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Presentation on
Research Concept & Process.
Presented By:
Miss. Karishma Seth ( Team Leader)
Miss. Harshita Singh
Mr. Harish Awasthi
Md.IrfanMiss. Veena Verma
Mr.Jeetendra Kumar
Mr. Anoop Srivastava
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What Research IsResearch is:
the systematic process of collecting andanalyzing information (data) in order to increaseour understanding of the phenomenon aboutwhich we are concerned or interested.1
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What Research Is NotResearch isnt information gathering:
Gathering information from resources such books
or magazines isnt research.No contribution to new knowledge.
Research isnt the transportation of facts:
Merely transporting facts from one resource toanother doesnt constitute research.
No contribution to new knowledge although thismight make existing knowledge more accessible.
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Research Characteristics Originates with a question or problem.
Requires clear articulation of a goal.
Follows a specific plan or procedure.
Often divides main problem into subproblems.
Guided by specific problem, question, orhypothesis.
Accepts certain critical assumptions.
Requires collection and interpretation of data.
Cyclical (helical) in nature.
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Types of ResearchDescriptive Vs Analytical.
Applied Vs Fundamental.Qualitative Vs Quantitative.
Conceptual Vs Empirical.
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Research ProcessResearch is an extremely cyclic process.
Later stages might necessitate a review of earlier
work.
This isnt a weakness of the process but ispart of the built-in error correction machinery.
Because of the cyclic nature of research, itcan be difficult to determine where to startand when to stop.
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Step 1: A Question Is RaisedA question occurs to or is posed to theresearcher for which that researcher has no
answer.This doesnt mean that someone else doesntalready have an answer.
The question needs to be converted to anappropriate problem statement like thatdocumented in a research proposal.
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Step 2: Suggest HypothesesThe researcher generates intermediatehypotheses to describe a solution to the
problem.This is at best a temporary solution since there isas yet no evidence to support either theacceptance or rejection of these hypotheses.
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Step 3: Literature ReviewThe available literature is reviewed todetermine if there is already a solution to the
problem.Existing solutions do not always explain newobservations.
The existing solution might require some revision
or even be discarded.
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Step 4: Literature EvaluationIts possible that the literature review hasyielded a solution to the proposed problem.
This means that you havent really done research.
On the other hand, if the literature reviewturns up nothing, then additional research
activities are justified.
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Step 5: Acquire DataThe researcher now begins to gather datarelating to the research problem.
The means of data acquisition will often changebased on the type of the research problem.
This might entail only data gathering, but it couldalso require the creation of new measurementinstruments.
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Step 6: Data AnalysisThe data that were gathered in the previousstep are analyzed as a first step in
ascertaining their meaning.
As before, the analysis of the data does notconstitute research.
This is basic number crunching.
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Step 7: Data InterpretationThe researcher interprets the newly analyzeddata and suggests a conclusion.
This can be difficult.
Keep in mind that data analysis that suggests acorrelation between two variables cantautomatically be interpreted as suggesting
causality between those variables.
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Step 8: Hypothesis SupportThe data will either support the hypotheses orthey wont.
This may lead the researcher to cycle back to anearlier step in the process and begin again with anew hypothesis.
This is one of the self-correcting mechanisms
associated with the scientific method.
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Common MethodologiesMethodologies are high-level approaches toconducting research.
The individual steps within the methodology mightvary based on the research being performed.
Two commonly used research
methodologies:Quantitative.
Qualitative.
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Methodology ComparisonQuantitative
Explanation, prediction
Test theories
Known variables
Large sample
Standardized instruments
Deductive
Qualitative
Explanation, description
Build theories
Unknown variables
Small sample
Observations, interviews
Inductive
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ConclusionResearch is carried out to find a solution
of a problem.It is a pre process of product or serviceoutputs.
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