Respondent Learning
Lesson 4
What’s going to happen next? If we know…we can be
prepared Increases our chances for
success Predicting important events
critical for survival food & water sex danger ~
Associative Learning
Events become associated linked
Association via Respondent Learning
– (AKA: Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning)
involuntary behavior Operant Learning
– (AKA: Instrumental)
motivated behavior ~
Associative Learning Respondent learning
Elicited (involuntary) behavior Triggered by external events Learned “reflexes”
Operant learning Emitted (motivated) behavior Attempt to change environment Controlled by consequences ~
Motivation Will expend energy to achieve goal Approach satisfiers /Avoid annoyers What “motivates” operant behavior? Physiological responses Emotional responses Cognitive response Involuntary responses Both innate & learned ~
Respondent Learning
A.K.A. Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning Ivan Pavlov dog learned to salivate
when bell rings Throughout animal kingdom
cockroaches, sea slugs, dogs, humans ~
Learning Associations
Signal--Important event Based on reflexes
stimulus response automatic (involuntary)
After association learned… signal triggers response ~
Eye-blink Reflex
Puff of air eye blinks prevents injury to eye “click” precedes puff of air
Reflex inherited stimulus response automatic ~
Air puff Eye blink
stimulus response
“Click”
signal
Respondent Learning: Eye-blink
“Click”
Eye blink
After Learning Occurs
Learnedresponse
signal
Anticipatory response
What is learned?
Relationship between events Predicts biologically important events
What kind of responses can be learned (conditioned)? Physiological Responses Emotional Responses Expectancies ~
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
Part of reflex automatically elicits a response
Biologically important motivational significance food, sex partner, drugs physical trauma, toxins ~
Unconditional Response (UR)
Response to US Automatic response Reflexive
Physiological & emotional responses HR/temp. - sexual arousal/pleasure Pain/nausea – fear/anxiety ~
US URs
Good food in mouth salivation, chewing, swallowing, pleasure
Bad food in mouth gagging, spitting, disgust
Loud noise HR, flinch, orient, fear
Dust in nose/throat sneeze/cough, anxiety
Animal bite pain, withdrawal, fear
Examples: USURs
Bite Pain/fear
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
Reflexive Behavior
Conditional Stimulus (CS)
Initially neutral stimulus (NS) does not trigger UR of interest
Reliably precedes US Cue or signal ~
Conditional Response
Learned response in response to CS only usually similar to unconditional
response homogeneous
After many pairings of CS & US learning is usually gradual frequency important ~
Conditional Stimulus
Respondent Learning
US UR
bite Pain/fearSee dog :
After Respondent Learning
ConditionalStimulus only
ConditionalResponse
See dog
Fear
Anticipatory response
Milk Let-down Response
Potential CSs crying, time of day, holding baby, etc precede suckling predictably act as CS trigger milk release (CR)
Generalization? another baby crying ~
Feeding reflex
baby suckling milk released
US UR
Extinction: Respondent Learning
CS no longer followed by US Loses predictive value Behavior becomes weaker
: Fear
Conditioned Emotional Responses Affect
positive & negative Depends on experiences
subjective interpretation of physiological responses
Expectations Conditioned emotional response
CER ~
Classes of stimuli appetitive aversive
CS predicts important event (US) CS+ US will occur
Positive contingency CS- US won’t occur
negative contingency ~
Conditioned Emotional Responses
CER (affect)
CS+
CS-
Appetitive Aversive (satisfier) (annoyer)
US
Positive
Positive
Negative
Negative
Likes & Dislikes
Like Cues associated w/ satisfying
events Dislike
Cues associated w/ annoying events Expectation + Contingency + US
CS+/CS- and appetitive/aversive ~
CER (Likes/Dislikes)
CS+
CS-
Appetitive Aversive (satisfier) (annoyer)
US
Like
Like
Dislike
Dislike
Food Preferences Genetic component
Taste receptors Salty, sweet, bitter, sour, *savory Or blend of these tastes
Learned component Taste as CS Nutrients as US
Preference for sweet/salty innate Can be altered by experience ~
Thiamine & Open Eating Systems
Thiamine (vitamin B1) Tasteless & odorless Beri beri heart, neural disorder
Rats with B1 deficiency
Prefer tastes of foods w/B1
Avoid tastes of foods w/o B1
Taste preferences learned Associated w/ vital nutrients ~
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