Putting an end to
fatalities: How
behaviour-based
safety can eliminate
serious injuries and
fatalities in the oil and
gas industryDaryl Wake
Senior Consultant
27th April, 2016
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Why is This So Important?
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Comparison of Non-Fatal Injury Rates
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Comparison of Fatality Rates
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• Based on 2008-2009 data, company populations, and using a basis of 100 employees.
• 1028 cases in total studied.
The Safety Triangle IS DescriptiveIncident Type Average
Rate
Serious Injury/Fatality 0.0014
Restricted/Loss Time Injury 0.30
Medical Treatment 0.98
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What Is SIF Exposure?
SIF
Actual
SIF
Potential
SIF
Exposure
• Realistic/reasonable
possibility
• Repeat exposure 100X
• One or two things
change
• If not for luck…
• Employee perspective
• SIF Precursor
• Discovery
• Life-Threatening
Injury or Illness
• Life-Altering Injury
or Illness
• Fatality
Very few “Actuals” + many “Potentials” = SIF Exposure
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The Safety Triangle ISNOT Predictive
A sub-set of all reported cases will have SIF exposure.
A reduction of injuries across the bottom of the triangle and working outside of SIF triangle will not correspond to a proportionate reduction of SIFs.
SIF
NEAR-HITS
FIRST AID CASES
MEDICAL CASES
RESTRICTED DUTY
LOST TIME
21%
Potentially
SIF
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SIF Precursor
SIF Precursor = a high-risk situation in which management
controls are either absent, ineffective, or not complied with
and which will result in a serious or fatal injury if allowed to
continue.
High Risk
Situation
Management
Control(s)
Allowed to
Continue
• Absent
• Ineffective
• Not Complied
With
• Culture
• Leadership
• SIF
Exposure
• 81%
Routine
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FOUR THINGS
ORGANISATIONS MUST
DO
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Four Things Organisations Must Do
1. Educate Senior Leaders on SIF:
• They need to understand this problem before they can act on it.
• The solutions to the SIF problem require their attention.
• Enlist their sponsorship.
2. Provide Visibility to SIF Exposure:
• Define “SI”F: Life-Threatening vs. Life-Altering.
• Determine SIF Exposure Potential: Judgment-based versus Decision-tree.
• Calculate SIF Exposure Rate: SIF Recordable and SIF Total.
©2016 DEKRA Insight. All rights reserved.
SIF Classification Scheme – SampleFatality or life altering injury
resulted
Involves confined space, LOTO, PTW, work at height, fall > 2m,
hot work
Fire, explosion, or HazMat LOPC
involved
Struck by/caught between vehicle or powered
equipment
Slip/trip/fall at ground level
Psychological stress is sole outcome
Sprain/strain or other soft tissue injury is
sole outcome
No
No
No
No
No
No SIF potential
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not SIF Potential, but flag for
further review
No
Not SIF Potential
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Four Things Organisations Must Do (continued)
3. Know Your SIF Precursors:
• Three places where they hide:
1. High Risk/High Exposure Tasks (71% Routine).
2. Management Systems Missing, Deficient, or Not Complied With.
3. Allowed to Continue.
4. Integrate Interventions into Existing SMS:
• Life Saving Safety Rules, Pre-Task Risk Assessments, Pausing Work, Incident Handling Systems (reporting, reaction, investigation, etc.), BBS processes
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BBS SIF INTERVIEW
AND OBSERVATION
PROCESS –
FOUR ELEMENTS
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1. Defining A SIF-Specific Protection Checklist
Sources:
• Life Saving Rules
• Life Saving Processes
• Permitted Procedures
• Incidents
• Near Hit Reports
• BBS Data
SIF Protection Verification Checklist
Category 4.4: Protection from exposure to falling into moving machinery or from height ≥ 4ft (e.g., ladders, platforms, docks)?
The following behaviors and conditions are critical to preventing falls into moving machinery or from height ≥ 4ft. Absence of these behaviors and conditions lead to incidents that may be severe, life altering or life threating. INSTRUCTIONS: For each behavior or condition, mark Protected (P), Exposed (E), or N/O (Not Observed).
# SIF Protection Measure P E N/O
1 Fall Protection Plan / Risk Assessment / JHA / JSA Posted P E N/O
2 Correct use of PFAS (includes all items below)
5000 lb rated anchor P E N/O
Lanyard /anchor systems set to prevent contact P E N/O
PFAS inspection current / in good condition P E N/O
Body harness worn correctly P E N/O
3 6" Rule used P E N/O
4 OSHA approved barricades (handrail and toe board) or car top handrail system
P E N/O
5 Ladders used are approved and designed for use, inspected, safe working condition
P E N/O
6 Any floor and wall openings (over 12" x 12" x 4') are covered P E N/O
7 Employee uses 3 point contact when ascending or descending P E N/O
8 Body stays within rails (no leaning or reaching) P E N/O
9 Machine guarding in place P E N/O
10 Scaffold erected, inspected and approved by competent and qualified person
P E N/O
Totals:
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2. Changing The Observation Strategy
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Boiler Inspection Boiler Inspection Boiler Inspection Roof / Drain Roof / Gutter
Sprinkler Test Sprinkler Test Sprinkler Test Sprinkler Test Sprinkler Test
Line Labeling Line Labeling Line Lableing Forklift Annual Forklift Annual
Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger Heat Exchanger
Hoist Inspect Hoist Inspect Hoist Inspect
Preventive Maintenance Calendar
SIF Protection Verification Checklist
Category 4.4: Protection from exposure to falling into moving machinery or from height ≥ 4ft (e.g., ladders, platforms, docks)?
The following behaviors and conditions are critical to preventing falls into moving machinery or from height ≥ 4ft. Absence of these behaviors and conditions lead to incidents that may be severe, life altering or life threating. INSTRUCTIONS: For each behavior or condition, mark Protected (P), Exposed (E), or N/O (Not Observed).
# SIF Protection Measure P E N/O
1 Fall Protection Plan / Risk Assessment / JHA / JSA Posted P E N/O
2 Correct use of PFAS (includes all items below)
5000 lb rated anchor P E N/O
Lanyard /anchor systems set to prevent contact P E N/O
PFAS inspection current / in good condition P E N/O
Body harness worn correctly P E N/O
3 6" Rule used P E N/O
4 OSHA approved barricades (handrail and toe board) or car top handrail system
P E N/O
5 Ladders used are approved and designed for use, inspected, safe working condition
P E N/O
6 Any floor and wall openings (over 12" x 12" x 4') are covered P E N/O
7 Employee uses 3 point contact when ascending or descending P E N/O
8 Body stays within rails (no leaning or reaching) P E N/O
9 Machine guarding in place P E N/O
10 Scaffold erected, inspected and approved by competent and qualified person
P E N/O
Totals:
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3. Developing Your Observers To Be SIF Interviewers
• Credentials for SIF interviewers:
• Credible, well-respected by all employees.
• Skilled observers – BBS observers, Supervisors, Managers, etc.
• Safety role models, influential.
• Excellent communicators, establishing rapport.
• Understand how organisational systems work.
• Ability to deal with sensitive situations.
• Interviewing Skills workshops
• Infield Coaching
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4. Establishing Systems-Oriented Action Planning
• Integration with / modification to existing systems.
• Upward feedback for barrier removal.
• Leadership support and involvement.
• Maintenance, repair, capital investments.
• Operational process modifications.
Barrier removal/action planning requires
management interest, attention and investment
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Contribution to The Hierarchy of ControlsSafety dependsLEAST
Onemployee Behaviour
Safetydepends MOST
Onemployee Behaviour
Elimination
Engineering Controls/Isolation
Administrative Controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Complete redesign of the system to remove the exposure
Isolate hazard; install guards and/or interlocks; build barriers; use light curtain; develop new tool
Post signs and warning; Write procedures and rulesTrain employees
Provide protective equipment forEmployee (e.g., hard hats, respirators)
Exposure Eliminated
Exposure possible during maintenance operations or emergencies
Exposure controlled IF employees rigorouslycomply and IF culture supports compliance andIF leadership maintains commitment to oversight
Used when hazard is unpredictable or pervasive;control is dependent on proper selection and use.
1
2
3
4
5
Substitution
Exposure significantly reducedSwitch out a process step with a less hazardous step; Use low voltage system versus high voltage; replace a toxic material with a non-toxic material
Gimmicks; incentives;hollow threats
Employee seen as the cause of exposure and requiringmotivation, no change in exposure
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Insight, reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off.; Reg. OHIM and other countries as listed on our
website. No modifications, reproduction or use for training or distribution
outside of your organization without written permission from DEKRA Insight.
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