RESPIRATORY SYSTEMPART IINOVEMBER 1
AGENDA● REVIEW● QUESTION● NOTES
REVIEW
4 STEPS OF RESPIRATION1. VENTILATION
2. EXTERNALRESPIRATION
3. INTERNALRESPIRATION
4. CELLULARRESPIRATION
<Cellular Respiration/Aerobic Respiration>
glucose + oxygen →
energy + water + carbon dioxide
C6
H12
O6
+ 6 O2
→ ATP + 6 H
2O + 6 CO
2
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
ATP - adenosine triphosphate
Energy is stored in the bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) via phosphorylation
Phosphorylation: the
addition of a phosphate
group to a molecule;
QUESTION
Where does ADP come from?
NOTES
Respiratory Structures and Processes
STRUCTURES
Respiratory Structures
Respiratory Structures - Conducting
MOUTH AND TWO NASAL CAVITIES● ENTRY FOR AIR● FILTERING SYSTEM
○ HAIRS, MUCUS
PHARYNX● AIR-FILLED CHANNEL● BRANCHES INTO TRACHEA AND
ESOPHAGUS
Respiratory Structures - Conducting
EPIGLOTTIS ● COVERS THE GLOTTIS DURING SWALLOWING
GLOTTIS● OPENING OF TRACHEA
LARYNX (VOICE BOX)● TWO HORIZONTAL TISSUES - VOCAL CORDS
Respiratory Structures - Conducting
TRACHEA (WINDPIPE)● LINED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANES
AND CILIA● CARTILAGE RINGS → KEEP THE
TRACHEA OPEN
Respiratory Structures - Conducting
BRONCHI (SINGULAR: BRONCHUS)● CARTILAGE RINGS● CARRY AIR INTO THE LUNGS
Respiratory Structures - Conducting
BRONCHIOLES● NO CARTILAGINOUS RINGS● SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange
Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange
LAW OF DIFFUSION
1. DISTANCE
Shorter, more exchange
2. SURFACE AREA
Larger, more exchange
3. AMOUNT
More molecules, more exchange
What characteristics of the alveoli make them ideal for gas exchange?
1. DISTANCE
Thin membrane → 0.1 and 0.2 um
2. SURFACE AREA
150 million alveoli/lung → cover half a tennis court = 40 x S.A of a human body
3. AMOUNT
O2
rich alveolus + O2
poor capillary
Respiratory Structures - Gas Exchange
Respiratory Structures PLEURAL MEMBRANE● THIN, FLUID-FILLED ● SURROUNDS LUNG● INNER WALL OF THE CHEST CAVITY
Respiratory Structures
Respiratory Structures DIAPHRAGM● DOME-SHAPED MUSCLE ● PRIMARY MUSCLE IN BREATHING
Respiratory Structures INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES● EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL● CAUSE RIBS TO MOVE
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
PROCESSES
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
INSPIRATION● DIAPHRAGM CONTRACTS
= FLATTENS● INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
CONTRACT● RIB CAGE MOVES
UPWARD + OUTWARD● INCREASE IN CHEST
CAVITY ● PRESSURE IN THE LUNGS
DECREASES● AIR MOVES INTO THE
LUNGS (DOWN THE PRESSURE GRADIENT)
INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION
EXPIRATION● DIAPHRAGM RELAXES
= DOME-SHAPED● INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES RELAX● RIB CAGE MOVES DOWNWARD● DECREASE IN CHEST CAVITY ● PRESSURE IN THE LUNGS
INCREASES● AIR MOVES OUT OF THE LUNGS
(DOWN THE PRESSURE GRADIENT)
WHY IS GUNSHOT SO FATAL?
Respiratory Structures
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