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High Step-Up High-Efficiency Interleaved
Converter With Voltage Multiplier Module
for Renewable Energy Syte!
ABSTRACT:
" novel high tep-up converter# which i uitable for
renewable energy yte!# i propoed in thi paper$
%hrough a voltage !ultiplier !odule co!poed of witchedcapacitor and coupled inductor# a conventional
interleaved boot converter obtain high tep-up gain
without operating at e&tre!e duty ratio$ %he configuration
of the propoed converter not only reduce the current
tre but alo contrain the input current ripple# which
decreae the conduction loe and lengthen the lifeti!e
of the input ource$ In addition# due to the lole paive
cla!p perfor!ance# lea'age energy i recycled to theoutput ter!inal$ Hence# large voltage pi'e acro the
!ain witche are alleviated# and the efficiency i
i!proved$ Even the low voltage tre !a'e the low-
voltage-rated M(S)E% be adopted for reduction of
conduction loe and cot$
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LITRATURE SERVEY:
1. J. T. Bialasiewicz, Renewable energ ss!e"s wi!#$#%!%&%l!aic $%wer genera!%rs: '$era!i%n an(
"%(eling)IEEE Trans. In(. Elec!r%n., &%l. **, n%. +, $$.
+*-+*, J/l. 00.
" ubtantial increae of photovoltaic *+V, power generator
intallation ha ta'en place in recent year# due to the increaing
efficiency of olar cell a well a the i!prove!ent of
!anufacturing technology of olar panel$ %hee generator are
both grid-connected and tand-alone application Syte! with +V
arrayinverter ae!blie# operating in the lave-and-!ater
!ode# are dicued$
. T. e2alas an( A. la(as, Analsis %2 !rans2%r"ers
w%r3ing /n(er #ea&il sa!/ra!e( c%n(i!i%ns in gri(4
c%nnec!e( renewable energ ss!e"s)IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., &%l. *5, n%. *, $$. 67-6*0, 8a 01.
Reearcher have propoed tranfor!er le olution for
connecting renewable-energy power plant to the grid$
"part fro! lac' of efficiency and increaed cot and weight
of the tranfor!er# one of the reaon i the dc input current
that caue tranfor!er aturation$ %he purpoe of thipaper i the develop!ent of a finite-ele!ent co!putational
tool that i going to aid tranfor!er !anufacturer in
deigning ditribution tranfor!er pecifically for the
renewable-energy !ar'et$ It i baed on a generali.ed
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!acrocopic repreentation of electrical teel ued in the
tranfor!er !anufacturing indutry that enable the
accurate evaluation of electro!agnetic field ditribution
of tranfor!er core under heavily aturated condition$
6. T. 9#%/ an( B. ranc%is# Energ "anage"en! an(
$%wer c%n!r%l %2 a #bri( ac!i&e win( genera!%r 2%r
(is!rib/!e( $%wer genera!i%n an( gri( in!egra!i%n,)
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., &%l. *, n%. 1, $$. 5*-107,
Jan. 011.
Claical wind energy converion yte! are uually
paive generator$ %he generated power doe not depend
on the grid re/uire!ent but entirely on the fluctuant wind
condition$ " dc-coupled wind0hydrogen0uper capacitor
hybrid power yte! i tudied in thi paper$ %he purpoe
of the control yte! i to coordinate thee different
ource# particularly their power e&change# in order to
!a'e controllable the generated power$
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C;AC4>C C'=VERTER
" 1C-to-1C converter i a device that accept a 1C input voltageand produce a 1C output voltage$ %ypically the output produced i at a
different voltage level than the input$ In addition# 1C-to-1C converter are
ued to provide noie iolation# power bu regulation# etc$ %hi i a u!!ary
of o!e of the popular 1C-to-1C converter topologie$
1.1.1. B''ST C'=VERTER STE
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)ig$ 5$56 4oot Converter Circuit
While the tranitor i (2 V&7Vin# and the ()) tate the inductor
current flow through the diode giving V& 7Vo$ )or thi analyi it i
au!ed that the inductor current alway re!ain flowing *continuou
conduction,$ %he voltage acro the inductor i hown in )ig$5$8 and the
average !ut be .ero for the average current to re!ain in teady tate
%hi can be rearranged a
and for a lo le circuit the power balance enure
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)ig$ 5$86 Voltage and current wavefor! *4oot Converter,
Since the duty ratio 919 i between : and 5 the output voltage
!ut alway be higher than the input voltage in !agnitude$ %he negative
ign indicate a reveral of ene of the output voltage$
1.1.. BUC C'=VERTER STE'?= C'=VERTER
In thi circuit the tranitor turning (2 will put voltage Vin on one
end of the inductor$ %hi voltage will tend to caue the inductor current to
rie$ When the tranitor i ())# the current will continue flowing through
the inductor but now flowing through the diode$ We initially au!e that the
current through the inductor doe not reach .ero# thu the voltage at V& will
now be only the voltage acro the conducting diode during the full ())
ti!e$ %he average voltage at V& will depend on the average (2 ti!e of the
tranitor provided the inductor current i continuou$
)ig$ 5$;6 4uc' Converter
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)ig$ 5$
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the voltage relationhip beco!e Vo71 Vin Since the circuit i lo le and
the input and output power !ut !atch on the average Vo= Io 7 Vin= Iin$%hu the average input and output current !ut atify Iin 71 Io %hee
relation are baed on the au!ption that the inductor current doe not
reach .ero$
1.1..1. Transi!i%n be!ween c%n!in/%/s an( (isc%n!in/%/s
When the current in the inductor > re!ain alway poitive then
either the tranitor %5 or the diode 15 !ut be conducting$ )or continuou
conduction the voltage V&i either Vinor :$ If the inductor current ever goe
to .ero then the output voltage will not be forced to either of thee
condition$ "t thi tranition point the current ?ut reache .ero a een in
)igure 5$@$ 1uring the (2 ti!e V in-Vouti acro the inductor thu
*5,
%he average current# which !ut !atch the output current# atifie
*8,
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)ig$ 5$@6 4uc' Converter at 4oundary
If the input voltage i contant the output current at the tranition point
atifie
*;,
1.1... V%l!age Ra!i% %2 B/c3 C%n&er!er @>isc%n!in/%/s 8%(e,
" for the continuou conduction analyi we ue the fact that the
integral of voltage acro the inductor i .ero over a cycle of witching %$
%he tranitor ()) ti!e i now divided into eg!ent of diode conduction
dd% and .ero conduction do%$ %he inductor average voltage thu give
(Vin- Vo) DT + (-Vo)dT = 0 *
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)ig$ 5$A6 4uc' Converter - 1icontinuou Conduction
*@,
for the cae $ %o reolve the value of conider the output current
which i half the pea' when averaged over the conduction ti!e
*A,Conidering the change of current during the diode conduction ti!e
*B,
%hu fro! *A, and *B, we can get
*,
uing the relationhip in *@,
*D,
and olving for the diode conduction
*5:,
%he output voltage i thu given a
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*55,
defining '= 7 8>0*Vin%,# we can ee the effect of dicontinuou current on
the voltage ratio of the converter$
)ig$ 5$B 6 (utput Voltage v Current
" een in the figure 5$B# once the output current i high enough#
the voltage ratio depend only on the duty ratio 9d9$ "t low current the
dicontinuou operation tend to increae the output voltage of the converter
toward Vin$
1.1.6. BUC4B''ST C'=VERTER
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)ig$ 5$6 che!atic for buc'-boot converter
With continuou conduction for the 4uc'-4oot converter V&7Vin
when the tranitor i (2 and V&7Vowhen the tranitor i ())$ )or .ero
net current change over a period the average voltage acro the inductor i
.ero
)ig$ 5$D6 Wavefor! for buc'-boot converter
which give the voltage ratio
and the correponding current
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Since the duty ratio 919 i between : and 5 the output voltage can vary
between lower or higher than the input voltage in !agnitude$ %he negative
ign indicate a reveral of ene of the output voltage$
1.1.7. CU C'=VERTER
%he buc'# boot and buc'-boot converter all tranferred energy
between input and output uing the inductor# analyi i baed of voltage
balance acro the inductor$ %he CU converter ue capacitive energy
tranfer and analyi i baed on current balance of the capacitor$ %he circuit
in )ig$ 5$5: i derived fro! 1U">I%F principle on the buc'-boot
converter$
)ig$ 5$5:6 CU Converter
If we au!e that the current through the inductor i eentially
ripple free we can e&a!ine the charge balance for the capacitor C5$ )or the
tranitor (2 the circuit beco!e
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)ig$ 5$556 CU 9(2-S%"%E9
and the current in C5 i I>5$ When the tranitor i ())# the diode conduct
and the current in C5 beco!e I>8$
)ig$ 5$586 CU 9())-S%"%E9
Since the teady tate au!e no net capacitor voltage rie #the net
current i .ero
which i!plie
%he inductor current !atch the input and output current# thu uing the
power conervation rule
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%hu the voltage ratio i the a!e a the buc'-boot converter$ %he
advantage of the CU converter i that the input and output inductor create
a !ooth current at both ide of the converter while the buc'# boot and
buc'-boot have at leat one ide with puled current$
1.1.*. IS'LATE> >C4>C C'=VERTERS
In !any 1C-1C application# !ultiple output are re/uired and
output iolation !ay need to be i!ple!ented depending on the application$
In addition# input to output iolation !ay be re/uired to !eet afety
tandard and 0 or provide i!pedance !atching$ %he above-dicued 1C-
1C topologie can be adapted to provide iolation between input and output$
1.1.*.1. l bac3 C%n&er!er
%he flybac' converter can be developed a an e&tenion of the
4uc'-4oot converter$ )ig 5$5;*a, how the baic converterG )ig 5$5;*b,
replace the inductor by a tranfor!er$ %he buc'-boot converter wor' by
toring energy in the inductor during the (2 phae and releaing it to the
output during the ()) phae$ With the tranfor!er the energy torage i in
the !agneti.ation of the tranfor!er core$ %o increae the tored energy a
gapped core i often ued$ In )ig 5$5;*c, the iolated output i clarified by
re!oval of the co!!on reference of the input and output circuit$
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)ig$ 5$5;*a,6 4uc'-4oot Converter
)ig$ 5$5;*b,6 Replacing inductor by tranfor!er
)ig$ 5$5;*c,6 )lybac' converter re-configured
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1.1.*. %rwar( C%n&er!er
%he concept behind the forward converter i that of the ideal
tranfor!er converting the input "C voltage to an iolated econdary output
voltage$ )or the circuit in )ig$ 5$5
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turn ()) we need to upply negative voltage to reet the core flu&$ %he
circuit in )ig$ 5$5@ how a tertiary winding with a diode connection to
per!it revere current$ 2ote that the 9dot9 convention for the tertiary
winding i oppoite thoe of the other winding$ When the witch turn ())
current wa flowing in a 9dot9 ter!inal$ %he core inductance act to continue
current in a dotted ter!inal# thu
)ig$ 5$5@6 )orward converter with tertiary winding
1.1.. C'=VERTER C'8
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)ig$ 5$5A6 Co!parion of Voltage ratio
. S'T4C'88UTATI= 8ET;'> 'R A= IS'LATE> B''ST
C'=VERTER
High power iolated bi-directional dc0dc converter have beco!e 'ey
co!ponent in alternative energy yte!$ In contrat to an iolated buc'
converter# driving a tranfor!er with a current-fed inverter in an iolated
boot converter will lead to a high voltage pi'e acro the current-fed
inverter witche becaue of the lea'age inductance of the tranfor!er$
" dual active full bridge dc0dc converter wa propoed for high
power bi-directional application$ It e!ploy two voltage-fed inverter to
drive each ide of the tranfor!er# eli!inating the current-fed inverter$ 4oth
voltage-fed inverter operate at oft-witching condition$ " dual active half
bridge oft-witching bi-directional dc0dc converter wa propoed with
reduced power co!ponent count$
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It ha voltage-fed inverter at high voltage ide and current fed
inverter at low voltage ide$ 4oth converter utili.e the lea'age inductance
of the tranfor!er a the energy-tranferring ele!ent# driving energy to flow
both way in one witching cycle$ Since the lea'age inductance of the
tranfor!er i a 'ey para!eter in reonant tranition type converter deign
and ha to be well controlled# !anufacturability will be an iue in !a
production$ In addition# while oft witching i achieved in reonant
tranition type iolated bi-directional dc0dc converter# high circulating
conduction loe often offet the efficiency gained by oft-witching$
"ctive-cla!p type iolated boot dc0dc converter achieve oft
witching while !ini!i.ing the circulation current and achieve relatively
high efficiency power converion$ However# an active nubber# which
conit an active witch and a capacitor# ha to witch at twice the
witching fre/uency and at the full power of the !ain dc0dc converter$ %he
burden of high current tre and aociated ther!al iue of the active
witch and the capacitor add li!itation to active-cla!ped nubber !ethod
in bi-directional high power application$
"ctive co!!utating i a !ethod that preet the current in
lea'age inductance to the boot inductor current before the co!!utation
event occur$ However in both active co!!utating !ethod# the witche at
voltage-fed ide inverter are hard witching$
a oft-co!!utatingJ !ethod for an iolated boot full bridge
converter in high power bi-directional application$ In addition# .ero voltage
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witching *.v, i alo achieved for all witche at the voltage-fed ide
inverter in boot !ode operation$
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C;A
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interleaved converter !ainly depend on the !a&i!u! power
de!and of the load and the !a&i!u! power rating of the
interleaved phae$
)ig$ e efficiency
L More voltage tre
L Co!ple& control circuit
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C;A
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%heoretically# conventional tep-up converter# uch a the boot
converter and flybac' converter# cannot achieve a high tep-up
converion with high efficiency becaue of the reitance of
ele!ent or lea'age inductanceG alo# the voltage tree are large$
%hu# in recent year# !any novel high tepup converter have
been developed$ 1epite thee advance# high tep-up ingle-
witch converter are unuitable to operate at heavy load given a
large input current ripple# which increae conduction loe$ %he
conventional interleaved boot converter i an e&cellent candidate
for high-power application and power factor correction$
Unfortunately# the tep-up gain i li!ited# and the voltage treeon e!iconductor co!ponent are e/ual to output voltage$ Hence#
baed on the afore!entioned conideration# !odifying a
conventional interleaved boot converter for high tep-up and high-
power application i a uitable approach$ %o integrate witched
capacitor into an interleaved boot converter !ay !a'e voltage
gain reduplicate# but no e!ploy!ent of coupled inductor caue
the tep-up voltage gain to be li!ited$ (ppoitely# to integrate only
coupled inductor into an interleaved boot converter !ay !a'evoltage gain higher and ad?utable# but no e!ploy!ent of witched
capacitor caue the tep-up voltage gain to be ordinary$ %hu# the
ynchronou e!ploy!ent of coupled inductor and witched
capacitor i a better conceptG !ore over# high tep-up gain# high
efficiency# and low voltage tre are achieved even for high-
power application$
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%he propoed converter i a conventional interleaved boot
converter integrated with a voltage !ultiplier !odule# andthe voltage !ultiplier !odule i co!poed of witched
capacitor and coupled inductor$ %he coupled inductor
can be deigned to e&tend tep-up gain# and the witched
capacitor offer e&tra voltage converion ratio$ In addition#
when one of the witche turn off# the energy tored in the
!agneti.ing inductor will tranfer via three repective
pathG thu# the current ditribution not only decreae the
conduction loe by lower effective current but alo !a'ecurrent through o!e diode decreae to .ero before they
turn off# which alleviate diode revere recovery loe$
%he propoed high tep-up interleaved converter with a
voltage !ultiplier !odule i hown in )ig$ %he voltage
!ultiplier !odule i co!poed of two coupled inductor
and two witched capacitor and i inerted between aconventional interleaved boot converter to for! a
!odified bootflybac'forward interleaved tructure$
When the witche turn off by turn# the phae whoe witch
i in ()) tate perfor! a a flybac' converter# and the
other phae whoe witch i in (2 tate perfor! a a
forward converter$
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+ri!ary winding of the coupled inductor with Np
turn are e!ployed to decreae input current ripple# andecondary winding of the coupled inductor withNs turn
are connected in erie to e&tend voltage gain$ %he turn
ratio of the coupled inductor are the a!e$ %he coupling
reference of the inductor are denoted by J and J$
%he e/uivalent circuit of the propoed converter i hown
in )ig# whereLm5 andLm8 are the !agneti.ing inductorGLk5 andLk8 repreent the lea'age inductorGLs repreent
the erie lea'age inductor in the econdary ideG S5 and
S8 denote the power witcheG Cc5 and Cc8 are the
witched capacitorG and C5# C8# and C; are the output
capacitor$ Dc5 and Dc8 are the cla!p diode# Db5 and
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Db8 repreent the output diode for boot operation with
witched capacitor# Df5 and Df8 repreent the output
diode for flybac'forward operation# and n i defined a
turn ratioNs/Np$
8'>ES ' 'E 1
1uring the Mode 5# the power witch S8 re!ain in (2
tate# and the other power witch S5 begin to turn on$ %he
diodeDc5# Dc8# Db5# Db8# andDf5 are revered biaed$
%he erie lea'age inductorLs /uic'ly releae the tored
energy to the output ter!inal via flybac' forward diode
Df8# and the current through erie lea'age inductor Ls
decreae to .ero$ %hu# the !agneti.ing inductor Lm5 till
tranfer energy to the econdary ide of coupled inductor$
%he current through lea'age inductor Lk5 increae
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linearly# and the other current through lea'age inductor Lk8
decreae linearly
8'>E
1uring the Mode 8# both of the power witche S5 and S8re!ain in (2 tate# and all diode are revered biaed$ 4oth
current through lea'age inductor Lk5 and Lk8 are
increaed linearly due to charging by input voltage ource
Vin$
8'>E 6
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1uring Mode ;, the power witch S5 re!ain in (2 tate#
and the other power witch S8 begin to turn off$ %he
diodeDc5#Db5# andDf8 are revered biaed#$ %he energy
tored in !agneti.ing inductor Lm8 tranfer to the
econdary ide of coupled inductor# and the currentthrough erie lea'age inductor Ls flow to output
capacitor C; via flybac'forward diodeDf5$ %he voltage
tre on power witch S8 i cla!ped by cla!p capacitor
Cc5 which e/ual the output voltage of the boot converter$
%he input voltage ource# !agneti.ing inductor Lm8#
lea'age inductor Lk8# and cla!p capacitor Cc8 releae
energy to the output ter!inal thu# VC5 obtain a doubleoutput voltage of the boot converter$
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8'>E 7
1uring the Mode
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1uring the Mode @ the power witch S5 re!ain in (2
tate# and the other power witch S8 begin to turn on$ %he
diodeDc5# Dc8# Db5# Db8# andDf8 are revered biaed$
%he erie lea'age inductorLs /uic'ly releae the toredenergy to the output ter!inal via flybac'forward diode
Df5# and the current through erie lea'age inductor
decreae to .ero$ %hu# the !agneti.ing inductor Lm8 till
tranfer energy to the econdary ide of coupled inductor$
%he current through lea'age inductor Lk8 increae
linearly# and the other current through lea'age inductor Lk5
decreae linearly$
8'>E
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1uring the Mode A # both of the power witche S5 and S8
re!ain in (2 tate# and all diode are revered biaed$ 4oth
current through lea'age inductor Lk5 and Lk8 are
increaed linearly due to charging by input voltage ource
Vin$
8'>E +
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1uring the Mode B# the power witch S8 re!ain in (2
tate# and the other power witch S5 begin to turn off$ %he
diodeDc8#Db8# andDf5 are revered biaed$ %he energy
tored in !agneti.ing inductor Lm5 tranfer to the
econdary ide of coupled inductor# and the current
through erie lea'age inductor flow to output capacitor
C8 via flybac'forward diode Df8$ %he voltage tre on
power witch S5 i cla!ped by cla!p capacitor Cc8 which
e/ual the output voltage of the boot converter$ %he input
voltage ource# !agneti.ing inductorLm5# lea'age inductor
Lk5# and cla!p capacitor Cc5 releae energy to the output
ter!inal$ %hu# VC5 obtain double output voltage of theboot converter$
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8'>E
1uring the Mode # the current iDc5 ha naturally
decreaed to .ero due to the !agneti.ing current
ditribution# and hence# diode revere recovery loe are
alleviated and conduction loe are decreaed$ %he power
witch S8 re!ain in (2 tate# and the other power witchS5 begin to turn off$ %he diodeDc5# Dc8# Db8# andDf5
are revered biaed $
T#e a(&an!ages %2 !#e $r%$%se( c%n&er!er are as
2%ll%ws:
5, %he propoed converter i characteri.ed by low input
current ripple and low conduction loe# which increae
the lifeti!e of renewable energy ource and !a'e it
uitable for high-power application$
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8, %he converter achieve the high tep-up gain that
renewable energy yte! re/uire$
;, 1ue to the lole paive cla!p perfor!ance# lea'age
energy i recycled to the output ter!inal$ Hence# largevoltage pi'e acro the !ain witche are alleviated# and
the efficiency i i!proved$
ow cot and high efficiency are achieved by
e!ploy!ent of the low-voltage-rated power witch with
lowR1S*(2,G alo# the voltage tree on !ain witche
and diode are ubtantially lower than output voltage$
@, %he inherent configuration of the propoed converter
!a'e o!e diode decreae conduction loe andalleviate diode revere recovery loe$
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particular classes of prolems. Areas in which toolo!es are availale includesignal processing, controlsystems, neural networ%s, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.Sim Power Systems:$im)ower$ystems and other products of the )hysical Modeling product family
wor% together with $imulin%0 to model electrical, mechanical, and controlsystems. $im)ower $ystems operates in the $imulin% environment. Therefore,efore starting this user1s guide, you should e familiar with $imulin%. 'or helpwith $imulin%, see the $imulin% documentation. 2r, if you apply $imulin% to signalprocessing and communications tas%s as opposed to control system designtas%s/, see the $ignal )rocessing Bloc%set documentation.The Role of Simulation in Design:+lectrical power systems are cominations of electrical circuits andelectromechanical devices li%e motors and generators. +ngineers wor%ing in thisdiscipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems.3e#uirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system
designers touse power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that ta!traditional analysis tools and techni#ues. 'urther complicating the analyst1s roleis the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand itis through simulation .Land-ased power generation from hydroelectric, steam, orother devices is not the only use of power systems. A common attriute of thesesystems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve theirperformanceoectives. $im)ower $ystems is a modern design tool that allows scientists andengineers to rapidly and easily uild models that simulate power systems.$im)ower $ystems uses the $imulin% environment, allowing you to uild a model
using simple clic% and drag procedures. (ot only can you draw the circuittopology rapidly, ut your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions withmechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possile ecause allthe electrical parts of the simulation interact with the e!tensive $imulin% modelinglirary. $ince $imulin% uses MATLAB0 as its computational engine, designerscan also use MATLAB toolo!es and $imulin% loc%sets. $im)ower $ystemsand $im Mechanics share a special )hysical Modeling loc% and connection lineinterface.SimPower Systems LibrariesThe liraries contain models of typical power e#uipment such as transformers,lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones comingfrom te!too%s, and their validity is ased on the e!perience of the )ower$ystems Testing and $imulation Laoratory of 4ydro-5u6ec, a large (orth
American utility located in &anada, and also on the e!perience of +volve deTechnologies superior and 7niversities Laval. The capailities of $im)ower$ystems for modeling a typical electrical system are illustrated in demonstrationfiles. And for users who want to refresh their %nowledge of power system theory,there are also self-learning case studies. The $im)ower $ystems main lirary,power li, organizes its loc%s into liraries according to their ehavior. The
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powerli lirary window displays the loc% lirary icons and names. "oule-clic%a lirary icon to open the lirary and access the loc%s. The main $im)ower$ystems powerli lirary window also contains the )owergui loc% that opens agraphical user interface for the steady-state analysis of electrical circuits.Building the Electrical Circuit with powerlib Library:
The graphical user interface ma%es use of the $imulin% functionalityto interconnect various electrical components. The electrical components aregrouped in a lirary called powerli.8.2pen the $im)ower $ystems lirary y entering the following command at theMATLAB prompt.This command displays a $imulin% window showing icons of different loc%liraries.
9ou can open these liraries to produce the windows containing the loc%s to ecopied into your circuit. +ach component is represented y a special icon havingone or several inputs and outputs corresponding to the different terminals of thecomponent:;.'rom the 'ile menu of the powerli window,open a new window to contain yourfirst circuit and save it as circuit8.
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"easuring #oltages and Currents:=hen you measure a current using a &urrent Measurement loc%, the positivedirection of current is indicated on the loc% icon positive current flowing from >terminal to ? terminal/. $imilarly, when you measure a voltage using a oltageMeasurement loc%, the measured voltage is the voltage of the > terminal withrespect to the ? terminal. 4owever, when voltages and currents of loc%s fromthe +lements lirary are measured using the Multimeter loc%, the voltage andcurrent polarities are not immediately ovious ecause loc%s might have een
rotated and there are no signs indicating polarities on the loc% icons.Basic )rinciples of &onnecting &apacitors and Inductorswhen you connect capacitor elements:
together with voltage sources, or inductor elements in series with currentsources. =hen you start the simulation, $im)ower $ystems will signal an error ifone of the following two connection errors are present in your diagram:
9ou have connected a voltage source in parallel with a capacitor, or a series ofcapacitor elements in series, li%e in the two e!amples elow .
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To fi! this prolem, you can add a small resistance in series etween the voltagesource and the capacitors. 9ou have connected a current source in series withan inductor, or a series of inductors connected in parallel, li%e in the e!ampleelow. To fi! this prolem, you can add a large resistance in parallel withthe inductor and the capacitors.
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SI8ULATI'= RESULT :
C%n&en!i%nal Circ/i! >iagra" :
%he above fig how conventional circuit diagra!$
In$/! V%l!age ?a&e2%r" :
%he fig how the i!ulated input voltage for the
Conventional circuit in M"%>"4$
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Triggering
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CIRCUIT >IARA8:
%hi figure how that the propoed circuit diagra!
SI8ULATI'= >IARA8 'R T;E
CIRCUIT:
%he i!ulated diagra! for the propoed circuit i hown in
figure$
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I=
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V'LTAE ACR'SS S?ITC;ES@S1,SD:
%hi figure how that the voltage acro witche*S5#S8,
for the propoed circuit$
V'LTAE ACR'SS >I'>E@V>b1,V>bD:
%hi figure how that the voltage acro
diode*V1b5#V1b8, for the propoed circuit$
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V'LTAE ACR'SS >I'>E@V>c1,V>cD:
%hi figure how that the voltage acro
diode*V1c5#V1c8, for the propoed circuit$
'UT
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'UT
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C;A?ARE:
BL'C >IARA8:
CIRCUIT >IARA8:
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8 ;
@
8 ;
8 ;
@
T L ) ; @8
;
+R(CESSI23 U2I% ha a role of connective ele!ent
between other bloc' in the !icrocontroller$ It coordinate the wor' of other
bloc' and e&ecute the uer progra!$
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"pplication
+IC58)@: perfectly fit !any ue# fro! auto!otive indutrie and
controlling ho!e appliance to indutrial intru!ent# re!ote enor#
electrical door loc' and afety device$ It i alo ideal for !art card a
well a for battery upplied device becaue of it low conu!ption$
EE+R(M !e!ory !a'e it eaier to apply !icrocontroller to device
where per!anent torage of variou para!eter i needed *code for
tran!itter# !otor peed# receiver fre/uencie# etc$,$ >ow cot# low
conu!ption# eay handling and fle&ibility !a'e +IC58)@: applicable
even in area where !icrocontroller had not previouly been conidered
*e&a!ple ti!er function# interface replace!ent in larger yte!#
coproceor application# etc$,$
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propertie than ilicon# uch a galliu! arenide# do not for! good gate
o&ide and thu are not uitable for M(S)E%$
%he gate ter!inal i a layer of polyilicon *polycrytalline ilicon, or
alu!inu! placed over the channel# but eparated fro! the channel by a thin
layer of inulating ilicon dio&ide$
7.1.1 EATURES '
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field will be created pointing away fro! the bae and acro the +-region
directly under the bae$ %he electric field will cae poitive charge in the +-
region to !ove away fro! the bae inducing or enhancing an 2-region in it
place$ Conduction can then ta'e place between the 2N *drain, 2 *enhanced
region, 2N *ource,$ Increaing or decreaing the gate voltage will caue
the induced 2 channel to grow or decreae in i.e thu controlling
conduction$ Varying the voltage between the gate and body !odulate the
conductivity of thi layer and !a'e it poible to control the current flow
between drain and ource$
S O U R C E
- g s P
N +
G A T E
- d s
N +
N
D R A I N
L O A D
Si"$le "%(el %2 =4c#annel en#ance"en! !$e 8'SET
In practice# a fairly large current in the order of 5 8" can be
re/uired to charge the gate capacitance at turn (2 to enure that witching
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ti!e are !all$ 1ue to gate lea'age current# nano-a!p are needed to
!aintain the gate voltage once the device i (2$
" negative voltage i often applied at turn ()) to dicharge the
gate for peedy witch ())$ It i obviou that fater witching peed can be
obtained with well deigned gate driver circuit$
7.1.
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voltage i choen o!ewhere in the linear region of the tranfer
characteritic$
%he M(S)E% ha three !ode of operation# one of which that act
li'e a witch that i off# and two for which the M(S)E% act a a witch that
i on$ )or the 2M(S)E% the !ode are6
1.C/!4%22:When V3SOVthwhere Vthi the threhold voltage of the device$
Here the witch i turned off# and there i no conduction between drain and
ource$ While the current between drain and ource hould ideally be : ince
the witch i turned off# there i a wea'-inverion current or ub threhold
lea'age$
. Tri%(e:When V3SPVth and V1SOV3S-Vth# the witch i turned on# and a
channel ha been created which allow current to flow between the drain and
ource$ %he M(S)E% operate li'e a reitor$
6.Sa!/ra!i%n:When V3SPVth and V1SPV3S-Vth# the witch i turned on# and a
channel ha been created which allow current to flow between the drain and
ource# but the current i not a function of the voltage difference in the
channel# and thu the M(S)E% doe not operate a a reitor# but intead it
operate a an a!plifier$
7.1.6 =4C;A==EL TRE=C;8'S TRA=SIST'R @IR70D
EATURES
5$ %rench technology$
8$ >ow (2-tate reitance$
;$ )at witching$
ow ther!al reitance$
E=ERAL >ESCRI
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2-channel enhance!ent !ode field effect power tranitor i a platic
envelope uing trench technology$
7.1.7 A
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re/uired to produce a given output depend upon the gain# but invariably a
current !ut be !ade to flow into the bae ter!inal to produce a flow of
current in the collector$
ig/re 1. 4ipolar tranitor i current driven# HEQ)E% i voltage driven$
%he HEQ)E% i funda!entally different6 it i a voltage-controlled
power M(S)E% device$ " voltage !ut be applied between the gate and
ource ter!inal to produce a flow of current in the drain *ee )igure 5b,$
%he gate i iolated electrically fro! the ource by a layer of ilicon
dio&ide$%heoretically# therefore# no current flow into the gate when a 1C
voltage i applied to it - though in practice there will be an e&tre!ely !all
current# in the order of nanoa!pere$ With no voltage applied between the
gate and ource electrode# the i!pedance between the drain and ource
ter!inal i very high# and only the lea'age current flow in the drain$
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55'
ig/re $ 4aic HEQ)E% tructure
When a voltage i applied between the gate and ource ter!inal# an
electric field i et up within the HEQ)E%$
%hi field 9invert9 the channel *)igure 8, fro! + to 2# o that a current can
flow fro! drain to ource in an uninterrupted e/uence of 2-type ilicon
*drain-channel-ource,$IA. En#ance"en! &s >e$le!i%n
)ield-effect tranitor can be of two type6 enhance!ent !ode and
depletion !ode$ Enhance!ent-!ode device need a gate voltage of the a!e
ign a the drain voltage in order to pa current$1epletion-!ode device are
naturally on and are turned off by a gate voltage of the a!e polarity a the
drain voltage$ "ll HEQ)E% are enhance!ent-!ode device$
I4$ 2 v +-Channel
"ll M(S)E% voltage are referenced to the ource ter!inal$ "n 2-Channel
device# li'e an 2+2 tranitor# ha a drain voltage that i poitive with
repect to the ource$ 4eing enhance!ent-!ode device# they will be turned
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on by a poitive voltage on the gate$ %he oppoite i true for +-Channel
device# that are i!ilar to +2+ tranitor$
"lthough it i co!!on 'nowledge that HEQ)E% tranitor are !ore
eaily driven than bipolar# a few baic conideration have to be 'ept in
!ind in order to avoid a lo in perfor!ance or outright device failure$
>escri$!i%n:
"dvanced HEQ)E% +ower M(S)E% fro! International
Rectifier utili.e advanced proceing techni/ue to achieve e&tre!ely low
on-reitance per ilicon area$ %hi benefit co!bined with the fat witching
peed and ruggedi.ed device deign that HEQ)E% power M(S)E% are
well 'nown for# provide the deigner with an e&tre!ely efficient and
reliable device for ue in a wide variety of application$
bD EATURES:
Ultra >ow (n-Reitance
1yna!ic dv0dt Rating
5B@C (perating %e!perature
)at Switching
)ully "valanche Rated
"# @::V
r1S*(2, 7 :$@:W
Single +ule "valanche Energy Rated
S(" i +ower 1iipation >i!ited
2anoecond Switching Speed
>inear %ranfer Characteritic
High Input I!pedance
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cD SY8B'L 'R
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%RU%H %"4>ES
C'==ECTI'= >IARA8:
BS58@
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)ig6 top view of BS58@
IS'LATI'= CIRCUIT
Iolation circuit are pecially deigned circuit to iolate the +(WER
CIRCUI% and C(2%R(>>ER CIRCUI%$ %hee circuit are ued to provide
ground$ IC are uually ued to provide thi iolation$
'+8@: i uitable for gate driving circuit of I34% or power M(S
)E%$
L Input threhold current6 I)7@!"*!a&$,
L Supply current *ICC,6 55!"*!a&$,
L Supply voltage *VCC,6 5:T;@V
L (utput current *I(,6 5$@" *!a&$,
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L Switching ti!e *tp>H0tpH>,6 5$@*!a&$,
L Iolation voltage6 8@::Vr!*!in$,
L U> recogni.ed6 U>5@BB# file 2o$EAB;
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5 6 2$C$
8 6 "node
; 6 Cathode
< 6 2$C$
@ 6 321
A 6 V( *(utput,
B 6 V(
6 VCC
Applications:
i$ "C !ain detection
ii$ Reed relay driving
iii$ Switch !ode power upply feedbac'
iv$ %elephone ring detectionv$ >ogic ground iolation
vi$ >ogic coupling with high fre/uency noie re?ection
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;AR>?ARE RESULT:
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C'=CLUSI'=:
%hi paper ha preented the theoretical analyi of teadytate# related conideration# i!ulation reult# and
e&peri!ental reult for the propoed converter$ %he
propoed converter ha uccefully i!ple!ented an
efficient high tep-up converion through the voltage
!ultiplier !odule$ %he interleaved tructure reduce the
input current ripple and ditribute the current through each
co!ponent$ In addition# the lole paive cla!p function
recycle the lea'age energy and contrain a large voltagepi'e acro the power witch$ Meanwhile# the voltage
tre on the power witch i retricted and !uch lower
than the output voltage$
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REERE=CES
5X Y$ %$ 4ialaiewic.# Renewable energy yte! withphotovoltaic power generator6 (peration and !odeling#J
I T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @@# no$ B# pp$ 8B@88B@#
Yul$ 8::$
8X %$ efala and "$ lada# "nalyi of tranfor!er
wor'ing under heavily aturated condition in grid-
connected renewable energy yte!#JI T!"ns# Ind#
$%c&!on## vol$ @D# no$ @# pp$ 8;> type currentfed 1C01C converter
for fuel cell to utility interface#JI T!"ns# Ind#
$%c&!on## vol$ @D# no$ 5# pp$
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AX 2$ 1enniton# "$ M$ Maoud# S$ "h!ed# and +$ 2$
En?eti# Multiple!odule high-gain high-voltage 1C1C
tranfor!er for offhore wind energy yte!#JI
T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @# no$ @# pp$ 5BB 5A# May8:55$
BX H$ %ao# Y$ >$ 1uarte# andM$ "$M$ Hendri >ine-
interactive U+S uing a fuel cell a the pri!ary ource#J
I T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @@# no$ # pp$ ;:58;:85#
"ug$ 8::$
X $ Yin# Q$ Ruan# M$ Fan# and M$ Qu# " hybrid fuelcell yte!#JI T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @A# no$
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58X >$ 3ao# R$ "$ 1ougal# S$ >iu# and "$ +$ Iotova#
+arallel-connected olar +V yte! to addre partial and
rapidly fluctuating hadow condition#JI T!"ns# Ind#
$%c&!on## vol$ @A# no$ @# pp$ 5@i# F$ Zhao# and Q$ He# 1eign and
analyi of a gridconnected photovoltaic power yte!#J
I T!"ns# *o%! $%c&!on## vol$ 8@# no$
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