Q U A N T ASERVICES
National Conference
of State LegislaturesThe Forum for America’s Ideas
National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners
April 2011
November 2007
BGEJanuary 4, 2008
Quanta Technology Advancing the Grid
Technology Provides New Transmission Options
Dr. Aty EdrisSr. Director and Executive Advisor
SERVICES
Global Reach Global Reach -- National Presence!National Presence!
Page 2
Quanta Technology HQ
Quanta Technology Offices
Quanta Presence
Quanta Technology Projects
US GridUS Grid
Electro-Mechanical Systems
Page 3
Challenges
• Increased Transmission Capacity
• Maintain Power Delivery Stability
• Managed Real and Reactive Power Flow
4
• Managed Real and Reactive Power Flow
Improved Reliability, Integrity, and
Efficiency of Transmission Grid
Smarten the Grid
Power Systems Complexity Power Systems Complexity
Electro-Mechanical Systems
Complexity results in major blackouts from time to time, affecting millions of people and loss of large
Page 5
people and loss of large generating power
August 2003
February 2008
Complexity Attributes
Electric Power Grid Complexity
Power Flow StabilitiesReactive Power
ManagementOperator Training
Cap
Ind.
Data Exchange
DPRs PQ
MetersRTUsDFRs SERs PLCs
Data Integration
Information Exchange
CBMs
Database:
Raw and pre-processed measurements
System configuration data
DPRs PQ
MetersRTUsDFRs SERs PLCs
Data Integration
Information Exchange
CBMsDPRs PQ
MetersRTUsDFRs SERs PLCs
Data Integration
Information Exchange
Data Integration
Information Exchange
CBMs
Database:
Raw and pre-processed measurements
System configuration dataIncreased Transmission
Capacity
6
Power Flows are not Optimally Controlled
Complexity Attributes
Reactive Power/ Reactive Reserve Need to be Managed
System Stabilities are not Fully Controlled
Inadequate Training for Planners and Operators
Lack of Effective Data Integration and Information Exchange
Limits of AC Transmission System
• Uncontrolled Power Flows
Results are:
– Low Power Transfer Capability
– Bottlenecks
– Loop FlowsUncontrolled Flow s
7
– Loop Flows
New YorkPower Pool
Ontario Hydro
Loop Flow
Uncontrolled Flow s
1
2
3 4
5
1-2
100%
50%
01-3 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-4 4-5
Unused capacity
Thermal Limit
Reactive Power Puts a Limit on theFull Utilization of Power Transmission
FOAM =“reactive power”
8
• Mvar Support is Exchangeable with MW
• The Exchange Rate could be up to 0.5 MW/Mvar
REACTIVE POWER SCALE “Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)”
“Light” Loading < SILCapacitive > Inductive
• Overvoltage Risk
Loading = SIL
Ind.
Ind.
Cap.
Cap.
9
Loading = SILInductive = Capacitive
Underutilized Transmission
“Heavy”Loading >SILInductive > Capacitive
Voltage Instability Risk
Ind.
Ind.
Cap.
Cap.
STABILITY ISSUES
Dynamic instability
Stable
Prefault
Transient instability180
120
60
Ro
tor
an
gle
δδ δδ in
de
gre
es
Transient Stability
Negatively damped
Reasonably dampedPrefault
Poorly Damped
180
120
60
Ro
tor
an
gle
δδ δδ in
deg
ree
s
Dynamic Stability
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time t in seconds
Prefault
tc = 0.1 s
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Time t in seconds
Reasonably dampedPrefault
tc = 0.07 s
0
Ro
tor
an
gle
System
L1
L2
Voltage
PL+jQL
Tripping line L2
Slight increase
in loading
Collapse
Voltage
0 10 20 30 s
t
Voltage Instability
Thermal Limit
Uncontrolled Power Flow Limit
Stability Limit (SIL)
230 150 400
345 400 1200
500 900 2600
765 2200 5400
Voltage SIL Typical Thermal (kV) (MW) Rating (MW)
Transmission Capacity Limits??
Uncontrolled Power Flow Limit
Stability Limit (SIL)
Unused capacity
11
765 2200 5400
1100 5200 24000
• Thermal Limits
• Uncontrolled Power Flows
• Stability Limits << Thermal Limits
SIL is the Surge Impedance Loading
Squeezing more MWs from the Grid
• Increased Transmission Capacity
• Maintain Power Delivery Stability
The objectives are:
12
• Maintain Power Delivery Stability
• Managed Real and Reactive Power Flow
Improved Reliability, Integrity, and
Efficiency of Transmission Grid
New Transmission Technology Options
Dealing with Thermal Limit
• Dynamic Thermal Circuit Ratings Technology
• High Temperature Low sag Conductor
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
13
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
• Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers (FACTS and HVDC Technologies)
• Reactive Power Management
• Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorbers Vision
• Wide Area Monitoring and Control-Synchrophasor Technology
New Transmission Technology Options
Thermal limit
• Dynamic Thermal Circuit Ratings Technology
• High Temperature Low sag Conductor
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
14
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
• Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers (FACTS and HVDC Technologies)
• Reactive Power Management
• Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorbers Vision
• Wide Area Monitoring and Control-Synchrophasor Technology
Dynamic Thermal Ratings Technology
Monitoring
dt
dT
pmCQconvQradQsunQgen *++=+
Heat Balance Equation
Results in 10%-15% Increase of transmission capacity
The idea
15
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1
33
65
97
12
9
16
1
19
3
22
5
25
7
28
9
32
1
35
3
38
5
41
7
44
9
48
1
51
3
54
5
57
7
60
9
64
1
Number of 15 minute Periods
Ra
tin
g -
am
pe
res
Weather Only (22 deg wind angle) Tension/Weather Static Rating
Static Thermal Rating
Conservative Criteria,
low wind speed, high ambient temperature
Dynamic Thermal RatingVideo Sagometer
Number of 15 minutes periods
dtp
C3 – Conditionally Committed Capacity for Overhead Transmission Lines- “Smart idea” for time-ahead generation scheduling
High Temperature Low Sag Conductors
Conventional, ACSR ConductorHeavy, Low Ampacity, High Mechanical Elongation
17
Clearance
New High Temperature Low sag ConductorsLess weight, Higher Ampacity, Higher Strength Higher cost
New Transmission Conductors
Aluminum Conductor-
Steel Reinforced (ACSR)
3M CompositeConductor
Composite core (Alumina Fiber)1.5-3.0 Ampacity improvementLow thermal expansionHigh strength-to-weight ratioCosts 8-10 times
Conventional (reference)
18
CRAC-Composite Reinforced Aluminum Conductor
Composite core (thermoplastic)1.3-2.0 Ampacity improvement30% strength increase25% weight reductionCosts 1.5-2.0 times
Costs 8-10 times
Sumitomo GappedConductor
Extra high-tensile galvanized steel coreHeat resistant aluminum alloy (added zirconium)Gapped heat resistant grease30% less sag for the same temperature 1.5 -2.0 Ampacity improvementCosts 2-3 times
New Transmission Technology Options
Thermal limit
• Dynamic Thermal Circuit Ratings Technology
• High Temperature Low sag Conductor
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
19
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
• Power Electronics-Based Transmission Controllers (FACTS and HVDC Technologies)
• Reactive Power Management
• Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorbers Vision
• Wide Area Monitoring and Control-Synchrophasor Technology
Power Flow Control and Management of System Dynamics
� Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Technology
� High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology(HVDC) Technology
� Segmentation and Grid Shock Absorber Concept
� Reactive Power Management Concept
� Synchrophasor Technology�
�
Thomas Edison DC
Nikola Tesla AC
Power Electronics-based Transmission Controllers
Power Flow Control and System Dynamics
� Increased transmission capacity
� Improved flexibility and controllability of transmission grid
“HVDC and FACTS” have the ability to help in rerouting power to eliminate
transmission bottlenecks and prevent a potential of cascading outagessituation.”
Smart Transmission Grid
� Bulk power transmission in the GW range over distances of 1,000 kilometers and more
� Reduction in CO2 emissions, grid access of large wind, hydro, and solar power plants
� Increased robustness and reliability of transmission grid
Flexibility
ReliabilityControllability
Accessibility
P = V 1 V 2 s i n ( δδδδ 1 - δδδδ 2 )1
X
V 1 δδδδ 1 V 2 δδδδ 2P
T r a n s m i s s i o n L i n e X
Power Flow Equation
22Edris
Thyristor
Gate Turn-Off
Vo
Voltage source
converter with
controlled
output voltage
Transmission line
L
V0
ITransformer
inductance
Voltage
SourcedVoltage
sourced
Transformer
inductance
VL
V0
Transmission line
I
Voltage-Sourced Converter“A Building Block for New Transmission Controllers”
Gate Turn Off Switch
Edris
If V L=V 0, I = 0
If V L<V 0, I = capacitive
If V L>V 0, I = inductive
Vd c
DC
capacitor
Sourced
Invertersourced
inverter
DC
capacitor
Vd c
Pulse-Width Modulation
Three-Level Switching
Gate Turn Off Switch
GTO, GCT, IGBT
Vo
Vo
P = V 1 V 2 s in ( δδδδ 1 - δδδδ 2 )1
X
V 1 δδδδ 1 V 2 δδδδ 2P
T ra n s m is s io n L in e X
FACTS Technology
Electricity flows passively
Smart control of Electricity flows
Gate Turn OffPower Switches Smart
IdeaSmart control of Electricity flows
Converter 2(series)
Transmission lineto Big Sandy
V21
P
Inez 138kV bus
conv1conv1Q P
Converter 1(shunt)
conv2Q
conv2P
Q
V1
V2dc
ParameterSettings
Internal converter control
Shunttransformer
AC
+ V
Transmission line
Converter 1 (shunt)
AC
Seriestransformer
Converter 2 (series)
IVpq
V1 V’1
Ish
Ish
VpqRef
V’1
V1
IqRef
I
Vdc
System variables:
P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control
Gate signals
Breaker P
Q
dc
ParameterSettings
Internal converter control
Shunttransformer
AC
+ V
Transmission line
Converter 1 (shunt)
AC
Seriestransformer
Converter 2 (series)
IVpq
V1 V’1
Ish
Ish
VpqRef
V’1
V1
IqRef
I
Vdc
System variables:
P,Q,V1,V’1, etc.System operation control
Gate signals
Breaker P
Q
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
GTO
IGBT
ETO
Relieving Major Transmission Bottleneck
LV1
CoopersCorners
line
LV2
BR11
TR-SE1
MOD-1 CS-1 MOD-2 CS-2 MOD-3 MOD-4 MOD-5 MOD-6
Marcy Bus
TR-SH
New
Scotland line BR12
TR-SE2
Example of Field Application of Converter-Based TechnologyThe Convertible Static Compensator installed at NYPA’s Marcy substation
ThyristorBypass #2
M
M
SWDC1
M
M
Thyristor
Bypass #1
M M M
Transmission bottleneckat Marcy Substation
2x 100 MVA ConvertibleStatic Compensator-a smart solution
NYPA’s Marcy Convertible Static Compensator
“Smart Technology” Relieving Transmission Bottlenecks
Relief of major transmission bottleneck
Strong dynamic voltage support at Marcy has resulted in
increase of transmission capacity increase of transmission capacity
by about 200 MW, approximately
enough power for about 200,000 homes.
Introduction of unprecedented “Smart” controllability and flexibility in transmission grids
HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW
HVDC Converter StationUp to 6400 MW
Overhead LinesTwo conductors
Alt.Submarine cables
HVDC Transmission Technology
Submarine cables
Thyristor Thyristor
Investment Cost versus Distance for AC and DC
Edris
AC versus HVDC – Right-of-Way
10000
AC
HVDC
Edris
30 40 50 60 70 80 m
Right-of-Way Width
Power transmitted
100
MW
1000
AC
AC versus HVDC – Right of Way
Comparison of Towers for 800 kV AC Line a) and ���� 500 kV DC Line b), at same Transmission Capacity
3000 MW
Edris
AC DC
DC versus AC Transmission Solution for System Interconnection
� With DC Solution, Interconnection Rating is determined only by the
actual Demand on Transmission Capacity
� With AC Solution, for System Stability Reasons, AC Rating must be
higher than the actual Demand of Power Exchange
� Increase in Power Transfer: with DC, Staging is easily possible
Edris
� With DC, the Power Exchange between the two Systems can be
exactly determined by the System Operator
� DC features Voltage Control and Power Oscillation Damping
� DC is a Barrier against Stability Problems and Voltage Collapse
� DC is a Firewall against cascading Blackouts
� Predetermined mutual Support between the Systems in Emergency
Situations
HVDC TechnologiesHVDC Classic – VSC HVDC (PLUS/LIGHT)
HVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHTHVDC Classic HVDC PLUS/LIGHT
Line-Commutated Self-commutated
current-sourced Converter (LCC) Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC)
Thyristor with turn-on Capability Semiconductor Switches with turn-on
only and turn-off Capability, e.g. IGBTs
Main Differences in Features and Characteristics of LCC HVDC and VSC HVDC
• In service since 1954
• Installed Capacity > 70 GW
• Highest Voltage +800 kV
• Requires adequate AC voltage
• In service since 1997
• Installed Capacity 1GW
• Highest Voltage +150 kV
• Self commutated, no commutation
LCC HVDC VSC HVDC
33
• Requires adequate AC voltage support for commutation
• Requires large Filters
• Converters absorb 0.5 Mvar for each MW transferred (2-quadrant control)
• Large footprint
• Lower power losses <1%
• Reverse of power flow direction requires change in DC voltage polarity
• Self commutated, no commutation problem
• Smaller, high frequency filters
• Capable of both injecting or absorbing reactive power (4-quadrant control)
• Smaller footprint
• Higher power losses>1.5%
• No change in the DC polarity
VSC Back-to-Back ConceptHVDC Light/HVDC Plus Technology
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
Smart
Idea
Transmission line
L
V0
Vd c
ITransformer
inductance
DC
capacitor
Voltage
Sourced
Inverter
Voltage
sourced
inverter
Transformer
inductance
VL
V0
DC
capacitor
Vd c
Transmission line
I
Transmission line
L
V0
Vd c
ITransformer
inductance
DC
capacitor
Voltage
Sourced
Inverter
Voltage
sourced
inverter
Transformer
inductance
VL
V0
DC
capacitor
Vd c
Transmission line
I
Segmentation with Grid Shock AbsorbersProof of Concept
E
Ontario
D
Hydro
QuebecA
New
England
A
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
B
New York
C
Outside World
PJM
B D
C
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
B a c k - t o - B a c k A s y n c h r o n o u s /S y n c h r o n o u s T ie
System 1
V1
System 2
+ +
- -
12P
V2
Eastern InterconnectionVoltage supported buses
Segmentation with Grid Shock Absorbers
Proof of Concept
2003 Blackout
Lights on
An Excellent Application of VSC HVDC
Edris
Q U A N T ASERVICES
Thanks for your attention
Edris
November 2007
BGEJanuary 4, 2008
Quanta Technology Advancing the Grid
SERVICES
Dr. Aty EdrisSr. Director and Executive Advisor
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