K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
1
Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Pool Spreading and Vaporization
of Liquid Hydrogen
by
Karl VERFONDERN 1) and Bernd DIENHART 2)
1) Research Center Juelich, Germany2) Cologne, Germany
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
2
Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Cryogenic Pool Phenomena
150 l of LN2 spilled on water
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
3
Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Computer Model LAUV Simulation of radial spreading of a cryogenic liquid on the
basis of the shallow-layer differential equations; Instantaneous and continuous release on solid, humid,
or liquid ground; Heat conduction equation applied, if ground is solid; Ice formation, if ground is water; Atmospheric convection and insolation neglected; Validation against
LN2 and LH2 spill tests and LNG spill test data from literature
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Cryogenic Pool Behavior (1)
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Cryogenic Pool Behavior (2)
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
6
Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Cryogenic Pool Behavior (3)
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
7
Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Cryogenic Pool Behavior (4)
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
LN2 Spill Tests on Water (KIWI) at FZJ
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
NASA LH2 Spill Tests (1980)
Courtesy Jose Chirivella, Ergo-Tech Systems Inc.
4.6 m radius spill pond
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
LAUV Postcalculation of NASA Test #6
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
WE-NET LH2 Spill Tests (1993 + 2000)
Courtesy Keiko Chitose, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
BAM LH2 Spill Tests in Cottbus (1994)
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
LAUV Postcalculation – LH2 Spill on Water
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
LAUV Postcalculation – LH2 Spill on Al Plate
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Conclusions
Phenomena of cryogen pool spreading and vaporization are principally understood.
Modeling efforts have led to simplified, but appropriate simulation of phenomena.
Experimental data basis for LH2 is still very poor and needs further extension.
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Thank Youfor Your Attention
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +49-2461-613438
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Backup Slides
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Experiments on Pool SpreadingYear Institution / Location Release 1960 1968
1968-69 1971
1971-72 1971-72
1972 1973 1973 1973 1974
1974-75 1975 1975 1975 1976 1976 1977 1978 1980 1980 1980
1979-81 1986 1987 1994 1994
Arthur D. Little Inc., USA TRW System, USA Bureau of Mines, Bruceton, USA Esso Research, Matagorda Bay, Texas, USA American Gas Association, San Clemente, USA Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, USA Gaz de France, Nantes, France Shell Research Ltd., UK US Coast Guard, China Lake, CA, USA Shell Research Ltd., UK American Gas Association, Ohio, USA Japan Gas Association, Sodegaura, Japan LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA Japan Gas Association, Sodegaura, Japan LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA Lawrence Livermore Lab, China Lake, USA Lawrence Livermore Lab, China Lake, USA Shell Research Ltd., Maplin Sands, UK NASA, White Sands, USA LNG Research Center, MIT, USA British Gas, Midlands Research Station, UK Lawrence Livermore Lab, Nevada, USA BAM, Cottbus, Germany BAM, Cottbus, Germany
LH2 on solid LNG on solid LNG, LN2 on water LNG on water LNG on solid LNG, LN2 on water LNG on solid LNG on water LNG on water LNG on water LNG on solid LNG on solid LN2, LCH4, LC2H6 on water LN2, LCH4, LNG on solid LNG on water LN2, LCH4 on water LNG on solid LNG, LPG on water LNG on water LN2, LNG on water LNG, LPG on water LH2 on solid LN2, LPG, LCH4 on water LNG on solid LNG on solid LH2, LPG on solid LH2 on water
xxx: experiments with data on pool spreading
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Model Developments on Pool Spreading
Year Author Model Application Ground 1972 1973 1974 1974 1975 1977 1978 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1983 1983 1985 1987 1990 1994
Burgess Fay Raj
Lind Otterman Opschoor
Stein Shaw
Georgakis Fleischer
Raj Dodge
Brandeis Waite Alp
Webber McFarlane Dienhart
LNGVG SPILL
SPILLS
DMODEL
COBRA GASP EVAP LAUV
LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG, instantaneous LNG LNG, instantaneous LNG LNG LNG, instantaneous water-insoluble substances Cryogens water-insoluble substances LNG LNG, instantaneous LNG cryogens, slowly boiling liquids cryogens cryogens
Water
1978 1981 1983 1987 1994
Shaw Raj
Jensen Webber Dienhart
SPILL
GASP LAUV
LNG cryogens cryogens cryogens, slowly boiling liquids cryogens
Solid ground
xxx: model based on shallow-layer equations
K. Verfondern, B. Dienhart Int. Conference on Hydrogen Safety, ICHS, Sep 8 - 10, 2005, Pisa, Italy
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Research Center JuelichInstitute for Safety Research and Reactor Technology (ISR)
Nukiyama Curve for LH2
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