Also known as Also known as Tooth colored materials ,Tooth colored materials ,
used in the restoration of natural teeth.used in the restoration of natural teeth.
Cast gold & gold foil restorations were the earliest.Cast gold & gold foil restorations were the earliest.
Silicate cementsSilicate cements Glass Ionomer cementsGlass Ionomer cements Unfilled resinsUnfilled resins Composite resinsComposite resins Porcelain (veneers, crowns)Porcelain (veneers, crowns) Porcelain bonded to metal crownsPorcelain bonded to metal crowns
Restorative Resins
TOOTH COLORED RESTORATIVE MATERIALS
RESTORATIVE RESINS ::RESTORATIVE RESINS ::
These are synthetic resins , evolved asThese are synthetic resins , evolved as
restorative materials principally becauserestorative materials principally because
of their of their Esthetic CharacteristicsEsthetic Characteristics..
TYPES –TYPES –
Unfilled = e.g. Acrylic ResinsUnfilled = e.g. Acrylic Resins
Filled = e.g. Composite ResinsFilled = e.g. Composite Resins
UNFILLED ACRYLIC RESINSUNFILLED ACRYLIC RESINS
used late 1960’3 through early 1970’s .used late 1960’3 through early 1970’s .
AdvantagesAdvantages - tooth coloured - tooth coloured
- did not wash out- did not wash out
- highly polishable- highly polishable
- moderately strong- moderately strong
DisadvantagesDisadvantages - not colour stable - not colour stable
- shrinkage/leakage- shrinkage/leakage
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
Powder :Powder : Polymethyl MethacrylatePolymethyl Methacrylate Benzoyl PeroxideBenzoyl Peroxide - Initiator - Initiator Color pigmentsColor pigments
Liquid :Liquid : Methyl Methacrylate monomerMethyl Methacrylate monomer Ethylene dimethacrylateEthylene dimethacrylate (5%) – Cross linking (5%) – Cross linking agent . agent . HydroquinoneHydroquinone (0.06%) – Inhibitor . (0.06%) – Inhibitor .
PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –MECHANICAL PROPERTIES –
Less Compressive Strength = 69 MPaLess Compressive Strength = 69 MPa Low Tensile Strength = 24 MPaLow Tensile Strength = 24 MPa Low Proportional limit .Low Proportional limit . Low Hardness = 15 KHNLow Hardness = 15 KHN Low AbrasionLow Abrasion resistance .resistance .
THERMAL PROPERTIES –THERMAL PROPERTIES –
**** Very high Very high Coefficient of ThermalCoefficient of Thermal
expansion expansion - ( 92.8 x 10 - ( 92.8 x 10-6-6 / / 00C )C )
“ “ It is 7-8 times greater than that of the tooth ”It is 7-8 times greater than that of the tooth ”
**** Low Low Thermal ConductivityThermal Conductivity ..
POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE –POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE –
High 5 to 8 % .High 5 to 8 % .
SOLUBILITY –SOLUBILITY –
Insoluble in water & oral fluids.Insoluble in water & oral fluids.
WATER SORPTION –WATER SORPTION –
Sorb water 1.7 mg / cmSorb water 1.7 mg / cm33
ADHESION –ADHESION –
Does not adhere to Enamel or Dentin.Does not adhere to Enamel or Dentin.
ESTHETICS –ESTHETICS –
Excellent matching with tooth color, but tendsExcellent matching with tooth color, but tends
to discolor.to discolor.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY –BIOCOMPATIBILITY –
Monomer can penetrate dentinal tubules &Monomer can penetrate dentinal tubules &
cause irritation to the pulp.cause irritation to the pulp.
MANIPUPLATIONMANIPUPLATION
Bulk Technique or Pressure TechniqueBulk Technique or Pressure Technique
Incremental or Non-pressure TechniqueIncremental or Non-pressure Technique
Flow Technique Flow Technique
It is a tooth colored restorative material , It is a tooth colored restorative material ,
developed in early 1960’ s .developed in early 1960’ s .
Features ::::Features ::::
** Strengthened by adding Silica particles Strengthened by adding Silica particles
** Acid Etching technique Acid Etching technique
** Bonding technique Bonding technique
A Composite is a system composed of a A Composite is a system composed of a
mixture of 2 or more components , whichmixture of 2 or more components , which
are essentially are essentially insolubleinsoluble in each other and in each other and
differ in form.differ in form.
Major components – Resin Major components – Resin MatrixMatrix
Inorganic Inorganic FillerFiller
AdvantagesAdvantages - tooth colored- tooth colored - stain resistant- stain resistant - polishable - polishable - can be bonded to tooth- can be bonded to tooth - strong- strong - wear resistant- wear resistant
DisadvantagesDisadvantages -- shrinkage (2-5%)shrinkage (2-5%) - longevity ??- longevity ??
** ** Different Composites are available for Different Composites are available for
different purposes .different purposes .
**** They are usually not Interchangeable .They are usually not Interchangeable .
USES
Restoration of Anterior and Posterior teethRestoration of Anterior and Posterior teeth
-- Directly or as Inlays-- Directly or as Inlays
USES ::
To Veneer metal crowns and bridges .To Veneer metal crowns and bridges .
USES ::
Esthetic Laminates Esthetic Laminates
USES ::
To build up Cores (Post & Core).To build up Cores (Post & Core).
USES ::
Pit and Fissure Sealant .Pit and Fissure Sealant .
USES ::
CementationCementation of ,,,of ,,,
Orthodontic brackets Orthodontic brackets
Maryland BridgesMaryland Bridges
Ceramic Crowns , Inlays & OnlaysCeramic Crowns , Inlays & Onlays
Ceramic Laminates .Ceramic Laminates .
USES ::
Cementation of Orthodontic bracketsCementation of Orthodontic brackets – –
SUPPLIED AS –SUPPLIED AS –
In a kit containing ,,,,,In a kit containing ,,,,, Syringes of compositeSyringes of composite
resin pastes in variousresin pastes in various
shades .shades . Etching liquid (37 %Etching liquid (37 %
Phosphoric acid) .Phosphoric acid) . Enamel / Dentin Enamel / Dentin
bonding agent .bonding agent . Shade guide .Shade guide .
COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION
ORGANICORGANIC RESIN MATRIX –RESIN MATRIX –
BIS GMA or Urethane dimethacrylate , TEG DMA as a BIS GMA or Urethane dimethacrylate , TEG DMA as a binder.binder.
INORGANIC FILLER –INORGANIC FILLER –
Quartz , Colloidal silica or heavy metal glasses.Quartz , Colloidal silica or heavy metal glasses.
COUPLING AGENT –COUPLING AGENT –
Organo silanes .Organo silanes .
They also contain ,,,,,They also contain ,,,,,
Hydroquinone – Hydroquinone – inhibitor to prevent prematureinhibitor to prevent premature
polymerization.polymerization.
UV absorbers – UV absorbers – to improve color stability .to improve color stability .
Opacifiers – Opacifiers – titanium oxide & aluminum oxide.titanium oxide & aluminum oxide.
Color Pigments – Color Pigments – to match tooth color.to match tooth color.
RESIN MATRIXRESIN MATRIX
It is ------- 50 % by volumeIt is ------- 50 % by volume
25 % by weight25 % by weight
Most Composite resins utilize Most Composite resins utilize monomersmonomers that are that are
aromatic or Aliphatic diacrylates .aromatic or Aliphatic diacrylates .
Commonly used Commonly used monomersmonomers are ,,,, are ,,,,
BIS-GMABIS-GMA -- Bisphenol A – Glycidyl Methacrylate -- Bisphenol A – Glycidyl Methacrylate
UDMA -- Urethane dimethacrylateUDMA -- Urethane dimethacrylate
Limitation Of Monomers ,,,,,,,Limitation Of Monomers ,,,,,,, Extremely Viscous at room temperature .Extremely Viscous at room temperature .
To make it clinically acceptableTo make it clinically acceptable Diluent monomers are added to the resin matrix to ,,,,,Diluent monomers are added to the resin matrix to ,,,,,
reduce the viscosity of the pastereduce the viscosity of the paste allow more filler particles to be incorporatedallow more filler particles to be incorporated allow cross-linking b/w chainsallow cross-linking b/w chains
Commonly used Diluent monomer isCommonly used Diluent monomer is
TEGDMATEGDMA - - Triethylene Glycol DimethacrylateTriethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate
They form highly cross linked polymer structure.They form highly cross linked polymer structure.
FILLER PARTICLESFILLER PARTICLES
Improves materials properties. Improves materials properties.
It is -------- It is -------- 30 to 70 % by volume30 to 70 % by volume
50 to 85 % by weight50 to 85 % by weight
Advantages :::::Advantages ::::: Curing shrinkage is reduced, as less resin is present Curing shrinkage is reduced, as less resin is present Reduces water sorptionReduces water sorption Reduces Coefficient of Thermal expansionReduces Coefficient of Thermal expansion Improves mechanical properties - like Strength,Improves mechanical properties - like Strength,
Hardness, & Abrasion resistance.Hardness, & Abrasion resistance.
TYPES OF FILLERS –TYPES OF FILLERS –
Composite resins use 3 types of fillers ,,,,Composite resins use 3 types of fillers ,,,, QuartzQuartz Colloidal SilicaColloidal Silica Glasses or Ceramic containing heavy metalsGlasses or Ceramic containing heavy metals
QUARTZ –QUARTZ –
Obtained by grinding or milling quartz.Obtained by grinding or milling quartz.
Particle size = 0.1 to 100 Particle size = 0.1 to 100 μmμm..
Mainly used in Conventional composites .Mainly used in Conventional composites .
They are chemically inert but is very They are chemically inert but is very hardhard . .
COLLOIDAL SILICA –COLLOIDAL SILICA –
Particle Size = 0.02 to 0.04 Particle Size = 0.02 to 0.04 μmμm..
Reffered to asReffered to as microfillers .microfillers .
Obtained by a Pyrolytic or a Precipitation process .Obtained by a Pyrolytic or a Precipitation process .
They are added in small amount (5 wt. %) toThey are added in small amount (5 wt. %) to
modify the paste viscosity .modify the paste viscosity .
Have large surface area (50 to 300 mHave large surface area (50 to 300 m22 / g) . / g) .
Only inorganic filler in Only inorganic filler in microfilled microfilled composites . composites .
GLASSES / CERAMIC CONTAINING HEAVY GLASSES / CERAMIC CONTAINING HEAVY METALS –METALS –
These fillers provide radiopacity to the resin These fillers provide radiopacity to the resin
restoration .restoration .
Have refractory index of about 1.5 Have refractory index of about 1.5
Contain heavy metals such as – barium, strontium Contain heavy metals such as – barium, strontium
& Zirconium .& Zirconium .
Most commonly used is a barium glass .Most commonly used is a barium glass .
Factors that determine the properties & Factors that determine the properties &
clinical application of composites ,,,,,,clinical application of composites ,,,,,,
Amount of filler addedAmount of filler added Size of particles & its distributionSize of particles & its distribution Index of refractionIndex of refraction RadiopacityRadiopacity HardnessHardness
Amount of filler addedAmount of filler added – –
Affected by the relative surface areasAffected by the relative surface areas
large surface area -- small amounts of fillerlarge surface area -- small amounts of filler
e.g. - colloidal silica e.g. - colloidal silica
Size of particles –Size of particles – In order to increase the filler amount in the resin, it isIn order to increase the filler amount in the resin, it is
necessary to add the fillers in a range of particle sizesnecessary to add the fillers in a range of particle sizes. .
Refractive Index –Refractive Index – Filler should have a translucency similar to the toothFiller should have a translucency similar to the tooth
structure.structure. Most glass & quartz fillers have a refractive index Most glass & quartz fillers have a refractive index
of 1.5 .of 1.5 .
Radiopacity –Radiopacity –
Provided by a number of glasses and ceramics Provided by a number of glasses and ceramics
that contain heavy metals such as barium, that contain heavy metals such as barium,
strontium and zirconium .strontium and zirconium .
Most commonly used is a Barium Glass .Most commonly used is a Barium Glass .
COUPLING AGENTS –COUPLING AGENTS –
Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .
Most commonly used coupling agents areMost commonly used coupling agents are
organosilanesorganosilanes ( 3-methoxy-propyl-trimethoxy- ( 3-methoxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane ).silane ).
Zirconates & Titanates can also be used as Zirconates & Titanates can also be used as
coupling agent .coupling agent .
Advantages of Coupling agents –Advantages of Coupling agents –
Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .Bond the filler particles to the resin matrix .
Improve the physical & mechanical properties ofImprove the physical & mechanical properties of
the resin .the resin .
Provide hydrolytic stability by preventing waterProvide hydrolytic stability by preventing water
from penetrating along the filler – resin interface .from penetrating along the filler – resin interface .
ACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATIONACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATION
REACTIONREACTION :: ::
Chemically / Self Activated Composite ResinsChemically / Self Activated Composite Resins
Light Activated Compostie ResinsLight Activated Compostie Resins
** Ultraviolet (UV) light Ultraviolet (UV) light
wave length = 200 – 400 nmwave length = 200 – 400 nm
* Visible light* Visible light
wave length = 420 – 450 nmwave length = 420 – 450 nm
ACCORDING TO THE FILLER SIZE ::ACCORDING TO THE FILLER SIZE ::
Average Particle sizeAverage Particle size
Conventional / MacrofilledConventional / Macrofilled 8 - 12 8 - 12 μm μm
Small particleSmall particle 1 - 5 1 - 5 μmμm
MicrofilledMicrofilled 0.04 - 0.4 0.04 - 0.4 μmμm
HybridHybrid 1.0 1.0 μmμm
ACCORDING TO THE USE ::ACCORDING TO THE USE ::
For Anterior teeth restorationFor Anterior teeth restoration
e.g. - Microfillede.g. - Microfilled
For Posterior teeth restorationFor Posterior teeth restoration
e.g. - Conventional & Hybride.g. - Conventional & Hybrid
TYPE OF COMPOSITESTYPE OF COMPOSITES
ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO POLYMERIZATION POLYMERIZATION
REACTIONREACTION
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED RESINSRESINS
Two Paste system –Two Paste system –
* * Base Paste contains ,,,,Base Paste contains ,,,,
Benzoyl peroxide - initiatorBenzoyl peroxide - initiator
* * Catalyst Paste contains ,,,,Catalyst Paste contains ,,,,
Tertiary amine - activatorTertiary amine - activator
(N-N dimethyl - p - toluidine(N-N dimethyl - p - toluidine))
Setting Reaction ---Setting Reaction ---
When 2 pastes are spatulated , the amine reacts with When 2 pastes are spatulated , the amine reacts with
the Benzoyl peroxide to form the free radicals whichthe Benzoyl peroxide to form the free radicals which
starts the polymerizationstarts the polymerization . .
LIGHT ACTIVATED RESINSLIGHT ACTIVATED RESINS
UV - Light activated systems :::UV - Light activated systems ::: It is the first light activated system to activate the It is the first light activated system to activate the
free radicals.free radicals.
Limitations ,,,,,Limitations ,,,,, Limited penetration of the light into the resin. ThusLimited penetration of the light into the resin. Thus
difficult to polymerize thick sections.difficult to polymerize thick sections.
Lack of penetration through tooth structure.Lack of penetration through tooth structure.
Visible - Light activated systems :::Visible - Light activated systems :::
Ability to polymerize thicker sections .Ability to polymerize thicker sections . Totally replaced the UV light system .Totally replaced the UV light system . Most widely used than the chemically activated system.Most widely used than the chemically activated system.
Supplied as ,,,,,,,Supplied as ,,,,,,,
Single paste systemSingle paste system , containing – , containing –
PhotoinitiatorPhotoinitiator ----- Camphoroquinone 0.25 wt. % ----- Camphoroquinone 0.25 wt. %
Amine acceleratorAmine accelerator ----- DEAEMA 0.15 wt. % ----- DEAEMA 0.15 wt. %
((Diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate)Diethyl-amino-ethyl-methacrylate)
Setting reaction ,,,,,Setting reaction ,,,,,
When exposed to light of the correct wave length When exposed to light of the correct wave length
( 400 -500 nm ) the photoinitiator is activated and ( 400 -500 nm ) the photoinitiator is activated and
reacts with the amine to form the Free radicals .reacts with the amine to form the Free radicals .
LIGHT DEVICES / LIGHT CURING UNITS –LIGHT DEVICES / LIGHT CURING UNITS –
Transmit light of the proper wavelength to the site Transmit light of the proper wavelength to the site
of the restoration , by means of light guide composedof the restoration , by means of light guide composed
of fiberoptic bundles .of fiberoptic bundles .
ARGON LASER
L E D
CORDLESS LASER
Light source is usually a Tungsten Halogen Light source is usually a Tungsten Halogen
light bulb .light bulb .
White light is generated by the bulb passes White light is generated by the bulb passes
through the filter that removes the infrared &through the filter that removes the infrared &
visible spectrum for wavelength greater than visible spectrum for wavelength greater than
about 500 nm .about 500 nm .
DEGREE OF CONVERSION / POLYMERIZATIONDEGREE OF CONVERSION / POLYMERIZATION – –
Conversion of monomer to polymer (polymerization)Conversion of monomer to polymer (polymerization)
depends on –depends on –
Transmission of light through the material --Transmission of light through the material -- Controlled Controlled
by absorption & scattering of light by Filler particles by absorption & scattering of light by Filler particles
Amount of Photoinitiator & Inhibitor presentAmount of Photoinitiator & Inhibitor present
Time of exposure – Time of exposure – Low intensity light = 80 to 240 sec.Low intensity light = 80 to 240 sec.
High intensity light = 20 to 60 sec.High intensity light = 20 to 60 sec.
OPTICAL MODIFIERS –OPTICAL MODIFIERS –
To simulate tooth structure ,Translucency or To simulate tooth structure ,Translucency or Opacity is provided by adding minute amount ofOpacity is provided by adding minute amount of
Optical modifiers , such as ,,,,,,,,Optical modifiers , such as ,,,,,,,,
Titanium dioxide Titanium dioxide
& & = .001 to .007 wt. %= .001 to .007 wt. %
Aluminu oxideAluminu oxide
SELF ACTIVATEDSELF ACTIVATED LIGHT ACTIVATEDLIGHT ACTIVATED
Activated by peroxide - Requires light of correctActivated by peroxide - Requires light of correct amine system. wavelength.amine system. wavelength. Bulk placement. Layer by layer placement.Bulk placement. Layer by layer placement. Cures throughout its Cures only where light isCures throughout its Cures only where light is bulk. received.bulk. received. More porosity. Less porosity.More porosity. Less porosity. Requires mixing. No mixing.Requires mixing. No mixing. Less Working time. More Working time.Less Working time. More Working time. Discolored fast. Resistant to Discoloration.Discolored fast. Resistant to Discoloration. More Wastage. Less Wastage.More Wastage. Less Wastage. Short Shelf life. Long Shelf life.Short Shelf life. Long Shelf life. Requires waiting period Can be finished immediatelyRequires waiting period Can be finished immediately for finishing. after curing.for finishing. after curing.
TYPE OF COMPOSITESTYPE OF COMPOSITES
ACCORDING TO FILLER ACCORDING TO FILLER SIZESIZE
CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITESCONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES
Also known as -----Also known as ----- TRADITIONAL COMPOSITESTRADITIONAL COMPOSITES
OR OR MACROFILLED COMPOSITES MACROFILLED COMPOSITES
COMPOSITION COMPOSITION ––
Ground Quartz is most commonly used as filler.Ground Quartz is most commonly used as filler.
Wide distribution of particle sizeWide distribution of particle size..
Particle SizeParticle Size = = 8 to 12 μm 8 to 12 μm
But may be as large as 50 to 100 μm .But may be as large as 50 to 100 μm .
Filler loadingFiller loading = 70 to 80 wt. % = 70 to 80 wt. %
oror
50 to 60 vol. %50 to 60 vol. %
PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –
Compressive strength --Compressive strength -- 250 to 300 MPa250 to 300 MPa
4 to 5 times greater than unfilled resin.4 to 5 times greater than unfilled resin.
Tensile strength --Tensile strength -- 50 to 65 MPa50 to 65 MPa
Double that of Unfilled resin.Double that of Unfilled resin.
Elastic modulus --Elastic modulus -- 8 to 15 GPa8 to 15 GPa
4 to 6 times greater than Unfilled resin.4 to 6 times greater than Unfilled resin.
Hardness --Hardness -- 55 KHN55 KHN
3 to 4 times greater than Unfilled resin .3 to 4 times greater than Unfilled resin .
Water sorption --Water sorption -- 0.5 to 0.7 mg/cm0.5 to 0.7 mg/cm22
3 times Less than that of Unfilled resin .3 times Less than that of Unfilled resin .
Co-Efficient of thermal expansion --Co-Efficient of thermal expansion -- 25 to 35 x 1025 to 35 x 10-6 -6 / / 00CC
3 to 4 times less than Unfilled resin .3 to 4 times less than Unfilled resin .
Esthetics -- Esthetics --
* * Polishing of Conventional composite results inPolishing of Conventional composite results in
a rough surface .a rough surface .
** Tendency to stain over a period of time . Tendency to stain over a period of time .
Radiopacity --Radiopacity --
* * Composites using Quartz as a filler are radioluscent.Composites using Quartz as a filler are radioluscent.
** Radiopacity is less than dentin . Radiopacity is less than dentin .
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –
Rough surface develops as a result of abrasive Rough surface develops as a result of abrasive wear of the soft resin matrix , due to tooth wear of the soft resin matrix , due to tooth brushing and mastication .brushing and mastication .
Poor resistance to Occlusal wear .Poor resistance to Occlusal wear .
Tendency to Discolor , due to rough surface .Tendency to Discolor , due to rough surface .
Resin matrix does not bond to tooth structureResin matrix does not bond to tooth structure . .
MICROFILLED COMPOSITESMICROFILLED COMPOSITES
Also known as Nanofilled Composites .Also known as Nanofilled Composites .
Developed to overcome the problems of Developed to overcome the problems of surface roughness of Conventional surface roughness of Conventional Composites.Composites.
Smoother surface , due to incorporation of Smoother surface , due to incorporation of microfillers .microfillers .
COMPOSITION --COMPOSITION --
Colloidal Silica used as a microfillers (inorganic filler) Colloidal Silica used as a microfillers (inorganic filler)
Particle size of Colloidal silica ,,,,,Particle size of Colloidal silica ,,,,,
0.02 to 0.040.02 to 0.04 μmμm
200 to 300200 to 300 times smaller than the quartz fillers times smaller than the quartz fillers
of Conventional composites .of Conventional composites .
Problem with Colloidal Silica ,,,,,Problem with Colloidal Silica ,,,,,
It has a It has a large surface arealarge surface area that could not be that could not be
adequately wetted by the resin matrix .adequately wetted by the resin matrix .
Inorganic Filler content / loading ,,,,,,Inorganic Filler content / loading ,,,,,,
only only 50 %50 % by by wt.wt.
( ( Conventional composite has 70-80 wt. % Conventional composite has 70-80 wt. % ))
Methods to increase Filler loadingMethods to increase Filler loading :: ::
Sinter the colloidal silicaSinter the colloidal silica ,,,,,,
thereby forming larger agglomeratethereby forming larger agglomerate which results in which results in
reduced surface area .reduced surface area .
Addition of Prepolymerized fillers ,,, Addition of Prepolymerized fillers ,,,
Also known as Organic fillers . Also known as Organic fillers .
This is most common method . This is most common method .
Prepared by adding 60 -70 wt.% of silane Prepared by adding 60 -70 wt.% of silane
coated colloidal silica to the monomer, which coated colloidal silica to the monomer, which
is held at slight high temp. to reduce the is held at slight high temp. to reduce the
viscosity .viscosity .
It is then heat cured & ground .It is then heat cured & ground .
Inorganic filler content after inclusion of Inorganic filler content after inclusion of
Prepolymerized fillers ,,,,,Prepolymerized fillers ,,,,,
80 % by wt.80 % by wt.
70 % by vol.70 % by vol.
PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –
Except Except Compressive strengthCompressive strength , all other physical & , all other physical &
mechanical properties are inferior to the other mechanical properties are inferior to the other
composite resins.composite resins.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ::COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH ::
250 to 350 MPa250 to 350 MPa . .
Similar to Conventional compositesSimilar to Conventional composites . .
TENSILE STRENGTH ::TENSILE STRENGTH ::
30 to 50 MPa .30 to 50 MPa .
Lowest among composites .Lowest among composites .
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ::MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ::
3 to 6 MPa3 to 6 MPa
Lowest .Lowest .
HARDNESS ::HARDNESS ::
25 to 30 KHN25 to 30 KHN
Lowest .Lowest .
THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT ::THERMAL EXPANSION COEFFICIENT ::
50 to 60 x 1050 to 60 x 10-6 -6 / / 00CC
Highest among the composite resins .Highest among the composite resins .
WATER SORPTION ::WATER SORPTION ::
1.4 to 1.7 mg / cm2 1.4 to 1.7 mg / cm2
Highest Highest
ESTHETICS ::ESTHETICS ::
Provide Smooth finished surface desired for Provide Smooth finished surface desired for
esthetics .esthetics .
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS –CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS –
Resin of choiceResin of choice for esthetic restorationfor esthetic restoration of anterior of anterior
teeth , especially in non – stress bearing area .teeth , especially in non – stress bearing area .
Potential for greater fracture in Class IV & II Potential for greater fracture in Class IV & II
restorations .restorations .
SMALL PARTICLE COMPOSTIESMALL PARTICLE COMPOSTIE
Introduced in an attempt to have good Introduced in an attempt to have good
surface smoothness with improved surface smoothness with improved
Physical & Mechanical properties .Physical & Mechanical properties .
COMPOSTION –COMPOSTION –
Inorganic fillers are ground to smaller size than theInorganic fillers are ground to smaller size than the
Conventional composites .Conventional composites .
Average Filler Size ,,,,Average Filler Size ,,,,
1 – 5 μm but broad distribution .1 – 5 μm but broad distribution .
Filler content / loading ,,,,Filler content / loading ,,,,
80 % by wt.80 % by wt.
70 % by vol.70 % by vol.
**** Primary filler is silane - coated ground particles.Primary filler is silane - coated ground particles.
Fillers utilize ,,,,Fillers utilize ,,,,
Glasses containing heavy metal. Ground quartzGlasses containing heavy metal. Ground quartz is also used.is also used.
Colloidal silica is also added in small amounts Colloidal silica is also added in small amounts i.e. 5 wt.% to adjust the paste viscosity .i.e. 5 wt.% to adjust the paste viscosity .
PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –
Best physical & mechanical properties , due to higher Best physical & mechanical properties , due to higher filler content .filler content .
Compressive Strength :: Compressive Strength :: 350 to 400 MPa350 to 400 MPa
Highest Highest
Tensile Strength :: Tensile Strength :: 75 to 90 MPa75 to 90 MPa
Double than Microfilled & 50% greater than Double than Microfilled & 50% greater than
that of Conventional composite .that of Conventional composite .
Modulus of Elastisity :: Modulus of Elastisity :: 15 to 20 GPa 15 to 20 GPa
Stiffest of allStiffest of all
Hardness :: Hardness :: 50 to 60 KHN50 to 60 KHN
Similar to ConventionalSimilar to Conventional
Thermal Expansion Coefficient :: Thermal Expansion Coefficient :: 19 to 26 x19 to 26 x 1010-6 -6 / / 00CC
Lower than other Composites , but twice that of Lower than other Composites , but twice that of
tooth structure .tooth structure .
Water Sorption :: Water Sorption :: 0.5 to 0.6 mg / cm0.5 to 0.6 mg / cm22
similar to Conventional .similar to Conventional .
Esthetics :: Esthetics :: Better than conventional .Better than conventional .
Polymerization Shrinkage :: Polymerization Shrinkage :: Less than conventional .Less than conventional .
Radiopacity :: Radiopacity :: Contains heavy metal glasses as Contains heavy metal glasses as
fillers , which are radiopaque. fillers , which are radiopaque.
Important property for material used Important property for material used
in posterior teeth .in posterior teeth .
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –
Can be used in areas of stress , such as Class IV & IICan be used in areas of stress , such as Class IV & II
restoration . restoration .
Provides smooth surfaces for anterior teeth , but are Provides smooth surfaces for anterior teeth , but are
still not as good as Microfilled & Hybrid composites .still not as good as Microfilled & Hybrid composites .
HYBRID HYBRID COMPOSITESCOMPOSITES
Latest category of composite material .Latest category of composite material .
Developed to obtain better surface smoothness than Developed to obtain better surface smoothness than
the Small particles , yet maintaining the properties .the Small particles , yet maintaining the properties .
Have surface smoothness & esthetics competitive withHave surface smoothness & esthetics competitive with
Microfilled composites for anterior restorations. Microfilled composites for anterior restorations.
COMPOSITION –COMPOSITION –
Filler content –Filler content –
75 to 80 % by wt.75 to 80 % by wt.
60 to 65 % by Vol60 to 65 % by Vol..
Two kinds of filler particles are employed ,,,,Two kinds of filler particles are employed ,,,,
Colloidal Silica –Colloidal Silica –
Present in a higher concentration 10 to 20 wt % Present in a higher concentration 10 to 20 wt %
Ground particles of Glasses containing heavy metals –Ground particles of Glasses containing heavy metals –
** Average particle size = 0.6 to 1 Average particle size = 0.6 to 1 μmμm ** 75 % of the ground particles are smaller 75 % of the ground particles are smaller
than 1.0 than 1.0 μm .μm .
PROPERTIES –PROPERTIES –
Range between Conventional & Small particleRange between Conventional & Small particle
composites , but generally superior to Microfilled .composites , but generally superior to Microfilled .
Compressive Strength ::Compressive Strength :: 300 to 350 MPa 300 to 350 MPa
Slightly less than the Small particle composite .Slightly less than the Small particle composite .
Tensile Strength ::Tensile Strength :: 70 to 90 MPa 70 to 90 MPa
Comparable to Small particle composite .Comparable to Small particle composite .
Elastic Modulus ::Elastic Modulus :: 7 to 12 GPa 7 to 12 GPa
Ranges b/w Conventional & Microfilled composites .Ranges b/w Conventional & Microfilled composites .
Hardness ::Hardness :: 50 to 60 KHN 50 to 60 KHN
Similar to Small particle composites .Similar to Small particle composites .
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ::Coefficient of Thermal Expansion :: 30 to 40 x 30 to 40 x 1010-6 -6 / / 00CC
Less than the Microfilled .Less than the Microfilled .
Water Sorption ::Water Sorption :: 0.5 to 0. 7 mg / cm 0.5 to 0. 7 mg / cm22
Similar to Conventional & Small partilce , but less Similar to Conventional & Small partilce , but less
than Microfilled composites .than Microfilled composites .
Esthetics ::Esthetics ::
Competitive to Microfilled composite for anteriorCompetitive to Microfilled composite for anterior
teeth .teeth .
Radiopacity :: Radiopacity ::
Presence of heavy metal glasses makes it more Presence of heavy metal glasses makes it more
radio – opaque than Enamel .radio – opaque than Enamel .
CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –CLINICAL CONSIDERATION –
Widely used for Anterior restoration , including Widely used for Anterior restoration , including
Class IV .Class IV .
Also used in stress – bearing area , even though its Also used in stress – bearing area , even though its
mechanical properties are inferior to Small particle mechanical properties are inferior to Small particle
composties .composties .
COMPOSITE RESINS COMPOSITE RESINS FOR FOR
POSTERIOR POSTERIOR RESTORATIONSRESTORATIONS
All types of Composites are used for posterior All types of Composites are used for posterior
restorations.restorations.
Cavity preparation should be Conservative Cavity preparation should be Conservative
and should use adequate manipulation and should use adequate manipulation
technique .technique .
INDICATIONS OF COMPOSITE INDICATIONS OF COMPOSITE FOR POSTERIOR TEETH –FOR POSTERIOR TEETH –
When Esthetics is necessary .When Esthetics is necessary .
When pt. is Allergic to mercuryWhen pt. is Allergic to mercury . .
PROBLEMS IN USE OF PROBLEMS IN USE OF COMPOSITES FOR POSTERIOR COMPOSITES FOR POSTERIOR
RESTORATIONSRESTORATIONS ––
In Class V restoration , In Class V restoration ,
when gingival margin is located in cementum orwhen gingival margin is located in cementum or
dentin , the material shrinks away from the margindentin , the material shrinks away from the margin
leading to a gap .leading to a gap .
Placement technique is more time consumingPlacement technique is more time consuming . .
Composites wear faster than Amalgam .Composites wear faster than Amalgam .
Newer materials like Small particle & Hybrid Newer materials like Small particle & Hybrid
have less wear ( 20 um per year ) which have less wear ( 20 um per year ) which
approaches that of Amalgam ( 10 um per year ) .approaches that of Amalgam ( 10 um per year ) .
MANIPULATION OF MANIPULATION OF COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
RESINSRESINS OROR
TECHNIQUES OF TECHNIQUES OF INSERTION INSERTION
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITESCHEMICALLY ACTIVATED COMPOSITES
2 paste systems .2 paste systems .
Equal amount of paste are dispensed onto a mixing pad .Equal amount of paste are dispensed onto a mixing pad .
Mixing by rapid spatulation for 30 sec. withMixing by rapid spatulation for 30 sec. with PlasticPlastic instrument .instrument .
Inserted with plastic instrument or syringe .Inserted with plastic instrument or syringe .
Matrix strip may be used to apply pressure for 15 min.Matrix strip may be used to apply pressure for 15 min.
LIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITESLIGHT ACTIVATED COMPOSITES
Single component pastes .Single component pastes .
Require no mixing .Require no mixing .
Working time is under the control of operator .Working time is under the control of operator .
Exposure to curing light initiate polymerization .Exposure to curing light initiate polymerization .
Exposure time is b/w 40 to 60 sec.Exposure time is b/w 40 to 60 sec.
Depth of cure is limited .Depth of cure is limited .
Resin thickness should not be greater than 2.5 mm .Resin thickness should not be greater than 2.5 mm .
ACID ETCHING TECHNIQUE –ACID ETCHING TECHNIQUE –
Most effective ways of improving the marginal seal &Most effective ways of improving the marginal seal & mechanical bonding b/w Resin and Enamel .mechanical bonding b/w Resin and Enamel .
Mode Of Action ::Mode Of Action :: It creates micro-porosities by etching of the enamel .It creates micro-porosities by etching of the enamel .
Etching increase the surface area .Etching increase the surface area .
Etched enamel has a high surface energy and allows a Etched enamel has a high surface energy and allows a resin to wet the surface & penetrate into micro-porositiesresin to wet the surface & penetrate into micro-porosities
Acid Used ::Acid Used ::
37 % Phosphoric acid37 % Phosphoric acid is most commonly used acid . is most commonly used acid .
Supplied in gel form .Supplied in gel form .
Brush or Syringe is used for application on the Brush or Syringe is used for application on the
enamel .enamel .
Procedure ::Procedure ::
Dry the enamel surface completely .Dry the enamel surface completely .
Length of application = 60 sec.Length of application = 60 sec.
but may be 15 sec.but may be 15 sec.
After etching , dried enamel shows white , frostedAfter etching , dried enamel shows white , frosted
appearance .appearance .
If enamel surface is contaminated , re-etching for 10 sec .If enamel surface is contaminated , re-etching for 10 sec .
BOND AGENTS –BOND AGENTS –
ENAMEL BOND AGENTS :: ENAMEL BOND AGENTS :: Unfilled resinUnfilled resin
DENTIN BOND AGENTS :: DENTIN BOND AGENTS ::
First generationFirst generation
Second generationSecond generation
Third generationThird generation
Forth generationForth generation
Fifth generationFifth generation
Primers / Conditioners
Bonding liquid
SANDWICH TECHNIQUE --SANDWICH TECHNIQUE --
Tooth surface + GIC + CompositeTooth surface + GIC + Composite
PIT & FISSURE SEALANTS --PIT & FISSURE SEALANTS --
CyanoacrylateCyanoacrylate PolyurethenesPolyurethenes BIS - GMABIS - GMA
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