Remember these slides show features and processes are found in a variety of places so be able to recognize and key into the key characteristics. I may use similar slides that show the same processes or features.
Plagioclase
Potassium feldsparMuscovite
Quartz
Olivine
Pyroxene
BiotiteAmphibole
Bowens Reaction Series
Chemical Weathering: Oxidation: A mineral reacts with oxygen to make a different product.Example: "rust" 4Fe + 3O2 => 2Fe2O3
Hematite
By- product of weathering: Soils
Fig. 7.16
•Climate-Temperature &
precipitation
•Time- Longer time =
thicker soil
•Plants/Animals- Organic matter
•Slope- If too steep,
little/no soil - erosion
Adapted from M. Fouch, ASU
Soil forming factors
Sedimentary Structures
Bedding (or Stratification)
• Parallel layers of sediments.
• Each layer is called a bed.
Sedimentary StructuresCross-bedding• Sets of bedded
sediments at an angle to horizontal.
• Deposited by currents (wind or water).
• Ex: Dunes
Sedimentary Structures
Graded-Bedding• Beds progress
from coarse grains at bottom to fine grains at top of bed.
• Indicates waning of current.
Ripples forming on a beach (left) and ripples preserved in ancient rock (right) by lithification (the hardening of soft sediment into rock).
Reefs are a Carbonate deposition
• Reefs are mound shaped organic structures composed of carbonate skeletons of organisms like coral.
Atoll - volcanic island ringed by a reef
Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah / Great Salt Lake
Salts form as water evaporates from a shallow basin.Forms minerals like Halite and Gypsum.Modern Ex: Great Salt Lake
Evaporites
Directed pressure results in Foliation –preferred orientation of platy (flat) or elongate minerals.
• Looks layered
Types of MetamorphismContact
MetamorphismHeat from rising
igneous intrusions metamorphose pre-exiting rocks.
• Low-High Temperatures
• Low Pressures
Types of Metamorphism
Shock Metamorphism – Meteorite impact
Extremely high temperatures and pressures
Look for Stishovite (shock quartz) – polymorph of quartz, often fractured due to impact
India
Himalayas
What type of metamorphic rock might you expect tofind associated with the Himalayas Mountains?
What type of plate tectonic boundary does this represent?
Garnet:
Index minerals - Index mineral are characteristic minerals that define metamorphic zones formed under a restricted range of temperatures and pressures.Ex: Garnet, muscovite (white mica)
Chapter 10 – Deep Time: How Old is Old? and Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution
Where are the oldest rock located in this outcrop?What relative age dating principle did you use to determine this?
Angular Unconformity
Nonconformity
Disconformity
Igneous
Sedimentary
Identify the types of unconformities ?
Uplift and erosion forming modern day surfaceFaultIgneous Intrusion (Pluton)Folding of Beds A-J Deposition of Beds A-J
Determine the Relative Order
oldest
youngest
Be able to apply the relative dating principles to determine the sequence of events. You will not be given a slide of this but you will be given aprinted example on the exam.
Chapter 9 – Crags Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building andInterlude F (Box F.1)
What type of strain is shown?Which letter is the hanging wall? Name the type of fault shown below?
A B
Most folding occurs at depths where the temperature and pressure are much higher and the rocks can bend without fracturing
Top Related