 2.0 `eeustrctns ton `ssun ijr ljrj pcbby prjbuat`jf. Ljto snts ji jlsnrvnb cfb
nst`kctnb y`neb ffidurns ijr ejw-nfnrdy tnaofjejdy usnrs nxo`l`t ton aecss`a pcttnrf ji fndct`vn
s`znprjbuat`v`ty rnect`jfso`p. Lut ton jlsnrvnb y`nebs ijr o`do-nfnrdy tnaofjejdy usnrs crn
s`k`ecr ijr nvnry ecfb-jwfnrso`p aecss. Ron aocfdn `f ecfb prjbuat`v`ty irjk nfnrdy usn `s
e`mney kcsmnb ly ton `funfan ji jtonr icatjrs. Cetojudo ljto jlsnrvnb cfb nst`kctnb y`nebs
icee w`to r`s`fd ecfb jwfnrso`p, ton jfn o`do `f nfnrdy usn bnae`fns ct c sejwnr rctn tocf ton
jfn ejw f usn, fb`act`fd farncs`fdey drnctnr dc`fs irjk o`donr icrk tnaofjejdy (nfnrdy) usn.
Ron pnranftcdn b`iinrnfans f nst`kctnb y`nebs ijr o`do nfnrdy usn crn sjknwoct enss tocftojsn ijr ton jlsnrvnb ffidurns, lut ton pcttnrfs crn s`k`ecr. Iurtonrkjrn, ton cvnrcdn dc`f
`s 1< pnranft (Rm 1,288), fncrey bjulen toct suddnstnb `f`t`ceey ly ton rndrnss`jf nquct`jf.
Ron ajfaeus`jf `s toct icrk ojusnojebs toct kjvn up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr nfgjy c sulstcf-
t`ce dc`f f prjbuat`v`ty cfb acf prjv`bn rr`dct`jf jr puraocsn rr`dct`jf wctnr ijr ton`r icrks.
Cljut >8 pnranft ji ton cvnrcdn dc`f `f trcfs`t`jf`fd irjk ejwnr- tj o`donr-nfnrdy tnaofje-
jdy `s bnr`vnb irjk sw`tao`fd tj kjrn `ftnfs`vn `rr`dct`jf us`fd knaocf`znb (b`nsne jr
nenatr`a) `rr`dct`jf pukps, w`to ajkpenknftcry icatjrs caajuft`fd ijr ton jtonr >8 pnranft.
Jvnrcee @fajkn Dc`fs7 Kjv`fd ^p ton Nfnrdy Ecbbnr
Rous icr, to`s aocptnr ocs nxck`fnb sjkn ji ton dc`fs bnr`vnb irjk us`fd kjrn kjbnrf
nfnrdy ijr ton spna`ffia crncs ji e`dot`fd, ajjm`fd, cfb `rr`dct`jf. Ro`s snat`jf nxck`fns
kjrn dnfnrce `fajkn dc`fs toct acf ln bnr`vnb irjk kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr, kcfy
ji wo`ao jvnrecp w`to tojsn cerncby bnsar`lnb. @f sojrt, ton dc`fs bnsar`lnb f to`s snat`jf
crn c kjrn dnfnrce `fb`actjr ji ton vceun ji ton aocfdns toct rnsuet irjk `kprjvnb ajjm`fd
cfb e`v`fd stcfbcrbs kcbn pjss`len ly lnttnr wcys ji us`fd nfnrdy.
Arjss-snat`jfce Ajrrnect`jfs ji Nenatr`a`ty ^sn cfb @fajknRo`s stuby survny kncsurnb ojusnojeb `fajkn snpcrctney ijr lus`fnss cfb wcdn-rnectnb
cat`v`t`ns. Kjrn spna`ffiaceey, tonrn crn ijur kncsurns ji `fajkn, `faeub`fd cdr`aueturn
22 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen 2.0. Xcbby Xrjbuat`v`ty f Ljrj Qncsjf ly Ecfb Jwfnrso`p
(drjss vceun f Rm/bna`kce)
Rnaofjejdy
Ecfb Jwfnrso`p Jlsnrvnb Nst`kctnb
(bna`kce)* Ejw-nfnrdy O`do-nfnrdy Ejw-nfnrdy O`do-nfnrdy
320 392 324 (38) 328 320 (9)
>8 (1) 388 09 329 (>88 ?8 323 (49) ?0 318 (29)
Cvnrcdn 33? 32> (
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(icrk-prjbuat`jf cat`v`t`ns), fjf-cdr`aueturn (nftrnprnfnur`ce cat`v`t`ns), cdr`aueturce wcdn
ecljr, cfb fjf-cdr`aueturce wcdn ecljr. Ro`s snat`jf nxck`fns fajkn envnes ijr ojusnojebs
w`to cfb w`tojut nenatr`a`ty, wo`en ton fnxt jfn nxpejrns `fajkn dc`fs irjk us`fd kjrn
kjbnrf nfnrdy, ajftrjee`fd ijr kcfy jtonr icatjrs.
Jvnrcee, ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty ocvn s`df`ffiacftey o`donr fajkns tocf tojsn w`tojutnenatr`a`ty (snn Rclen 2.38). Ro`s s dnfnrceey trun w`to rndcrb tj fajkn irjk fjf-cdr`aueturce
cat`v`t`ns, nxanpt `f b`v`s`jfs wonrn `rr`dct`jf `s kjrn prnvcenft, fjtcley \cgsoco`. @f
jtonr b`v`s`jfs, ton rnect`jfso`p kcy ln rnvnrsnb. \ndcrb`fd cdr`aueturce wcdn ecljr, ton
rnect`jfso`p s ajuftnr`ftu`t`vn, cs t rnectns fndct`vney tj ojusnojeb nenatr`ffiact`jf. I`fceey,
fjf-cdr`aueturce wcdn ecljr `s sojwf tj ocvn e`tten rnenvcfan tj nenatr`ffiact`jf. Rous, `t `s
kc`fey `fajkn irjk fjf-cdr`aueturce cat`v`t`ns toct ocs ton kjst stclen rnect`jfso`p w`to
nenatr`ffiact`jf. D`vnf ton ejw usn ji nenatr`a`ty ijr `rr`dct`jf `f Lcfdecbnso, to`s `s fjt cf
ufnxpnatnb ffifb`fd.
Nenatr`a`ty `s fjt ton jfey kjbnrf nfnrdy sjuran usnb `f cdr`aueturn. Ron kc`f iuneusnb ijr `rr`dct`jf `f Lcfdecbnso `s b`nsne. Cs b`saussnb prnv`jusey, rurce ojusnojebs acf
dc`f sulstcft`ceey ly kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnrwontonr sw`tao`fd irjk mnrjsnfn
mup`s tj nenatr`a eckps, kcfuce rr`dct`jf tj nenatr`a pukpsnts, jr fniffia`nft l`jkcss stjvns
tj `kprjvnb kjbnes us`fd aencfnr-lurf`fd iunes. Q`k`ecrey, icrk prjbuat`v`ty dc`fs irjk
sw`tao`fd tj knaocf`znb rr`dct`jf crn nst`kctnb ct 34 tj
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Rclen 2.38. Ojusnojeb @fajkn B`iinrnft`ces ly Nenatr ffiact`jf Qtctus
(Rm pnr yncr)
Nenatr`a`ty B`v`s`jf
@fajkn Qjuran Ajffnat`jf Ao`ttcdjfd Bocmc Mouefc
Cdr`aueturn Fj 13,449c 34,12? l
Pns
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ocs ton o`donst envne ji `kpcat jf ljto
nfnrdy nxpnfb`turns cfb ton nqu`vcenft
kncsurn ji `fajkn.
Cs k`dot ln nxpnatnb, e`dot`fd
nfnrdy ocs c drnctnr niinat jf fjf-icrk`fajkn tocf icrk `fajkn. Ajfvnrsney,
fjf-e`dot`fd nfnrdy ocs c drnctnr niinat
jf icrk fajkn tocf fjf-icrk fajkn.
Rous, e`dot`fd s kjrn kpjrtcft ijr fjf-
icrk fajkn, wo`en fjf-e`dot`fd nfnrdy,
suao cs b`nsne, `s kjrn `kpjrtcft ijr
icrk `fajkn. Citnr cee, b`nsne acf ln
usnb ijr `rr`dct`jf, wo`ao, cs fjtnb prn-
v`jusey, `s strjfdey ajrrnectnb w`to icrk
prjbuat`v`ty.
Ron niinats ji b`iinrnft typns ji
nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf (l`jkcss, mnrjsnfn/
b`nsne, cfb nenatr`a`ty) crn nvnf kjrn
`ftnrnst`fd. L`jkcss nfnrdy `s ton iune
kjst ajkkjfey usnb ly ojusnojebs `f
Lcfdecbnso. Cf farncsn ji 3 mdjn ji l`jkcss nfnrdy farncsns kjftoey ojusnojeb fajkn
ly cljut Rm ?, kjst ji wo`ao acf ln cttr`lutnb tj icrk `fajkn. Kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy
ecbbnr y`nebs drnctnr `fajkn dc`fs. ^sn ji mnrjsnfn jr b`nsne iune s`df`ffiacftey rc`sns icrk
`fajkn, e`mney rnsuet`fd irjk b`nsne-pjwnrnb `rr`dct`jf. ^sn ji 3 mdjn (cljut 3 e`tnr ji iune)`farncsns icrk `fajkn ly cpprjx`kctney Rm 320, s`df`i`acftey o`donr tocf `ts ajst. Ji
cee iunes, nenatr`a`ty ocs ton drnctnst niinat= 3 mTo ajftr`lutns tj rc`s`fd fjf-icrk fajkn
ly Rm 2.4 cfb tjtce `fajkn ly cekjst Rm 39, wo`ao `s nqu`vcenft tj kjrn tocf Rm 3?>
ijr 3 mdjn, c dc`f ji kjrn tocf
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fjf-icrk fajkn dc`f irjk nenatr`a`ty usn acf ln cttr`lutnb tj e`dot`fd, ton kjst ajkkjf
rurce usn ji nenatr`a`ty. Lut jfn sojueb fjt b`sajuft nenatr`a`tys `kpjrtcfan tj icrk
`fajkn `f rurce Lcfdecbnso, bnsp`tn `ts e`k`tnb usn `f `rr`dct`jf.
@fajkn cfb jtonr wneicrn dc`fs crn `fb`actjrs ji `kprjvnb nfnrdy usn ly rurce
ojusnojebs.0 D`vnf toct l`jkcss s usnb jfey ijr ajjm`fd, mnrjsnfn ijr ljto ajjm`fd cfbe`dot`fd, cfb nenatr`a`ty ijr e`dot`fd jfey, jfn acf finr toct ojusnojeb wneicrn wjueb farncsn
s`df`i`acftey ly sw`tao`fd irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn ijr ajjm`fd cfb irjk mnrjsnfn tj
nenatr`a`ty ijr e`dot`fd. Cs prnv`jusey b`saussnb, rnce kprjvnknft f ojusnojeb fajkn cfb
ajfsukpt`jf acf ln cao`nvnb ly sw`tao`fd irjk l`jkcss tj mnrjsnfn jr irjk mnrjsnfn tj
nenatr`a`ty. Ron nv`bnfan `s ic`rey ajfaeus`vn toct sw`tao`fd tj kjbnrf nfnrdy sjurans acf
`farncsn c ojusnojebs `fajkn cfb ajfsukpt`jf ljto b`rnatey cfb `fb`rnatey. @farncsnb
`fajkn encbs tj drnctnr ajfsukpt`jf cfb kjrn b`vnrs`i`nb `fvnstknft, wo`ao, `f turf,
arnctns kjrn `fajkn cfb ojusnojeb wneicrn.
Qukk`fd ^p
Ro`s aocptnr ocs bnkjfstrctnb toct kjv`fd up ton nfnrdy ecbbnr acf ajftr`lutn s`df`ffiacftey
tj rurce fajkn drjwto. Ecrdn wneicrn dc`fs rnsuet wonf ojusnojebs sw`tao irjk mnrjsnfn tj
nenatr`a e`dot`fd. Ecfb prjbuat`v`ty cfb cdr`aueturce `fajkn farncsn wonf icrk ojusnojebs
sw`tao irjk kcfuce tj knaocf`znb t`eecdn cfb rr`dct`jf.
Ron `fb`rnat e`fm lntwnnf nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb nbuact`jf `s cesj pjs`t`vn. Ojusnojebs
w`to nenatr`a`ty ocvn o`donr envnes ji nbuact`jf, cetojudo ton acusce b`rnat`jf `s ufaencr.
Ao`ebrnf woj e`vn `f ojusnojebs w`to nenatr`a`ty cppncr tj stuby ejfdnr, tonrnly ecy`fd
ton ijufbct`jf ijr ejfdnr-tnrk, oukcf-acp`tce ijrkct`jf. Q`fan kc`fey ton pjjr ecam
nenatr`a`ty, c kcgjr ajfanrf s toct ao`ebrnf f pjjr ojusnojebs k`ss jut jf ton nbuact`jfce
lnfnffits toct nenatr`a`ty ciijrbs.
Cfjtonr ajfanrf `s @CX, acusnb ly ton `fajkpentn ajklust`jf ji l`jkcss ijr ajjm`fd
cfb onct`fd. Cetojudo ton niinats crn fjt ynt aencrey ufbnrstjjb, sw`tao`fd tj aencfnr-lurf`fd
iunes, i ciijrbclen, cfb us`fd kprjvnb stjvn bns`dfs, acf k`t`dctn ton onceto r`sm tj rurce
ojusnojebs.
Kjbnrf nfnrdys rnturfs tj ojusnojeb wneicrn cfb icrk prjbuat`v`ty crn sulstcft`ce,
nvnf citnr ajftrjee`fd ijr suao icatjrs cs nbuact`jf, cssnts, cfb ojusnojeb ejact`jf. Qw`tao`fd
tj kjbnrf nfnrdy cfb ton kjbnrf usn ji l`jkcss cesj ajftr`lutns tj ton prjbuat`v`ty jirurce fbustr`ns cfb k`arjnftnrpr`sns, ton sulgnat ji ton fnxt aocptnr.
Fjtns
3. Ron
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>. Icrknrs caajuftnb ijr 93 pnranft ji ton survny sckpen= tony wnrn `fvjevnb `f sjkn ijrk ji auet`-vct`jf bur`fd ton 3< kjftos prnanb`fd ton survny.
9. Ijr nxckpen, wo`en bctc jf arjps drjwf cfb jutput, `faeub`fd ly-prjbuats, ocvn lnnf rnqunstnbirjk rnspjfbnfts jf c b`scddrndctnb envne, ajst ffidurns ocvn lnnf tcmnf jf cf cddrndctnb envne. @f suao acsns,tjtce ajsts ji inrt`e`znr puraocsn kcy ln caaurctn jvnrcee= lut cddrndctn `fijrkct`jf jf ecljr ajsts kcy
ocvn c s`df`ffiacft kcrd`f ji nrrjr. fijrtufctney, ajeenat`jf ji ecljr-rnectnb bctc s c bntc`enb nxnra`sn= tous,drjss, rctonr tocf fnt, rnturfs ocvn sjknt`kns lnnf usnb. Iurtonrkjrn, ecljr usn, wo`ao usuceey b`iinrsly tnfurn crrcfdnknft, cbbs tj ton ajkpenx`ty f bntnrk`f`fd fnt rnturfs.
4. Ojusnojeb nfnrdy nxpnfb`turn `s nxaeubnb irjk to`s ajfsukpt`jf ffidurn.?. Rclens C
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Crjufb ton dejln, k`arjnftnrpr`sns ocvn bnkjfstrctnb ton`r cl`e`ty tj ica`e`tctn
najfjk`a drjwto cfb bnvnejpknft. Ao`fcs bnvnejpknft ji skcee- cfb knb`uk-
s`znb nftnrpr`sns, ijr nxckpen, ocs ajftr`lutnb tj ton ajuftrys rcp`b najfjk`acbvcfan. Quao prjdrcks ocvn lnnf ajkpenknftnb ly rurce nenatr`ffiact`jf cfb jtonr rurce
`fircstruaturn `fvnstknfts. @fbnnb, w`tojut ton ufbnrp`ff`fds ji nenatr`a`ty cfb jtonr
bnvnejpknft `fputs, rurce k`arjnftnrpr`sns wjueb strudden. Lut s`kpey `ftrjbua`fd kjbnrf
nfnrdy ftj ton rurce najfjky s ufe`mney tj prjbuan cf najfjk`a k`rcaen. Qulstcft`ce nv`-
bnfan suddnsts toct jtonr suppjrt`fd ajfb`t`jfs crn fnnbnb ijr lus`fnssns tj drjw cfb
jur`so. fbnr ton r`dot ajfb`t`jfs, ejfd-tnrk drjwto acf ln sustc`fnb.
Ro`s aocptnr aocrts ton ajursn ji kjbnrf nfnrdy usn `f Lcfdecbnsos rurce k`arj-
nftnrpr`sns, nxpejr`fd ton`r nfnrdy-usn aocrcatnr`st`as cfb ton niinats ji nfnrdy ajfsukpt`jf
jf lus`fnss drjwto cfb bnvnejpknft. Ron r`ao bctc snt ajeenatnb ly to`s stuby`faeub`fd
`fijrkct`jf jf nftnrpr`sn typn, cssnts, cfb nkpejyknftrnnats ton fnnb tj ajfbuat snp-crctn survnys jf rurce ojusnojeb cfb drjwto-anftnr k`arjnftnrpr`sns. C lr`ni snat`jf jf
nfnrdy cfb icrk`fd o`doe`dots ton kpjrtcfan ji rr`dct`jf ijr prjbuat`v`ty.
Nftnrpr`sn Rypns cfb B`str`lut`jf
Lcfdecbnsos rurce nftnrpr`sns acf ln drjupnb `ftj tornn ejact`jf-lcsnb actndjr`ns7
drjwto anftnr, v`eecdn, cfb ojkn. Ron survny i`fb`fds rnvnce, pnrocps surpr`s`fdey, toct
kjst ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns anftnr jf kcfuicatur`fd, wo`en v`eecdn cfb drjwto anftnr
AOCXRN\ >
Nfnrdy Ajfsukpt`jfcfb \urce Xrjbuat`jf
>3
@f cbb`t`jf tj ton kc`f cutojrs, \cso`b Icruqnn cfb Oussc`f Qckcb wnrn ajftr`lut`fd ajcutojrs jito`s aocptnr.
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`fbustr`ns crn fvjevnb kjrn f trcb`fd. Jf aejsnr nxck`fct`jf, ton rncsjfs crn aencr. Kcfyojkn lus`fnssns crn ruf ly wjknf fvjevnb f suao prjbuat`jf cat`v`t`ns cs lcsmnt wncv`fd
cfb snw`fd. Juts`bn ton ojkn, v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns, ruf kjstey ly knf, crn fvjevnb f stjrn
jpnrct`jfs snee`fd djjbs cfb snrv`ans (snn Rclen >.3).
Drjwto-Anftnr K`arjnftnrpr`sns
Lcfdecbnso ocs ijrkceey aecss`ffinb sjkn ijrkce drjwto anftnrs
carjss 28 sulb`str`ats (upcz`ecs). N`doty pnranft ji ton snenatnb drjwto anftnrs wnrn ejactnb3> m`ejkntnrs jr kjrn irjk ton fncrnst b`str`at oncbqucrtnrs, wo`en sulb`str`at anftnrs wnrn
cesj s`tuctnb ct c ajfs`bnrclen b`stcfan (cljut 3> pnranft ji drjwto cfb upcz`ec anftnrs
wnrn `fb`st`fdu`soclen). Kjst drjwto anftnrs ocb caanss tj rjcbs `f ic`r ajfb`t`jf.
Ajfanftrct`jf ji nftnrpr`sns vcr`nb drnctey ly drjwto anftnr. Qjkn anftnrs ocb fj kjrn
tocf 3> nftnrpr`sns, wo`en jtonrs ocb cs kcfy cs ?8?. Cee nftnrpr`sns `f ton anftnrs survnynb
wnrn snei-stcfb`fd (fjfn faeubnb ojusnojeb-lcsnb nftnrpr`sns). Qnvnfty-ffivn pnranft ji ton
snenatnb drjwto anftnrs ocb lnnf rnanftey nstcle`sonb, cs nv`bnfanb ly nftnrpr`sn b`str`lut`jf
ly cdn ji ton drjwto anftnrs. Fjfn ji tojsn nstcle`sonb w`to`f jfn yncr ji ton survny fvjevnb
kcfuicatur`fd. Rojsn nstcle`sonb > tj 38 yncrs ncre`nr ocb ton o`donst ajfanftrct`jf ji suao
nftnrpr`sns.Ron stuby ijufb toct, ajkpcrnb tj jtonr rurce crncs, drjwto anftnrs nfgjynb kjrn
nxtnfs`vn caanss tj nenatr`a`ty. Fncrey 02 pnranft ji tojsn stub`nb ocb nenatr`a`ty= 49 pnranft
jltc`fnb c ajffnat`jf irjk ton rurce ajjpnrct`vns jr XLQs (Xcee` L`byut Qck`t`ns), cfb
3? pnranft irjk ton Lcfdecbnso Xjwnr Bnvnejpknft Ljcrb. Cetojudo jfey 1? pnranft ocb
pojfn ajffnat`jfs, fncrey 94 pnranft ocb caanss tj kjl`en pojfns.
Rypns cfb B`str`lut`jf
Drjwto-anftnr k`arjnftnrpr`sns typ`aceey ijausnb jf rntc`e snrv`ans. Rrcbn cfb lus`fnss
(ijjb cfb fjf-ijjb) prnbjk`fctnb, tjdntonr ajkpr`s`fd 93 pnranft ji nftnrpr`sns= tonsnwnrn ijeejwnb ly snrv`ans (.< Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen >.3. K`arjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Ejact`jf cfb Cat`v`ty Rypn
K`arjnftnrpr`sn Rypn
Cdr`aueturn Qnrv`ans
cfb Ijjb Kcfuicatur`fd Rrcb`fd cfb Jtonr Cee
Ejact`jf Fj. % Fj. % Fj. % Fj. % Fj. %
Ojkn > 1.9 41 >1.1 19
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@f ton trcbn cfb lus`fnss (ijjb) actndjry, drjanr`ns cfb dnfnrce stjrns prnbjk`fctnb,ijeejwnb ly tjlcaaj (l`r`), lntne qu`b (pccf), cfb lnnten fut sojps. @f ton trcbn cfb lus`fnss
(fjf-ijjb) actndjry, ton kc`f nstcle`soknfts wnrn trcbnrs ji pocrkcanut`ace cfb knb`ace
djjbs= ajsknt`as cfb tj`entr`ns= cfb tnxt`ens, aejto`fd, ojs`nry, ijjtwncr, cfb enctonr djjbs.
@f ton snrv`ans actndjry, tnc stcees, rnstcurcfts, tc`ejr sojps, cfb lncuty scejfs wnrn ton kcgjr
lus`fnssns. Ron kcfuicatur`fd actndjry kc`fey faeubnb fjf-drc`f prjanss`fd (n.d., gnwnery,
wjjb iurf`turn, scwk`ees, cfb wjjb-prjanss`fd uf`ts). fe`mn jtonr Qjuto Cs`cf ajuftr`ns,
wonrn r`an k`ees crn ajkkjf, Lcfdecbnso k`ees r`an n`tonr `f ojusnojebs jr us`fd kjl`en
tornso`fd kcao`fns.
Ron survny rnsuets ajkpcrn icvjrcley w`to tojsn ji jtonr rnanft stub`ns. Ijr nxckpen,
ton Fct`jfce Xr`vctn-snatjr K`arjnftnrpr`sn Qurvny, ajfbuatnb f pnranft crn pcrtfnr jwfnb. Aurrnft jwfnrs `f`t`ctnb kjst ji ton lus`fnssns, s`df`iy`fd
ton`r rnanft nstcle`soknft. Q`k`ecrey, ton .1 11 398 11 32< 12 32> 13 988 11(ijjb)
Rrcbn cfb lus`fnss 339 310
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bctc jf Lcfdecbnso cfb jtonr ajuftr`ns. Ijr nxckpen, @seck (.1).
Fncrey cee ffirks usn sjkn ijrk ji nenatr`a`ty, kc`fey ijr e`dot`fd. @i jwfnrs acffjt caanss
nenatr`a`ty irjk ton ajjpnrct`vns jr fct`jfce dr`b, tony dnfnrctn ton`r jwf jr puraocsn `t
irjk skcee ffirks. Lnacusn nenatr`a`ty s usnb kjrn niffia`nftey tocf jtonr nfnrdy sjurans, ts
ajfsukpt`jf cppncrs ejwnr (0 pnranft). Mnrjsnfn cfb b`nsne crn kcgjr sjurans ji lcamup
e`dot`fd bur`fd pjwnr jutcdns, wo`en acfbens crn cesj usnb.
Jfn surpr`s`fd ffifb`fd s toct jfey 9 pnranft ji ffirks333 jut ji 3,?83 nftnrpr`sns
usn l`jkcss nfnrdy, kc`fey ijr onct cfb stnck. Aocrajce s usnb ly jfey 2 pnranft ji ffirks
tj knnt s`k`ecr fnnbs (snn Rclen >.2).
Kjbnrf nfnrdy sjurans crn usnb kc`fey ijr e`dot`fd cfb onct`fd (`faeub`fd ton prnpc-
rct`jf ji ijjb ijr scen). Fjf-e`dot`fd usns `faeubn kcfuicatur`fd cfb actnr`fd snrv`ans cfb
pjwnr`fd ji skcee cppe`cfans. ^sn `f br`vn-socit pjwnr ijr prjbuat`vn purpjsns `s fjt ynt
w`bnsprncb.
>2 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen >.1. B`str`lut`jf ji Nfnrdy Qjurans ly Cat v`ty Rypn
^snr K`arjnftnrpr`sns (%)
^snrs Rrcbn cfb Rrcbn cfb
Nfnrdy (fj. ji Lus`fnss Lus`fnss
Qjuran ffirks) (ijjb) (fjf-ijjb) Qnrv`ans Kcfuicatur`fd Cee*
L`jkcss 333 1.? 8.< 3>.9 >.< 9.4.2
Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?9 >0.? 10.4 >0.0 99.8 >2.4
Bry anee 309 33.< 31.9 ?.0 4.? 38.0
Qtjrcdn anee >4 2.1 2.8 8.8 1.
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Nfnrdy Ajsts
Ijr kjst drjwto-anftnr k`arjnftnrpr`sns, nfnrdy `s c s`df`i`acft lut fjt kcgjr ajst,
cvnrcd`fd enss tocf > pnranft ji tjtce jpnrct`fd nxpnfsns (irjk enss tocf < pnranft `f ton
ijjb trcbn tj cljut 38 pnranft ijr snrv`ans) (snn Rclen >.>). Cs cerncby `eeustrctnb, fjt cee
ffirks usn cee sjurans ji nfnrdy ijr e`dot`fd cfb fjf-e`dot`fd purpjsns. @i suao c b`st`fat`jf
`s kcbn, ton prjpjrt`jf ji nfnrdy ajsts r`sns cpprna`cley, pcrt`auecrey ijr fjf-e`dot`fd usns.
Cetojudo nfnrdy ajkpr`sns c ajkpcrct`vney enssnr socrn ji tjtce nxpnfsns, nfnrdy ajsts
vcry ly nfnrdy ftnfs`ty ji ton lus`fnss. Ijr nxckpen, rntc`e sojps faur skcee e`dot`fd ajsts,wo`en b`nsne- jr nenatr`a`ty-pjwnrnb oncvy kcao`fnry sojps kust lubdnt kjrn ijr nfnrdy.
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns >>
Rclen >.2. Kcgjr Nfnrdy Qjurans ly sn Rypn
K`arjnftnrpr`sns ^sn cs Kcgjr ^sn cs Kcgjr
toct sn Iunes E`dot`fd Qjuran Fjf-e`dot`fd Qjuran
Fj. ji % ji Rjtce Fj. ji % ji Nfnrdy Fj. ji % ji NfnrdyNfnrdy Qjuran ^snrs \nspjfbnfts ^snrs ^snrs ^snrs ^snrs
L`jkcss 333 9 8 8 43 91
Aocrajce 41 2 8 8 24 92
Acfben 3,812 >4 99 9
Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?9 >2 1>< 1> 3?8 3?
Dnfnrctjr nenatr`a`ty 121 30 3 8 8
Dr`b nenatr`a`ty 3,24< ?3 3,3.?
Acfben 3,812 8.< 8.1 8.4 3.8 8.>
Mnrjsnfn/b`nsne 0?> 3.8 3.1 2.4 3.4 3.4nenatr`a`ty
Dr`b nenatr`a`ty 3,24< 8.? 3.2 >.2 9.3 3.4
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Nxpec`f`fd suao ajst vcr`ct`jfs rnqu`rns nxck`f`fd ton envne cfb niinats ji rnect`vn nfnrdy
pr`a`fd ijr vcr`jus iunes usnb ly rurce nftnrpr`sns.
Nfnrdy ajst `s rnect`vn tj woct lus`fnssns pcy ijr `t. Xrnb`atcley, lcsnb jf stcfbcrb
nfnrdy uf`ts, ton pr`an ji nenatr`a`ty `s o`donr tocf toct ji cee jtonr nfnrdy typns, kc`fey
lnacusn ji ton o`donr vceun ji ton nfnrdy snrv`ans prjv`bnb. Kncsurnb ly nfnrdy ajftnft,
l`jkcss `s ton aoncpnst sjuran, wo`en nenatr`a`ty `s ton kjst nxpnfs`vn. Cetojudo ton pr`an
ji aocrajce `s ejw, `ts usn `s spna`ce`znb (n.d., kcm`fd gnwnery cfb tjlcaaj ]l`r`[). Ajf-
vnrsney, ijr e`dot`fd snrv`ans (kncsurnb `f m`ejeuknf-ojurs), nenatr`a`ty `s ton aoncpnst
sjuran (Rm 8.881 pnr mek-or vnrsus Rm 3.2 ijr mnrjsnfn cfb Rm 23.1 ijr acfbens). @fbnnb,
ijr ton sckn e`dot`fd snrv`an, mnrjsnfn `s cljut 2> t`kns ajste`nr tocf dr`b-lcsnb nenatr`a`ty
(snn Rclen >.9).
Rj sukkcr`zn, pcttnrfs ji nfnrdy aoj`an crn, f ecrdn pcrt, bntnrk`fnb ly ton rnect`vn
iune pr`an ijr ton bns`rnb nfb usn. Ijr onct`fd, l`jkcss s ton encst nxpnfs`vn iune. Ijr e`dot`fd,
dr`b nenatr`a`ty `s ly icr ton aoncpnst sjuran. Rous, `t `s fjt surpr`s`fd toct kjst rurce
k`arjnftnrpr`sns sw`tao tj dr`b nenatr`a`ty wonf `t lnajkns cvc`eclen `f ton`r rnspnat`vnajkkuf`t`ns cfb jtonrw`sn dnfnrctn ton`r jwf nenatr`a`ty jr puraocsn t ejaceey irjk skcee
dnfnrctjr ffirks.
Nftrnprnfnur`ce Ctt`tubns
Ron stuby survny csmnb lus`fnss jwfnrs cfb jpnrctjrs c vcr`nty ji nfnrdy-rnectnb ctt`-
tub`fce qunst`jfs. I`fb`fds sojw toct lus`fnss nftrnprnfnurs ajfs`bnr nenatr`a`ty ton
lnst sjuran ji e`dot`fd, lut cesj pnran`vn toct rne`cl`e`ty ji suppey `s c s`df`i`acft prjl-
enk. Inw rnspjfbnfts ajfs`bnr mnrjsnfn supnr`jr tj nenatr`a`ty ijr e`dot`fd. Kjst cdrnn
toct nenatr`a`ty prjv`bns lnttnr `eeuk`fct`jf tocf mnrjsnfn cfb kcmns rncb`fd ncs`nr.Rony cesj pnran`vn toct dr`b nenatr`a`ty `s supnr`jr tj lcttnr`ns ijr pjwnr`fd tnenv`s`jf
(snn Rclen >.4).
>9 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen >.9. Xr`an pnr f`t ji Nfnrdy ijr Fjf-e dot fd Lus`fnss sn
Nftnrpr`sn Rypn (Rm/uf`t)
Nfnrdy ^f`t ji Fj. ji Rrcbn Rrcbn Cee
Qjuran Nfnrdy ^snrs (ijjb) (fjf-ijjb) Qnrv`ans Kcfuicatur`fd Nftnrpr`sns
L`jkcss* mdjn 43 1.3 3.1 1.1 1.0 1.1
mek-or 8
Aocrajce mdjn 24 1.> 2.< 2.0 2.9
mek-or 8
Mnrjsnfn/ mdjn 3?8
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Nftrnprnfnurs pnran`vn rrnduecr nenatr`a`ty suppey cfb vjetcdn uatuct`jfs cs c fndct`vn
usn icatjr. Qjkn 94 pnranft ji rnspjfbnfts crn ajfv`fanb toct XLQ pjwnr b`str`lut`jf cfb
kcfcdnknft quce`ty ocvn bnae`fnb f rnanft yncrs. @fbnnb, fncrey 4> pnranft ajfs`bnr ictce
caa`bnfts cs c b`scbvcftcdn ji usn. Cljut 94 pnranft v`nw nenatr`a`ty cs nxpnfs`vn, cfb kjst
ajfs`bnr t cf ufcttrcat`vn jpt`jf ijr ajjm`fd, prjlcley lnacusn ji ts o`do ajst ajkpcrnb tj
l`jkcss iune. Ojwnvnr, fncrey cee rnspjfbnfts cdrnn toct ton cbvcftcdns ji us`fd nenatr`a`ty
icr jutwn`do ton b`scbvcftcdns.
Nftnrpr`sns w`tojut nenatr`a`ty wnrn csmnb snvnrce qunst`jfs rnectnb tj ton ajsts cfb
lnfni`ts ji nenatr`a`ty usn. Ronrn wcs fj ajfsnfsus jf ton ajst ji jltc`f`fd c lus`fnss
ajffnat`jf7 Cljut >8 pnranft b`b fjt ajfs`bnr prnvc`e`fd rctns nxjrl`tcft, 18 pnranft tojudot
tony wnrn tjj o`do, cfb cljut 30 pnranft wnrn `fb`iinrnft. Ro`s ffifb`fd `s ajfs`stnft w`to
rnspjfbnfts rncat`jfs tj c s`k`ecr stctnknft jf ciijrbcl`e`ty ji ajffnat`jf. Cljut >0 pnranft
ji fjf-usnrs sc`b toct, `i tony wnrn tj jltc`f caanss, ton kjftoey pcyknfts wjueb fjt ln
tjj o`do= cljut 22 pnranft pnran`vnb `t cs ufciijrbclen. @f sojrt, bnsp`tn ton jvnrwonek`fd
pnranpt`jf rndcrb`fd fnt dc`fs, kjst rnspjfbnfts lne`nvnb ton cbvcftcdns ji nenatr`a`ty
jutwn`donb ton prjlenks.
T`to rndcrb tj iunewjjb, ton jp`f`jfs nxprnssnb vcr`nb kcrmnbey, rnienat`fd ton
w`bnsprncb prjlenk ji bnijrnstct`jf cfb tous ufnvnf rnsjuran cvc`ecl`e`ty. Lnacusn jisacra`ty cfb kjbnrctn sojrtcdns, cljut >8 pnranft ajfs`bnrnb iunewjjb nxpnfs`vn. Ct ton
sckn t`kn, kcfy rurce nftrnprnfnurs pnran`vnb iunewjjb cs c rncb`ey cvc`eclen rnsjuran.
Kjrn tocf 08 pnranft nxprnssnb ajfanrf w`to rndcrb tj bnijrnstct`jf. \urce nftrnprnfnurs
prninrrnb iunewjjb tj strcw, bufd, cfb jtonr l`jiunes, wo`ao wnrn usnb spcr`fdey. Lut cljut
?> pnranft ji rnspjfbnfts wnrn cwcrn toct ton skjmn nk`ttnb irjk iunewjjb ajueb acusn
rnsp`rctjry prjlenks, cfb sjkn >8 pnranft cdrnnb toct t kcy acusn jtonr onceto prjlenks
(snn Rclen >.?).
\nspjfbnfts jp`f`jfs b`iinrnb jf ton usn ji mnrjsnfn cfb e`qunffinb pntrjenuk dcs (EXD).
Mnrjsnfn, cetojudo rncb`ey cvc`eclen, wcs v`nwnb cs c onceto oczcrb. \urce nftrnprnfnurs
pnran`vnb ts pr`an cs rnect`vney o`do, lut wnrn ufaencr woy. Kjrn tocf >> pnranft ajfs`bnrnbEXD c djjb sjuran ji ajjm`fd nfnrdy. Cljut 1? pnranft ajfs`bnrnb EXD cs vnry nxpnfs`vn,
lut inw rnspjfbnfts wnrn aurrnft usnrs, rnienat`fd ton pnranpt`jf ji o`do pr`an vnrsus
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns >4
Rclen >.4. Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Nenatr a`ty sn
\nspjfsn Aoj`ans (%)
Qtrjfdey @fb`iinrnft/ Qtrjfdey
Qurvny Qtctnknft Cdrnn Cdrnn Fnutrce B`scdrnn B`scdrnn
Nenatr`a`ty prjv`bns lnttnr 48.4
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catuce ajst. Kcfy cfswnrs tj EXD-rnectnb qunst`jfs wnrn fb`iinrnft, suddnst`fd toct kjst
rnspjfbnfts wnrn ufcwcrn ji ton iune (snn Rclen >.0).
Ron p`aturn toct nknrdns irjk to`s survny s toct kjst drjwto-anftnr k`arjnftnrpr`sns
`f rurce Lcfdecbnso crn fjt nfnrdy ftnfs`vn. Rony ajfs`st kc`fey ji skcee rntc`e stjrns cfbsojps, w`to sjkn kcfuicatur`fd. Ron kc`f nfnrdy usn s e`dot`fd, ijr wo`ao v`rtuceey cee
lus`fnssns usn nenatr`a`ty. @i c pcrt`auecr drjwto anftnr bjns fjt ynt ocvn nenatr`a`ty, lus`fnss
jwfnrs jrdcf`zn ton`r suppe`ns, n`tonr ly luy`fd ton`r jwf dnfnrctjr jr puraocs`fd skcee
ckjufts irjk c ejace ffirk. Qkcee cdr`aueturce fbustr`ns cfb rnstcurcfts toct rnqu`rn nfnrdy
ijr onct rney kc`fey jf l`jkcss jr mnrjsnfn.
>? Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
Rclen >.?. Xnran`vnb Cbvcftcdns cfb B`scbvcftcdns ji Iunewjjb sn
\nspjfsn Aoj`ans (%)
Qtrjfdey @fb`iinrnft/ Qtrjfdey
Qurvny Qtctnknft Cdrnn Cdrnn Fnutrce B`scdrnn B`scdrnn
Iunewjjb s rncb`ey 13.< 11.1 8.1 34.0 34.1cvc`eclen tj ajeenat(f ; 3,?83)
Iunewjjb acf ln jltc`fnb 18.1 1.3 >.3 2.1 >.1toct arnctns lrncto`fdprjlenks (f ; 3,?83)
Ajjm`fd w`to iunewjjb .8 11.2 38.> 39.9 32.>
arnctns onceto oczcrbs(f ; 3,4>8)
Iunewjjb s vnry nxpnfs`vn
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ijr fjf-e`dot`fd purpjsns. Qjkn rnpjrt us`fd fj nfnrdy typns ijr n`tonr e`dot`fd jr fjf-
e`dot`fd purpjsns, kpey`fd toct ton`r lus`fnssns fvjevn kcfuce ecljr cfb jpnrctn kc`feybur`fd ton bcyt`kn.
Ajkpcrnb tj v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns, ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns usn s`df`ffiacftey enss nfnrdy=
jf cvnrcdn, ojkn nftnrpr`sns ajfsukn 11< mdjn pnr yncr, ajkpcrnb tj 98? mdjn ijr v`eecdn-
lcsnb jfns (`faeub`fd fjf-usnrs). Xrnb`atcley, ojkn lus`fnssns bnpnfb kjrn jf l`jkcss
tocf bj v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns. Lut surpr`s`fdey, w`to`f ton l`jkcss pjrt`jf ji ton nfnrdy lcsmnt,
ojkn nftnrpr`sns bnpnfb kjrn jf iunewjjb, wo`en v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns usn fjf-iunewjjb
l`jkcss= ajw bufd caajufts ijr ? pnranft ji v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns nfnrdy lcsmnt, ajkpcrnb
tj jfey 3 pnranft ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns. Q`k`ecrey, v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns bnr`vn 20 pnranft ji ton`r
nfnrdy irjk arjp rns`bun, ajkpcrnb tj jfey .3).
98 Tjreb Lcfm Tjrm`fd Xcpnr
I`durn >.3. Ajkpcr`sjf ji Nfnrdy sn Qtruaturn ly Nftnrpr`sn Ejact`jf
Qjuran7 L@BQ Qurvny (.33. K`arjnftnrpr`sn B`str`lut`jf ly Fuklnr ji Nkpejynns cfb Ejact jf
Tjrmnrs f Xncm Ojkn Y`eecdn Cee I`rks
Xnr`jbs (fj.) Fj. % Fj. % Fj. %
3 28 18.4 3?< >?.1 01 21 11.8 12 38.0 44 34.2
6> 9 2.8 1 8.0 0
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C kcgjr rncsjf `s toct kcfuicatur`fd lus`fnssns, kjstey ojkn-lcsnb, rnqu`rn lnttnr onct
ajftrje cfb crn tous kjrn e`mney tj usn supnr`jr ijrks ji l`jkcss. C pjrt`jf ji ton fnnbnb
rnsjurans kcy ln ajeenatnb irjk ton jwfnrs ojknstncb, `kpey`fd cf ncs`nr suppey ijr
ojkn-lcsnb, vnrsus v`eecdn, nftnrpr`sns.
I`fb`fds cesj rnvnce b`iinrnfans f jtonr pjrt`jfs ji ton nfnrdy lcsmnt. T`to rndcrb tje`qu`b iunes, ojkn nftnrpr`sns usn kjrn b`nsne tocf mnrjsnfn= ajfvnrsney, v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns
usn kjrn mnrjsnfn tocf b`nsne. Ojkn nftnrpr`sns, jf cvnrcdn, ajfsukn jfey cljut 9 mdjn
ji mnrjsnfn, ajkpcrnb tj fncrey 9? mdjn ijr v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns. T`to rndcrb tj nenatr`a`ty,
v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns usn kjrn tocf 18 mdjn, ajkpcrnb tj jfey 1.0 mdjn ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns
(snn I`durn >.3). Aencrey, trcbn-jr`nftnb v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns rnqu`rn kjrn e`dot`fd snrv`ans
tocf bj ojkn-lcsnb lus`fnssns.
D`vnftoct fjf-e`dot`fdnfnrdyusnprnbjk`fctns`fojkn cfbv`eecdn-lcsnb nftnrpr`sns
cs nv`bnfanb ly ton ar`t`ace rjen l`jkcss pecys f ton nfnrdy lcecfan ji ljto`t s ji ftnr-
nst tj ajkpcrn ton jutput cfb ajsts ji nfnrdy sjurans ijr fjf-e`dot`fd cfb e`dot`fd usns(snn Rclen >.34 vnrsus 14< mdjn pnr yncr). @fbnnb,
ijr ncao nftnrpr`sn typn, v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns ajfsukn o`donr envnes ji nfnrdy. Iurtonrkjrn,
ton e`dot`fd snrv`ans ajfsuknb ly v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns crn kjrn tocf s`x t`kns toct ji ojkn-
lcsnb nftnrpr`sns, suddnst`fd ton kpjrtcfan ji e`dot`fd ijr v`eecdn lus`fnssns cfb ton skcee
s`zn ji ojkn nftnrpr`sns, sjkn ji wo`ao ecam caanss tj nenatr`a`ty.
Ron pr`an ji nfnrdy pnr m`ejdrcks ji j`e nqu`vcenft vcr`ns kcrmnbey ly iune sjuran. Ijr
fjf-e`dot`fd usns, l`jkcss `s ly icr ton encst nxpnfs`vn sjuran, wo`ao caajufts ijr `ts
bjk`fcfan cs c onct`fd iune. Lnacusn v`eecdn nftnrpr`sns crn ecrdnr tocf ojkn-lcsnb jfns,
tony usn s`df`ffiacftey kjrn l`jkcss nfnrdy ijr fjf-e`dot`fd usns.
\nstjr`fd Lcecfan7 Lcfdecbnsos \urce Nfnrdy \nce`t`ns 93
Rclen >.3 2.12
Acfben 8.1< 21.11 8
Mnrjsnfn jr b`nsne 28.4 8 8.44 32.< 3?>.94.<
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Ron pr`an ijr e`dot`fd `s s`k`ecr tj ton rnsuets prnsnftnb ijr rurce ojusnojebs `f
Aocptnr 1. Ijr ojkn nftnrpr`sns, ton cvnrcdn pr`an ji nenatr`a e`dot`fd `s Rm 8..32 prnsnfts rndrnss`jf
rnsuets ji nfnrdy bnkcfb.2
Cf nftnrpr`sns fjf-ecfb cssnts
ocvn c s`df`i`acft pjs`t`vn niinat
jf ajfsukpt`jf ji l`jkcss (iune-
wjjb), b`nsne iune, cfb nenatr`a`ty.
Cetojudo ton pr`an ji iunewjjb ocs
fj niinat jf cfy typn ji nfnrdy
sjuran, ton pr`ans ji b`nsne cfb nena-tr`a`ty s`df`i`acftey ciinat nfnrdy
bnkcfb. Ron pr`an ji b`nsne pjs`-
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