TECHNICAL NOTES
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE PORTLAND, OREGON MAY 2006 BIOLOGY TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 49
WOODLAND FISH AND WILDLIFE: WILDLIFE IN BROADLEAF WOODLANDS OF OREGON AND WASHINGTON
The enclosed Technical Note was published by the Woodland Fish and Wildlife group. It provides some broad management ideas, some tables identifying wildlife species primary habitats, and deciduous trees and shrubs native to Oregon and Washington. Other wildlife publications are available online at http://www.WoodlandfishandWildlife.org.
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WoodlandFish and Wildlife
Wildlife in BroadleafWoodlandsofOregonand Washington
W ildlife speciesneedanumberof differenthabitatcomponentsin
order to thrive. Food,water,shelterandspaceareall essentialpiecesof the habitatpie.Wildlife specieslive in all typesof habitat.Of allthe habitatsin OregonandWashington, perhapsthe mostwildlife-friendly is the broadleafwoodland.Today,largetractsof purebroadleaf woodlandsexist in very fewplacesin WashingtonandOregon.Prior to Europeansettlement,whiteoakforestsextendedthroughoutthe islandsin PugetSoundandinWashington’sPugetSoundtroughas well as throughoutthe lengthof Oregon’sWillamettevalley andinto the UmpquaValley.
The mighty oaktree, whetherblackoakQuercuskelloggii,white oakQuercusgarryana,or the occasionalcoastlive oakQuercusagrifolia, is probablythepremierwildlife tree in this region.Its bountiful acornsprovidefoodfor deer,elk, bear,squirrels,chipmunks,turkeys, andmanybirdspecies.Its tendergreenleavesarefood for browsersin the springtimeandit providesgoodhabitatforinsectsthat areeatenby manybirds
andsmallmammals.During hotsummermonths,the oaksprovideshadeandcoverfor manydifferentanimalsandhelpkeepwatertemperaturescoolfor troutandsalmon.In the fall, leavesdrop intothe streamsprovidinghiding coverfor small fish. Fallen leavesonlandprovidethermalandhidingcoverfor amphibiansandreptiles.Additionally, the floating leavesprovidehabitatfor insectswhichin turnprovidefish food. Thesehardwoodtreescan develop
cavitiesthroughweatheror winddamagethatprovidesnughomesfor avariety of woodpeckers,cavitynestingbirds,andtree-dwellingmammals.Evenafter thesetreeshavedied, thesecavitiesandthebugs that take up residencein therotting wood provideshelterandfood for manywildlife species.
Mixed hardwoodforestsarethemostcommonbroadleafwoodlandsweseetoday.Big leafmapleAcermacrophyllum,blackcottonwoodPopulustrichocarpa,red alderAlnus rubra andOregonashFraxinuslatfolia arefrequentlyfound alonghealthystreamswhilebroadleaftreesthat preferdry soils,suchasoak,madroneArbutusmenziesii,Pacific dogwoodCornusnuttallii, mountainashSorbussitchensis,giant chinquapinCastanopuschrysophylla,andchokecherryPrunusvirginiana,aregenerallyfound in uplandareas.Eachof thesebroadleafspeciesprovidesat leastoneof the vitalhabitatneedsof wildlife; mostprovidemorethanone.In thewoodlands,all of thesetreesarefrequentlymixed in with afewDouglas-fir,westernredandincensecedar,andotherconifers.
Leaves and acorns of white oak,Quercus garryana.
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLiFE
Ecology of BroadleafWoodland
Distributionof broadleafwoodlandsis partly dueto fire andpartlydueto forestsuccessionfree fromcatastrophicdisturbances.Althoughdatais sparse,it appearsthatfromthe mid-i600suntil Europeansettlementin the 185Os, densebroadleafforestswereconfinedprimarily to the mountainfoothillsandfloodplains.Prairiesandopenareasweremaintainedin theinterior valleys throughfires setby theNativeAmericaninhabitants.The adventof Europeansettlementwith fire suppressionandconversion of mostopenareasto farmsandurbanareaspromotedclosedoakforestswith very little acornproduction.This led to the gradualelimination of hardwoodsfrom theforestedcommunity.With fewexceptions,no largestandsofbroadleaftreescurrentlyremaininupperelevationsitesred alderstandsin the Mt. St. HelensareaofWashingtonareamajorexception.Broadleafspeciesthatpreferdrysoils,suchas madrone,Oregonwhite oak, andCaliforniablackoak, areoften foundinterspersedin mixed conifer stands.Broadleafspeciesthatprefermoistsoils, suchas Oregonash,bigleafmaple,andblackcottonwood,are foundpredominantlyin broadleafwoodlandareasin riparianareas.
Informationon growthratesandreproductivestrategiesofbroadleaftreesis as variedasthenichestheyfill. Some,like redalderandwhiteoak, regenerateprimarily by seed.Others, likeblackcottonwood,reproducecommonlythroughroot suckers
andshootsprouting.Still otherspecies,like the Pacific madrone,useboth seedandbuddingfromstumpsto assuretheir survival.Someof thesetrees,suchasredalder,can be foundon disturbedgroundin earlysuccessionalforestsandothersonly grow in the shadeof otherwell-establishedtrees.All of thesespecieshavetheir placein a well-functioningecosystem.
A numberof shrubsimportantto wildlife alsooccurin broadleafor mixed forest sites. Over90differentplantspeciesareassociatedwith Oregonwhite oakcommunities.Pacific madronehas an importantpresencein sevendifferentwesternecosystemtypes.Someof theimportantwildlife plants associatedwith broadleaftreesincludeceanothus,manzanita,redelderberry,Oregongrape,trailing blackberry,red osierdogwood,salal, oxalis,andvine maple.All of theseshrubsshelterin the shadeof broadleaf
treesandall of themprovidefoodand/orshelterfor wildlife species.
It’s difficult to sayhow manyspeciesof wildlife aredependentonall the variousforms of hardwoods.Forestedhabitatscontainingjustoneprimary treespecies,as inintensivelymanaged,even-agedDouglas-firor pinestands,oralmostany uniform-sizedpolestandswith closedcanopy,offermuchlessto wildlife thanstandscontainingamix of conifersandhardwoodsof differentageclasses.Analysisof different foresttypesthroughoutthe regionshow thatthehighestnumberof wildlife speciesmeasuredas speciesrichnessinforestedenvironmentsare foundin maturemixed conifer andhardwoodstands.Thesestandsaredefinedas containingfrom 30-70percentdeciduoustreesmostlyred alderon the west sideof theCascadeMountainsas uppercanopycover.Whenall stagesofall typesof plantcommunitiesarecompared,hardwood-dominatedriparianandwetlandzonescontainedevenmorespecies.Over 260wildlife speciesareknownto feedin thesetwo habitats.Out of a totalof more than430 speciesof forest-dependentwildlife on the west sideof the Cascades,morethan200speciesbreedor rear young inhardwood-dominatednparianandwetlandzones.Theeast sidehasfewerspeciesabout325,butalmost190 use deciduousriparianhabitatsfor feedingandmorethanl2Ouse thesehabitatsforreproduction.Eachstageof forestdevelopmentin a givenhabitatcontainswildlife speciesuniqueto theplants andcommunitystructureof that stage.
Flower and fruit of chokecherry,Prunus virginiana.
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
GeneratingYour
BroadleafSpecies
Withoutfire,
harvest,or sometype of disturbance,
coniferswill naturally crowdoutmanybroadleafspecies.Whilemostbroadleafspeciespreferthepartial shadethat comesfrom close
associationwith conifers,too muchencroachmentwill often result intheir replacement.For this reason,eithera well-managedfire regimenor selectiveharvestingof encroaching conifersis encouragedin areaswherebroadleaftreesare alreadyestablished.A major exceptionisredalder, which is very shadeintolerantand mustbe established
in full sun.Stepsfor naturalregeneration
of broadleafspecies,with theexceptionof redalder,are largelyuntested.Many of the resproutingspecies,such as chinquapinand
madrone,may respondwell tolight fire managementor strategicpruning.Sproutshavean advantageoverseedsbecausethey are nourishedby an already-establishedroot system.The drawbackof thistypeof propagationis that sprouts
mustmanufactureenoughenergytosustaina root systemthat formerlynourisheda largetree. This requiresthe productionof many leaves,andso they musthaveaccessto full
sunlight.Othertrees,such as white and
blackoak,may be beststartedbycollectingtheir acornsin the fall.Keep the acornsundera shallow
layerof moist leavesand,after they
sprout, transplantthem outdoorsto
a sitewith amplesunlight.Whenever transplantingyoung trees,youwill needto control weedsaroundthe treeand you will probablywantto cagethe young treein order toprotectit from browsingwildlife
until its roots are well established.You caneasilydo this usingcommerciallyavailableplasticmeshtubing, small piecesof hardwarecloth, or small meshstock fencing.In riparianareas,reedcanarygrasscanbea majorexotic weedproblemandrepeatedweedingmaybeneededto eradicateit.
If you are interestedin propagation,consultinga professional
arboristwho is knowledgeableaboutraisinghardwoodscanbevery helpful. Many of thesespeciescanalso be purchasedthroughnativeplant nurseries.In many
cases,the skilledprofessionalsworking at thesenurseriescanprovideyou with high qualityplantsfrom local stocksandyouwill avoid the frustrationsoftrial-and-errortreepropagation.
Hardwood Managementfor Wildlife
Dependingon your objectivesas a forestlandownerand manager,
and the characteristicsandpotentialof your forestland,you mayconsiderseveralmethodsformanaginghardwoodsfor wildlifehabitat.Managementstrictly as a
commoditycrop requiresa separateset of objectivesand managementstylessimilar to managementofconifersfor timber. However,severalof the methodslisted
herefor wildlife are applicableto
managementplansfocusedon
economicgoals.Numerouspublicationsandhardwoodmanagementconsultantsandcanprovidegoodinformation for managementofhardwoodsfor woodproductson
a continuingcycle.
1. Maintenance of existing hardwoodswithin riparian zones.This mayinvolve excludinglivestockto assurethat the
smallertreesare notovergrazedor trampled,and to protectshallow root zonesof largertrees.Adequatebuffers mustbe managedwhereimportanthardwoodgroupingsexist.Whereriparian zoneshavebeendegradedor severelyeroded,plantingnativehardwoodtreesandshrubsin conjunctionwithshade-tolerantconifers,suchas
westerncedar,may result in amore rapid responsethanwithnaturalrecovery.Grazingmustbe controlledto assuretheestablishmentof hardwoods.Maintenanceof existinghard
woods,including controllinggrazing,shouldalso be extendedto springsand seeps.Theseareimportanthabitatsandusuallysupportseveralspeciesofhardwoods.Wherefish areofconcern,retentionof conifers
is importantand is usually
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
hardwooddominatedriparianzoneswith shadetolerantconifers,such as cedar,hemlockor grandfir, is beneficial.Tree protectorson seedlingsarealmostalwaysnecessaryto guardagainstlossof the planting from wildlifedamage.
2. Maintenance of existinghardwoodsfor wildlife withinupland forests. Implementationof this managementmeasurerangesfrom benignno activemanagementat all to labor-intensivetasks.Theselattermethodsmay includeopeningthe conifer overstoryto allowsubordinatehardwoodsto grow.
Slashing-theremoval ofstemsabovegroundlevel bycutting with achainsaw,handsaw,axe, or loppers-isonewayto openthe understory.Slashingspeciessuchas alder,cottonwood,willow, cascara,aspen,big leafandvinemaple,andbirch atthe right stageof growth maypromotevigorous stumpsprouting. However,speciessuchasred alderdie whencut at agespastthejuvenile stage.Hardwoodspeciestendto form densestandsand eliminateunderstoryvegetationincluding suitablewildlife forageandgroundcover, if left untended.Mature
hardwoodstandssupply agreatdeal of habitatfor cavity nestersanduppercanopydwellersandcanalsoprovide an economicreturn if harvestedat maturity.However, theysupply littleusablewildlife foragewhenthetreesgrow beyondthe reachofherbivoresandsmall birds andmammalsthat nestand foragenearthe forest floor. If largerpure standsof thesetreespeciesexist, slashingor selectiveharvestshouldonly be doneona portionof the standto ensurea continuumof ageandsizeclassesexists that will accommodatemorewildlife species.As a rule of thumb,slashlessthanone-fourthof the treesin astandwithin any five-yearperiodto maintainhigh wildlife habitatdiversity within aparticularstand.If harvestingof hardwoodsforlumber is the primaryobjective,thenmanagethe standsso thatsomematurehardwoodtreesforwildlife arealwayspresentonthesite. Harvestof somespecies,such asbig leafmaple,aspenandcottonwood,mayresult instumpsproutingthatwill continueto provideaccessiblequalitybrowseand shrubbygrowth forwildlife. Seethe WoodlandFish
andWildlife publicationsondeer,elk, grouse,andquail forsomeoptimum site conditionsandhardwoodsto grow forthosewildlife species.
Cautionmustbe exercisedif usingherbicidesto controlunwantedvegetation.This is aneffective, and at timesnecessary,techniquefor controlling somehardwoodsthatthreatento overtop developingconifer plantations. Applicationof herbicidescan be too successfulfrom ahabitatpoint of view anddevastatewildlife habitatcomposedof variousdeciduousspecies.Broadcastsprayingis notrecommended.If herbicidesmustbe usedin lieu of handslashing,spotsprayingwithbackpackor tanksprayerapplicationis desirable.Onlarge standswhere this is notpractical,protectareasaroundseepsand springsandconsiderspot sprayingaroundindividualdominanthardwoodsor aroundsmallpocketsof selectedhardwoodsthat are to be maintainedfor wildlife habitatdiversity.
3. Thinning and pruning coniferstands.Appropriate levelsofthinning and pruning lowerbranchesof conifers allowsmore light to reachthe forestfloor, promotinggrowth anddevelopmentof hardwoodsinthe understory.If doneproperly,this operationcan not onlyincreasethe growth rateandwood valueof conifers,butalsopromotethe developmentof some hardwoodsfor wildlifehabitatand secondaryforestproductsin the understory.
requiredby law. Underplanting
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
Whencommerciallythinningconifer stands,a variable-densitythinning shouldbe implementedif this practiceis to includegoalsfor wildlife. The variable-densitythinning maintainssomedensepatchesof conifersfor thermalandhiding cover while alsomaintainingsomesun-filledopeningsfor hardwoodtree and
shrubdevelopment.Not alltreesshouldbe prunedas somewildlife specieswill benefitfrom low-lying conifer branches.
This approachmay not allowthe landownerto maximizetree
growth and timberprofit, but itdoesallow for the retentionanddevelopmentof morewildlifehabitat.There is no standardfor
a variable-densitythinning and
pruning for wildlife as thereiswith thinning for forestproducts.On larger treefarmsor onlandscapeswhereneighborscanwork towardsa commongoal,
leavingunthinnedandunprunedblocks of 5-40 acresbetweenthinned standssuppliesthermaland escapecover,amongotherhabitatcomponents.However,
on small acreageswhereindividual standsaremanaged,leavingabouttwo patchesverylightly thinnedor unthinned
and two patchesheavily thinned
peracreopeningthe canopytoless than 40 percentcoveragewill createa highly diversewildlife habitat.Thesesmallparcelsshouldnot be less than
50 feet in diameter;the result
will be aboutone-eighthacreheavily thinned andone-eighthacrelightly thinnedperacreofforestslatedfor aprecommercialor commercialthinning. This
treatmentdoesnot needto beuniform but applying the generalconceptwill createmorehabitatdiversity and includehardwoodsin aconifer-dominatedstand.
Cautionis advised-Thepotentialfor wind-throw mustbe assessedwhen applying a relatively heavythinning regime in all patchesof timber, from small to large.
Evenif only standardthinning
prescriptionsare appliedto astand,some hardwoodtreescanbe retainedfor diversity.
Laminatedroot rot Phellinus
weirii is the mostseriousforest
diseasein westernNorthAmerica.This fungus canpersistin the soilfor 50 yearsor moreand causelaminatedroot rot. It affects
almostall commerciallyimportant
conifer speciesin OregonandWashington;Douglas-fir, Pacificsilver fir and grandfir are themostsusceptible.Hardwoods,suchas redalder,big leafmaple
and black cottonwood,are
immune. Root rot pocketsaregood placesto diversify the forestand plantbroadleafspecies.Asilvicultural prescriptionfor
treating a west side Douglas-firstandin which laminatedrootdiseaseexistscould includeremoving susceptiblespecies
within 50 feetof all disease
pocketsandreplantingwithredalder.
4. Controlled burning. Controlledburning canbe quite effectiveinregeneratingold anddeclining
standsof speciessuch as aspenand birch. However, it is adelicateprocessthat requiresmany safeguardsto assuretargetspeciesare burned,that
burning of non-targetspeciesandorganictopsoil is minimized,that destructionof wildlife andother wildlife habitatcomponentsis minimized,and that
the fire doesnot spreadbeyondthe targetarea.Consultwithpersonnelfrom OregonDepartment of Forestryor WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResources
to get approvalbeforeusingcontrolledburning.
5. Planting of hardwoods.Plantingappropriatelypreparedsitescanacceleratethe development of hardwoodwildlifehabitat.Many hardwoodtreescanbe plantedfrom seed,
Conifer species such as Ponderosapine are found mixed with hard
woods in many forest stands.
Willow leaf and seeds.
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
bare-rootedseedlings,largertransplantstock,layering,whips, androotedcuttings.Many hardwoods,especiallythemostcommerciallyimportantspecies,areeasyto propagateand canbe quite forgiving oftechnique.Oneadvantageofusingnative speciesexclusivelyis that they arewell adaptedtothe areaandhavesite-appropriatemethodsof seeddispersalandregenerationthat simplifypropagation.Somehardwoods,such as madrone,havevery lowgerminationandsurvival rateswhensown or planted. Seedorrootstockcan be acquiredfrommanynurseries.Morenurseriesarenow carryingnativestockfor purposesof landscaping,erosioncontrol, andwildlifehabitatdevelopment.Wherepermissionis grantedor onone’s own land,nativehardwoodsfree from insectsanddiseasescan be dug up andusedfor barerootedplantings;whips from severalspeciessuch
as willow andcottonwoodcan be cut for planting; andfruits andnuts can be gatheredfor directseeding.This lattertechniquecan bequite successful, but manyspeciesrequirespecialhandling,includingstratificationandtemperature-controlledstorageof the seedsprior to planting,to assuresuccess.Stratificationis aprocessthat breaksdown theprotectiveseedcoat andchemicalinhibitors andso promotesgermination.This normallytakessometime and occurswhen the seedis in contactwith cool and moist soil orwhen the fruit is consumedbya bird andthe seedeliminated.The digestiveprocessof the birdallows the seedto surviveandpassthroughbut helpsbreakdown the protectivecoatcontainedon someseeds.
Additionally, cottonwoodandsomewillow "whips" from oneto threeor morefeet in lengthcan be cut from winter-hardenedbranchesandprior to bud breakin spring.Thesewhips shouldbepushedpart way into moist soilfor propagationof thesespecies.Largeclumpsof stump-sprouting big leafmapleusuallyposecontrol problemsfor landownersattemptingto regenerateconifers. One or moreof the better-formedsproutscanbe selectedfor retentionfor wildlife andtimberand the otherscut youmayneedto repeatcutting for afew years.Old, decliningstandsof aspencanbe cut leaveafew
largedecadentaspensfor wildlife to regeneratea vigorously-growing youngstand.
Which HardwoodSpecies?
It can be difficult to decidewhich speciesto plant sinceeachsite andeachhardwoodspecieshas specific characteristicsandrequirements.Landownerobjectiveswill play akey role. Are the treesbeingplantedfor commercialharvest,wildlife habitat,or acombination?Is the site wetor dry?Will the treesgrow in the under-story requiringshadetolerantspeciesor will they be dominantsin the stand?Compoundingtheproblemof choiceis availabilityof planting stock.Annual treesalesaresponsoredby somecountyConservationDistricts, andtherearenurseriesspecializingin nativeplant stocks.Thesesourcesaddoptionsto gatheringwild stock.Your decisioncan be aided byfirst doing a speciesassessmenton your property. Many commonspecieswith valuefor wildlife,timber, andspecialforest productsareprobably alreadyon your land.Dependingon your location, alder,maple,aspen,birch, or cottonwoodmayalreadybe presentandcan bemanagedaccordingly.The largerhardwoodtreescanbe maintainedin areaswhere the effecton coniferproductionwill be minimal orwhereyour goalsare to grow hardwoodsfor wildlife or commercialcropsas well as for foresthealthpurposes.
Regardlessof site conditions,existingforest standcharacteristics,andlong-rangeeconomicgoalsof the landowner,retentionandmaintenanceof avariety of hardwood treeswill enhancewildlifeandis alsogoodforestry practice.
Leaves and seeds ofcottonwood.
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
Management Practice Benefits to broadleaf trees and wildlife
Retain existing broadleaf trees
Plant and regenerate broadleaf trees
Retain large broadleaf trees, especially thosewith cavities, dead limbs, and other defects
Retain down logs in all stages of decay
Maintain some small forage clearingswithin woodlands
Retain all snags
Stabilizes broadleaf trees over timeAllows for development of large trees
Assures future broadleaf tree availability
Provides food resources and nesting cavitiesfor mammals and birds over time
Provides food and cover sites for many reptiles,amphibians, birds, and mammals
Helps maintain safe forage sites for deerand turkeys
Maintains cover and forage sites for woodpeckers,black bears, bluebirds, and swifts
Suggestionsfor Enhancing Wildlife Habitat in Broadleaf Woodland
Whereto GetMore HelpMany stateand federalsources
canprovideyou with more informationto helpyou manageyourbroadleafwoodlands.Extensionagentsand specialistsat OregonandWashingtonStateUniversities
canprovidewildlife andforestry
expertise.The USDA NaturalResourcesConservationServiceNRCS assistslandownersindevelopingmultiple use manage
ment plansfor small woodlands.
The OregonandWashingtonDepartmentsof Fish andWildlifecan assistlandownerswith WildlifeHabitatConservationand ManagementPlansthat cannotonly help
you managefor fish andwildlifeon your lands,but canalso offeryou tax advantagesin connectionwith the program.The Oregon
Departmentof Forestryand the
WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResourcescanprovidecurrentinformation on programsdesigned
to assistwoodlandowners.Conservation organizationssuchas TheNatureConservancy,local native
plant societiesandAudubon
Chapterscanalso offer insightsinto plant andanimal communitiesin your area.
References:Anon. A Guide to StreamCorridor
Revegetationin WesternWashington.Thurston ConservationDistrict,Olympia, WA.
Brown, E. R., ed. 1985.Management
of Wildlife andFish Habitatsin
Forestsof WesternOregonandWashington.USDA ForestService,Pacific NorthwestRegion,Pub. No. R6-F&WL-
192-1985.Portland,OR.
Defendersof Wildlife, OregonBiodiversityProject.1998.Oregon’sLiving Landscape.Defendersof
Wildlife, Lake Oswego,OR.
Hibbs, D. E., D. S. DeBell, and R.F. Tarrant,eds. 1994.The BiologyandManagementof RedAlder.OregonStateUniversity Press,Corvallis, OR.
Martin, A. C., H. S. Zim, andA. L.Nelson.1951.AmericanWildlifeandPlants:a Guide to WildlifeFoodHabits.McGraw-Hill, NY.
Patton,D. R. 1992.WildlifeHabitatRelationshipsin ForestedEcosystems.Timber Press,Inc.,Portland,OR.
Thomas,J. W., ed. 1979.WildlifeHabitatsin ManagedForeststheBlue Mountainsof OregonandWashington.Wildlife ManagementInstitute,Washington,D.C.
Online Resources:http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plarits
http:!/www.ria.fs.fed. us/spfo/pubs/silvicsmanual/table_of_contents. htm
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
Table 1. Wildlife SpeciesWith Primary Breeding, Feeding,orResting Habitats in Broadleaf Woodlands In Oregonand Washington
AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES
Northwestern salamander X X X XLong-toed salamander X X X
Ensatina X X X X
Rough-skinned newt X X X
Western toad X X XPacific treefrog X X X
Painted turtle X X X
Western pond turtle X X X
Northern alligator lizard X X XSouthern alligator lizard X X X
Western fence lizard X X XWestern skink X X X X
Racer X XSharptail snake X X
Ringneck snake X XGopher snake X X X
Western aquatic garter snake X X XWestern terrestrial garter snake X X X
Common garter snake X X X x
BIRDS
Great blue heron X XWoodduck X X X X
Turkey vulture X X X XBlack-shouldered kite X
Cooper’s hawk X x x xRed-shouldered hawk X X XRed-tailed hawk XAmerican kestrel X X X
Ruffed grouse X X XWild turkey X
California quail X XBand-tailed pigeon X X X
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
BIRDS continuedMourning dove X XCommon barn owl X X XWestern screech owl X X XGreat horned owl X X XNorthern sawhet owl X XPygmy owl X XCommon nighthawk X X XCommon poorwill X XVaux’s swift X X XAnna’s hummingbird XRufous hummingbird X XAllen’s hummingbird XLewis’ woodpecker X X XAcorn woodpecker X X XDowny woodpecker X X XHairy woodpecker X X XNorthern flicker X X XWestern wood pewee X XWestern flycatcher X XAsh-throated flycatcher X XTree swallow X X XViolet-green swallow X X XScrub jay XStellar’s jay XAmerican crow X XCommon raven XBlack-capped chickadee X X XChestnut-backed chickadee X X XPlain titmouse XBushtit XWhite-breasted nuthatch X XBewick’s wren X X X XHouse wren X X XWinter wren X X XGolden-crowned kinglet XRuby-crowned kinglet XWestern bluebird X X
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
BIRDS continued
American robin XWrentit XNorthern Shrike XHutton’s vireo XWarbling vireo XOrange-crowned warbler XNashville warbler X‘{ellow-rumped warbler XBlack-throated gray warbler XWestern tanager XBlack-headed grosbeak XLazuli bunting XSpotted towhee XBrown towhee XChipping sparrow XLark sparrow XFox sparrow XSong sparrow xGolden-crowned sparrow XDark-eyed junco XBrewer’s blackbird XBrown-headed cowbird XNorthern oriole XPurple finch XHouse finch XLesser goldfinch XAmerican goldfinch X
Pacific shrewFog shrewVagrant shrewShrew moleCoast molePallid batBig brown batSilver-haired bat
xxxxx
xx
MAMMALS
xxxxx
xx
x
x
x
x
xx
x
xxxxx
xxx
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
MAMMALS continued
Hoary bat X XCalifornia myotis X X XLittle brown myotis X X XFringed myotis X XLong-legged myotis X XYuma myotis X X XBrazilian free-tailed bat XCoyote X X XGrayfox X X XRedfox X X XRingtail X XRaccoon X X X XStriped skunk X X XWestern spotted skunk X X X XElk XMule deer X X XBlack-tailed deer X X XColumbian white-tailed deer X X XWestern gray squirrel X X X XBelding’s ground squirrel XCalifornia ground squirrel XTownsend’s chipmunk X X XNorthern flying squirrel X X XNorthern pocket gopher XBushy-tailed woodrat X X XDusky-footed woodrat X X XDeer mouse X X XCreeping vole X X xWestern jumping mouse X X XPacific jumping mouse X X XWestern red-backed vole X X X XBrush rabbit X X XAmerican beaver XCommon porcupine X XLong-tailed weasel X X XRiver otter XBobcat X X X X
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WOODLAND FISH & WILDLIFE
Mostly west side,shade
Sitka-statewideWhite-mostlyeastside
Statewide, low tomoderate elevations
West side
West side
Willamette Valley,Puget Trough,Columbia Gorge
West side, usuallynear coastal includingPuget Sound areas
High moisturerequirements
Adaptable; does betterwith higher moisture
Higher moisturecontent than red alder
High moisturerequirement,common in riparianand wetland areas
Adaptable, does betteron moist sites
Needs very moist sitea forested wetland!riparian species
Dry site species
Dry site-well drainedsoil
Adaptable
Adaptable, rapidcolonizer, shadeintolerant
Adaptable, shadeintolerant, morecommon in higherelevations than redalder
Somewhat shadeintolerant, does beston organic soils
Shade tolerant, doeswell on organic soils
Shade tolerant, slowgrower, scattereddistribution
Well drained soils,shade intolerant
Shade intolerant, verydifficult to transplant
Major browse andbeaver food
Dominant hardwood-excellent wildlifehabitat: food, shelter,and cover, nestinghabitat
Commercial lumberspecies-economicallyimportant
Not as common asred alder
Major "wildlife" andfood tree
Commercial lumberspecies-economicallyimportant
Major wildlife tree-browse cavities, nestings,perching, foraging habitat
Commercial lumberspecies
Similar to big leafmaple, i.e. high wildlifevalue where it is found
Commercial species-locally important
Outstanding wildlifevalue
Commercial species-locally important
Berries for birds
Some economic value
Ig .Table 2. SelectedNative Hardwood Trees of Oregon and Washington
StatewideWillow, multiplespecies-severalare shrubsSalix spp.
Red AlderAlnus rubra
Sitka mountain andWhite Alder, A. sinuate,A. rhombifolia
Black CottonwoodPopulus trichocarpa
Big leaf MapleAcer macrophyllum
Oregon AshFraxinus latifolia
Oregon White OakQuercus garryana
Pacific MadroneArbutus menziesll
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Bitter CherryPrunus emarginata
Quaking AspenPopulus tremuloides
Paper BirchBetula papyrifera
CascaraRhamnus purshiana
Netleaf HackberryCe/tis reticu/ata
Pacific Dogwoodsome consider thisspecies a shrubCornus nuttali
Golden ChinkapinCastanopsischrysophylla
Statewide-small treeon west side, usually ashrub on east side
Statewide-mostlyeast side
Mostly east side
Both sides but mostlywest of the Cascades
East side
Mostly west side
Mostly coast ranges
Adaptable-widerange of growingconditions
Wide range ofconditions but doesbetter with goodmoisture content
Moist to wet sites-common in riparianareas
Very adaptable butmay do better withgood moisture content
Almost always foundin riparian areas
Adaptable, may dobetter with moderatemoisture conditions
Adaptable, one varietyfound on drier sites
Somewhat shadetolerant, scattereddistribution
Acid soils, shadeintolerant, cloning iscommon
Somewhat shadetolerant-grows beston heavy organic soils
Very adaptable tosite conditions.Usually found inlower elevationsbelow about 1500feet
Shade intolerant
Does better withmoderately drainedforest soils with organicmatter. Shade tolerant,scattered throughoutundorstory
Adaptable, uncommon
Excellent berryproducer for wildlifeforaging
Very limitedcommercial value
Excellent wildlife habitatfor cavity nesting birdsand mammals, browse,bark, and cambiumfavored by beavers,buds consumed bygrouse
Commercial species-cordage and pulp
Excellent wildlife habitat-similar to aspen
Commercial lumberspecies-increasinglocal economicimportance
Small tree, veryimportant producer ofberries late in summerfor early migrantsand native birds andmammals, good birdnesting habitat in thelower canopy zone
Commercially valuablemedicinal bark
Good berry for wildlife,nesting and foraginghabitat
Excellent berry andseed for wildlife
Supplies some nestinghabitat in lower forestcanopy as well aslimited browse
Produces an excellentnut for wildlife food butis a rather uncommonforest tree
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WOODLAND FISH & WILDLIFE
Table 3. Large Shrubs
Hazel
Vine maple
Serviceberry
Holly
Red-Osier Dogwood
Crabapple
Mountain Ash
Hawthorne, multiple varieties
Oceanspray
Oso Plum
Blue Elderberry
Pacific Ninebark
Bitter Cherry
Devils Club
Both sides
East side, somewhat shadeintolerant
Both sides, all sites
Naturalized all sites
Both sides, wetlands
Both sides, sunlight
Both sides, small tree
Both sides, small tree
Both sides, tolerant
West side, tolerant, first to bloom
Somewhat intolerant, both sides,all sites
Both sides, wetlands
Both sides, somewhat shadetolerant
West side tolerant, moist sites
Excellent wildlife nut
Habitat structure and browse,good seed
Excellent food and cover
Excellent berry
Excellent food and shelter
Excellent food and cover
Excellent berry
Excellent fruit and shelter
Good seed and bird cover
Good early fruit
Excellent berry, major bird food
Cover and shelter
Good wildlife berry
Good berry and hiding cover
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
Table 4. Small Shrubs
Snowberry Both sides, tolerant Berry, browse, and cover
Huckleberry, evergreen West side, tolerant Berry, browse, and cover
Huckleberry, blue, severat Both sides, sunlight, higher Excellent berry and browsevarieties elevation
Red Elderberry West side, sunlight Good early berry
Salmon Berry West side, wet sites Good berry and browse
West side, tolerant Good berry
Blackberry, two species Naturalized, open forest, sunlight Good berry and browse
Black Cap West side, sunlight Good berry and browse
Rhododendron Both sides, sunlight Cover and seed pod consumedby mammals
Buffaloberry East side, forest edge Berry eaten by birds
Douglas Spirea Both sides, wetlands Browse and cover
Table 5. Ground Cover
Bunchberry
Kinnikinick
Creeping Blackberry
Both sides, tolerant
Both sides, tolerant
West side, shade intolerant
Excellent seed for birds andsmall mammals
Excellent berry for birds
Excellent browse and berry
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WOODLANDFISH & WILDLIFE
A Woodland Fish and Wildlife Project PublicationBy MarnieAlibriten, Wildlife
Biologist, OregonDepartmentofFish andWildlife, and Jim Bottorif,Wildlife Biologist, WashingtonDepartmentof NaturalResources.
TheWoodlandFishand WildlifeProject is a cooperativeeffort amongtheWorld ForestryCenter,OregonStateDepartmentof Forestry,OregonDepartmentof Fish andWildlife,WashingtonStateDepartmentofNaturalResources,OregonStateUniversity ExtensionService,Washington StateUniversityExtension,OregonAssociationof ConservationDistricts, OregonSmallWoodlandsAssociation,WashingtonFarmForestryAssociation,WashingtonDepartmentof Fisheries,WashingtonDepartmentof Fish andWildlife,USDA NaturalResourcesConservationService,USDA ForestService,and theWesternForestryand ConservationAssociation.
The WoodlandFish andWildlifeProjectwasinitiated to provide
information on fish and wildlifemanagementto privatewoodlandownersand managers.It is the intentof theorganizationsinvolved in thisprojectto producepublicationsthatwill serveas practicalguidestowoodlandowners.
Eachpublicationis intendedto becompletein itself. Usersmay find it
convenientto collect all publicationsin this seriesin a threering binderto form a permanentreferencefile.WoodlandFish andWildlife Projectpublicationsrangefrom an overviewof fish and wildlife opportunitieson woodlandpropertiesto specificpublicationsconcerningtechniquesfor managingindividual species.
Titles available in this series:
Is Therea Placefor Fish andWildlife in Your Woodland? MISCO132RiparianAreas: FishandWildlife Havens MISCO133ManagingSmall Woodlandsfor Grouse MISCO141WoodDuckson Small Woodlands MISCO142ManagingPonderosaPineWoodlandsfor Fish andWildlife MISCO158ManagingSmallWoodlandsfor Cavity-NestingBirds MISCO160Trout in Small Woodlands MISCO161ManagingSmall Woodlandsfor Elk MISCO164CoastalDouglas-fir ForestsandWildlife MISCO168Hawk, EagleandOspreyManagementon Small Woodlands MISCO169WetlandsasVaried asour Region MISCO179Wildlife on WhiteOak Woodlands MISCO180Quail on SmallWoodlands MISCO187ManagingDeeron SmallWoodlands MISCO189Beaver,Muskrat,andNutria on Small Woodlands MISCO196ManagingForestHabitatsfor NeotropicalMigrant Songbirds MISCO198HabitatManagementfor Batson Small Woodlands M1SC0226ManagingWesternJuniperfor Wildlife M1SC0286
Thesepublicationsmaybe orderedfromWashingtonState UniversityExtensionBulletin Office,800 723-1763or online http://pubs.wsu.edu.You mayalso downloadcopiesat: http://www.WoodlandfishandWildlfe.org.
WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITYEXTENSION
Issued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department ofAgriculture in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extensionprograms and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulationson nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, nationalor ethnic origin; physical, mental or sensory disability; marital status, sexualorientation, and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local Extension office. Trade nameshave been used to simplify information; no endorsement is intended. PublishedJune 2004. Subject code 400, 440. B. M1SC0534
Reprintingofthispublication, in wholeor in part, is allowedwith written permissionofWoodlandFish andWildIfe.
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