PUBLIC SERVICE REFORM: REBALANCING and
RENEWAL
The case for
proportionality in
achieving citizen-focused
quality public services.
Catherine Murphy T.D.
A Position on
Public Sector
Reform
REBALANCING and RENEWAL
THE CASE FOR PROPORTIONALITY IN ACHIEVING CITIZEN-FOCUSED
QUALITY PUBLIC SERVICES
A Position on Public Sector Reform - CATHERINE MURPHY T.D.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this position paper I seek to establish a clear case for reform of the manner in which the State
distributes exchequer funding to public services by demonstrating, through three select
examples, that the current distribution pattern disproportionately favours areas with
historically significant population levels rather than areas with current and projected high-
growth patterns.
INTRODUCTION
Having seen the lofty heights reached by Ireland Inc. recent decades, there is no doubt of our
ability to innovate for the achievement of pronounced financial and social success. Regrettably,
the people of Ireland are now becoming all too familiar with the ill-effects of our failure to build
a more sustainable model of success - but, if the harsh lessons of the recently catastrophic
economic meltdown are to yield any positive result, this moment in our history must be seized
upon to break free from the traditional pit-falls and strike for a truly revolutionary approach to
public administration.
Given the prolonged period of austerity we are living through, it is no longer good enough to
herald blunt surface-level cuts such as public sector recruitment moratoriums, pay-reductions
and education cutbacks as viable solutions to the current crisis facing the public purse. Such
blanket cutting fails outright to address the real reasons as to why our public sector is at such an
extreme level of unequal delivery.
A full system overhaul is demanded if we are to eliminate the pervasively institutionalised
inequalities and inefficiencies endemic to the current system of public administration. Indeed,
it’s essential that we ask ourselves that, in the absence of high-level institutional reform, how
can public sector employees be facilitated in striving for cost-effectiveness if the inherent
inefficiencies of the sector are not addressed.
It’s clear that this is a far easier assertion to make than to realise – what I propose is not a quick-
fix and nor is it intended to be. Truly reshaping what our public sector is and who it is focused
at serving is a job that will require time. However, if done correctly, it can yield lasting results
that will serve as a strong foundation on which the future of our State can be securely built.
THE PRESENT DILEMMA
The population of Ireland continues to grow1 and the country’s economic performance shows
promise of recovery but overall remains still poor; thus we face insufficient tax yields as
compared to public expenditure2. Public sector employment levels are in decline due in large
part to the moratorium on recruitment and promotions and continued levels of “natural
wastage” but these levels are across the board and not in any way targeted leading to resource
inequities throughout the system3. Public sector funding reductions are set to continue in line
with the State’s commitments under the EU/IMF Programme for Ireland and with these
reductions comes restraint on the operational capabilities of this sector4; furthermore, with
growing levels of dependency on social welfare due to a consistently shrinking, or at best
stagnant labour force, pressure on publically funded services is on the rise5.
With problems as multifaceted as these, it is simply unrealistic to think that funding and staffing
cuts will achieve the required range of savings without having a detrimental effect on policing,
schooling, healthcare and public services generally. Crucially, it is the absence of nuanced and
detailed demographic considerations in implementing savings which will ultimately cause most
damage in terms of the rollback of essential public services. Now is the time to consider what
levels of service are required by our growing population and to adopt a creative approach to
achieving that aim.
HISTORIC ENTRENCHMENT TRUMPS FORWARD-LOOKING IDEALS
If we look at the manner in which public resources and funding are distributed throughout the
State from one Local Authority to another, the level of imbalance concerned is clear to see.
Indeed our local authority and county structure can, for the purposes of analysis, provide an
interesting set of microcosms that display the class of imbalance that exists throughout our
national structures.
These microcosms highlight the very worrying tendency among Government Departments to
work on historic trends of demand as opposed to projections of future growth or decline when
planning services. Thus, our public sector institutions plan for the past as opposed to the future
and we receive an equally backward overall result.
1 (Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2011) 2 (Department of Finance, 2011) 3 (Department of Finance, 2009) 4 (Department of Finance, 2010)
5 (The Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2011)
Counties such as Kildare, Meath, Louth and Wicklow, which have seen rapid population growth
due in large part to their location within the expansive hinterland of Dublin City, have not been
on the receiving end of resources nor funding that is in line with their persistent levels of
growth6. These counties illustrate thoroughly the lack of responsiveness in the overall culture
of our current system of public administration to departures from historic population trends
and, in analysing various levels of funding and resource provision against population levels,
clear examples of systemic deficiencies emerge.
6 (Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, 2010)
POPULATION GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
ESTABLISHED GROWTH TRENDS
While the level of population growth and increase in residential property construction
seen over the past two decades undoubtedly made a dramatic impact on Irish society,
many of those counties that experienced very conspicuous levels of growth during the
Celtic Tiger boom era were simply experiencing highly pronounced versions of existing
growth patterns as opposed to newly emerging trends. Indeed, it may further be
suggested that had these growth trends been heeded the prospect of futher overspill
into even more peripheral counties could have been predicted and prevented.
The Irish pattern of population growth displays a worryingly simple trend linked
heavily with the principles of supply and demand. During times of population growth,
Irish cities have become oversubscribed and, as a result, unaffordable to many. Thus
those seeking out a supply of more abundant and therefore affordable accommodation
have migrated to the areas immediately surrounding these cities. Over time, the same
problem of ever-reducing supply coupled with continually increased demand has forced
migrations to locations even further afield from our cities. This trend is therefore more
accurately termed a population splurge than a population surge.
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
May
o
Leit
rim
Ro
sco
mm
on
Tip
per
ary
Slig
o
Ker
ry
Mo
nag
han
Lim
eric
k
Lon
gfo
rd
Du
blin
Wat
erfo
rd
Do
neg
al
Co
rk
Off
aly
Cla
re
Kilk
enn
y
Cav
an
Car
low
Lout
h
We
stm
eat
h
Gal
way
Wex
ford
Wic
klo
w
Lao
is
Mea
th
Kild
are
% Change1981 to 1991
% Change1991 - 2002
% Change2002 - 2011
KILDARE – THE CONSISTENT GROWTH MODEL
Kildare is a county that has experienced demonstrably persistent and yet also rapid
population growth since the early 1970s. According to CSO figures7, the population of
this county rested somewhat steadily between a maximum of 83,614 persons in 1871
and a minimum of 57,892 persons in 1936. Never in the space of a century did the
population of this county rise above levels reached in 1871, and yet once the historic
upper-levels of population were breached a new growth pattern took effect which has
seen a population increase of 192%, or137,978 persons, over the course of only four
decades.
Population growth in Kildare throughout the latter half of the 21st Century has therefore
been both consistent and predictable and it has represented a marked contrast to the
low and negative levels of growth in seen in the neighbouring Dublin City. Kildare’s
growth can largely be attributed to population overspill from a city that has been
typified by low density urban development and a laissez faire appraoch to urban
planning that allowed a prohibitively priced property market to emerge, thereby forcing
many would-be city dwellers outward towards the surrounding “dormitory counties”8.
With such an established trend of urban population overspill, it stands to reason that
continued population increase in the absence of any significant policy change would
lead to more of the same.
7 (Central Statistics Office Ireland, 1982, 1992, 2003, 2011)
8 census 1991
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000
1871
1881
1891
1901
1911
1926
1936
1946
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2002
2011
83614
75804
70206
63566
66627
58028
57892
64849
66437
64420
71977
104122
122656
163944
209955
Kildare Population Census Year
LAOIS – THE PREDICTABLE LATE ARRIVAL
With a population surge of 20% between 2006 and 20119, County Laois clearly
demonstrates the outer limits reached by those seeking property within a commutable
distance to Dublin during the final phase of Celtic Tiger-led population dispersal.
Unsurprisingly, with figures such as this Laois emerges as Ireland’s most rapidly
growing county. Alas, this growth brings with it the ominous honour of having an
equally high-ranking level of unoccupied and or incomplete dwellings per capita, one
for every 20 persons in the county10.
Whereas those counties which saw the majority of their residential housing
development occur in advance of and througout the Celtic Tiger era, the ones which
came late to the party to cater for the needs of those pushed further from the cities were
stopped in their tracks. And the stark picture that is the multitudes of halted
developments throughout the counties such as Laois not only sums up their situation
only too aptly but also serves to frame the cause of the problem: a system that is frozen
in time.
9 (Central Statistics Office of Ireland, 2011)
10 (Department of Environment, Community & Local Government, 2010)
LOCAL AUTHORITY STAFFING11
Due to the current moratorium on public service recruitment and promotions, public sector
staffing in general has itself become frozen and an obvious area where members of the public
are experiencing end-user difficulties as a result of this is on Local Authority Staffing levels. Put
simply, if the staffing is not available to perform the function the availability of funding becomes
largely irrelevant.
When we look at 2010 levels of staffing in Kildare County Council we see that there were 925.4
whole time equivalent members of staff to serve a population of 209,955. And, where
staffing levels are analysed against population numbers, this county displays the second lowest
ratio of staff to population in 2009 and third lowest ratio of staff to population in 2010 whereby
each staff member served the needs of 226.88 Kildare residents.
To put this figure in context, the national staff member to resident ratio is 1 staff
member for every 152 residents meaning that Local Authority Staff employed by
Kildare County Council are, on average, responsible for 81 more residents than the
national average.
11
Figures supplied by the Department of the Environment, (Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government (Mr. P. Hogan), 2011)
% Variation from Average Local
Authority per capita Staffing
Levels 2010
(Average 152.09)
Furthermore, where we compare Kildare with Mayo, a county that resides at the
opposite end of the staffing scale and is not without a sizeable population - 130,552
persons -, the disparities in staffing levels are truly exposed. As previously mentioned,
Kildare County Council has, according to 2010 levels, 925.4 staff members as compared
with Mayo County Councils 1103.65 members of staff. Again we see a situation
whereby a county with a population exceeding another receives fewer resources.
Mayo County Council’s staff members therefore are responsible for 18.83% fewer
residents than the national average; but when compared with Kildare we see that the
staff members of this local authority have a responsibility to 72.52% fewer residents
than each staff member working for Kildare County Council. More stark still is the
comparison between Mayo County Council and the persistently understaffed Meath
County Council. Here, at a staggering 88.82% above average in ratio of staff to
residents, Meath County Council staff members are responsible for 107.65% more
residents than their Mayo counterparts.
When considered on an everyday operations level such blatant heights of staffing
disparity are, particularly in light of the blanket moratorium on public sector
recruitment, absurd at best and truly chilling at worst. Without the staff to administer
the functions of the local authority it is the goods and services intended to be delivered
to their tax-paying clients that suffer first. Gone is the ability of the existing staff to
perform basic duties such as answering phone queries or processing urgent
applications for Housing Adaptation Grants or Planning Permission. And if these
workers are forced to run simply to stand still then what hope is there for the prospect
of pro-active and forward thinking service development?
GARDA NUMBERS
An Gardaí Síochána have been subject to the same recruitment and promotions
moratorium as other State institutions, and the final class of new Garda Recruits
graduated from the Garda Training College in Templemore in June 2011. With older
members of the force retiring on the other end of the spectrum, an already
overstretched police force is being pushed to breaking point.
Given the current constraints on resources it is understandable that those in charge of
the various Garda divisions would see it not only as prudent but as downright essential
to stringently resist any effort to remove and redistribute staff members in order to
create greater parity throughout the country. Nonetheless, where Garda divisions are
subject to general staffing constraints in tandem with having to cater for a rapidly
growing and evolving population base the absence of a broad strategy on Garda
allocations creates a system that rewards those in areas of decline and punishes those in
areas of expansion.
The Kildare Garda Division as of September 2010 contained 328 Gardaí serving a
population of 209,955 - in other words each Garda in Kildare is responsible for the
safety of 640 people. To put this in context, nationally An Gardaí Síochána were 12,539
strong as of September 2010 and are responsible for the security & safety of 4,700,091
people - this equates to an average per capita representation ratio of 1:379. Each
Population Per Garda, 374.84
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Po
pu
lati
on
Pe
r G
ard
a
Ratio of Gardaí to Population By Garda Division
Kildare Garda is therefore responsible for an extra 261 people, or 68.86% above the
national average.
Now compare those figures with the level of responsibility for Gardaí in the Sligo /
Leitrim division who have a force of 331 to cater for a population of 97,048 people
putting them 81.64 persons, or -21.78%, per Garda below the national average.
Coincidentally the populations of Sligo and Leitrim have, since 1981 grown by only
17.66% and 15.10% respectively, 16.81% combined and by a total of 13,965 persons
over the course of the past 31 years as compared to the 101.64% population explosion
seen in Kildare over the same timeframe.
Of course, a natural variance in Garda numbers is to be expected when differential crime
rates by locality are taken into account. When we examine the recently available figures
outlining the regional breakdown of households which experienced some crime, these
statistics alone cannot account for the variance in resourced identified12. Indeed it can
seem counter-intuitive, given the higher number of crimes reported by householders in
the midlands, and the apparent lack of resources present on a per capita basis (see chart
overleaf) in those counties.
The question that is begging to be asked is thus: when geographical crime statistics are
discounted, what rationale there can possibly be to explain why a county with a
population of 209,955 has 328 Gardaí to service its needs while two counties with a
combined population of 97,048 has a Garda force numbering 331?
12
(Central Statistics Office of Ireland, 2011)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
% Households which experienced any type of crime, 2010
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Percentage of Variance from National Per Capita Levels of Garda Resourcing
LOCAL AUTHORITY FUNDING
“In terms of local government finance, the Department is focused on the financial well-
being and effective financial management and accountability of local authorities and the
promotion of value for money principles in the sector.”13
The Department of Environment, Community & Local Government is the Government
Department charged with overall funding and organisational administration of Local
Authorities throughout the country. Motor Tax Receipts along with an annual amount
of Exchequer funding is placed into this central fund and distributed “for the purposes of
general discretionary funding of their day-to-day activities and for non-national roads,
and funding for certain local government initiatives.”14
This is by no means the only source of funding for Local Authorities - indeed according
to an Oireachtas Report15 on Local Government Funding the General Purpose Grant
makes up only 19% of Local Government Funding on average. The other 81% of
funding is comprised of revenue derived from Commercial Rates (28%), Goods &
Services (28%) and Government Grants & Subsidies (25%). With the exception of the
latter, the levels of these categories of funding cannot be fully controlled by central or
local government as the level of intake is largely market-driven, therefore the General
Purpose Grants distributed from the LGF are a positive means of assessing Local
Government Funding.
Although it is understandable that these grants are in some way used to even out the
funding inequities that develop as result of the inability of some Local Authorities to
raise funding through Commercial Rates and Goods and Services Provision, there is a
certain point at which this equalization process becomes somewhat disadvantageous to
those authorities that are seen to be less dependent on the General Purpose Grant. The
increased pressure on services presented in Local Authority areas that have higher
levels of population and commercial activity cannot be discounted in the governmental
funding process as to do so ensures the areas generating income through their own
activities are in fact almost punished for that productivity.
A certain element of minimum service level provision must be the basis of General
Purpose Grant allocations, arguably the generation of Commercial Rates and income
from Goods & Services within a local authority area serves as a source of income that
sustains this activity and provides additional revenue to improve on basic services. If
inequities in the ability of Local Authorities to raise such funds are to be entirely evened
13 (Department of Environment, Community & Local Government) 14
(Department of Environment, Community & Local Government) 15
(Oireachtas Library & Research Service, 2010)
out through a targeted allocation of the General Purpose Grants, the question must be
asked: what incentive is there to exert efforts towards generating local revenue by other
means when the only reward is a downward adjustment in central funding?
Again Kildare provides a strong illustrative example of this point. When the annual
accounts for this Local Authority are viewed the general make-up of its budget roughly
reflects that of the proportions set out in Figure 1 below as sourced from a 2010
Oireachtas Library & Research Service report on Local Government16.
Figure 1 - Breakdown of Local Government budgets by income stream (National Average)17
Kildare County Council’s 2009 budget is broken down by income stream in Figure 2. As
can be seen, the general breakdown by category is broadly similar to that provided for
in Figure 1.
Figure 2 - Kildare County Council Annual Income 200918
16
Ibid. 17
(Oireachtas Library & Research Service, 2010)
State Grants and Subsidies
22%
Contributions from other
LAs 2%
Goods and Services
29% Local
Government Fund -
General Purpose Grant
17%
Pension Levy 1%
Rates 27%
County Charge (Inc) 2%
KCC Budget 2009
NATIONAL SCHOOL CLASS SIZES
The latest Department of Education statistics as they relate to class size are equally
reflective of the public sector trend of penalising areas of growth while rewarding areas
of decline. Indeed the fundamental means by which the need for additional staff and
facilities is assessed by the Department of Education reflects this without any need for
recourse to pupil, teacher, class size and the various other statistics at hand. Simply put,
instead of using birth statistics and projections of population growth to predict the
likely increases in demand on school places to bring new school buildings and teaching
staff on stream in tandem with growth, the Department of Education’s policy is that it
will not assign additional resources or staff until the need is demonstrated through the
number of pupils already enrolled in the school.
As a direct result of this bizarre policy, the staff and management of schools around the
country are prevented from pro-actively tackling increased demand until it literally
arrives on their doorstep. Furthermore, this fundamental error in strategy on the part
of Departmental managers means that schools in areas of growth are forced to work
with persistent, endemic overcrowding and under-resourcing until such time as growth
arrests, perhaps decline begins and everyone can breath a sigh of relief. Yes, there will
of course be times where population predictions are somewhat inaccurate but in areas
that have seen consistent and rapid population growth, investing in the likelihood of
continued growth is not exactly Russian Roulette.
Proof of the folly that this Departmental policy represents is very telling in the year on
year statistics published by the Department of Education itself which clearly
demonstrate that the highest class numbers exist in the areas of population growth
while those counties that have a relatively stable or declining population fare better.
The same counties as have been shown to dominate the top and bottom levels of each
category of analysis here emerge again. Indeed when we consider the counties, which,
according to the Census of Population 2011 Preliminary Report, have grown by the
largest amounts between 2006 and 2011 it is not surprising to see them feature among
the largest class sizes in the country.
Fingal’s population grew by 13.8% during this period and averages class sizes that are
10.54% above the national average; Kildare’s population grew by 12.7% and boasts
class sizes which are 8.74% above the national average; and of course we should not
forget Meath which, having grown in population by 13% between 2006 and 2011, finds
itself with class sizes that are, on average, 10.56% above the national average thereby
winning the unwelcome title of county with the largest class sizes in the country.
18
(Kildare County Council, 2010)
These counties have two things in common, not only do they have large existing
populations but their rate of growth is significant and, in the absence of pro-active
school development that works to provide suitable school capacity in line with growth,
the delay between proving additional need and receiving the required resources from
the Department of Education & Skills is inordinately and unnecessarily protracted.
Now we turn our attention towards the opposite end of the scale and see that Mayo,
Roscommon and Leitrim feature with 12.45%, 9.08%, 8.52% students below the
national average class size respectively. Mayo, although a county with a sizeable
population - 130,552 as of April 201119 - has experienced only moderate growth of
5.42% since 2006. The impact of this steady growth is that the level of new students in
the county has caused a gradual upward trend as opposed to the spike in demand for
resources seen in more rapidly growing areas.
Interestingly enough Leitrim and Roscommon, the two counties that experienced the
lowest real levels of population growth nationally, boast class sizes which are 8.52%
and 9.08% respectively below the national average in class size levels. While both
counties grew by relatively sizeable percentages proportionately between 2006 and
2011, i.e. 9.8% and 8.7% respectively, their low general levels of population, (Leitrim -
31,778 persons & Roscommon - 63,898 persons) are perhaps a factor in their being able
to absorb such relative growth and remain below the national average where class sizes
are concerned.
19
(Central Statistics Office Ireland, 2011)
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
Mea
thFi
nga
lK
ildar
eC
arlo
wD
un
Lao
ghai
re R
ath
do
wn
Wic
klo
wK
ilken
ny
Wat
erfo
rdLi
mer
ick
Co
rk C
ity
Lout
hC
avan
Lao
isW
exfo
rdSo
uth
Du
blin
Off
aly
Mo
nag
han
Wes
tmea
thW
ater
ford
Long
ford
Do
neg
alTi
pp
erar
y (N
ort
h &
So
uth
)K
erry
Cla
reSl
igo
Du
blin
Cit
yC
ork
Gal
way
Gal
way
Cit
yLi
me
rick
Cit
yLe
itri
mR
osc
om
mo
nM
ayo
% Variance in class sizes by County
National school class sizes however cannot be discussed in the absence of data relating
to birth rates given that the level of births in a county will have a direct effect on the
demand for school resources. And, when we look at the six counties at the top and
bottom levels of the class size scale we can see that levels of birth rate seem to follow a
distinct pattern, particularly at the high end of the scale where classes are
oversubscribed.
With birth rates of 25.45%, 21.21% and 18.79% above the national average
respectively, Fingal, Meath and Kildare have the highest rates of fertility in the country.
Understandably enough, when such rates of growth are combined with the Department
of Education & Skills’ system of requiring schools to prove existing as opposed to future
need before resources may be provided, these counties have the largest class sizes in
the country. The needs of these counties and those with similar growth patterns could
have been predicted in advance of children arriving at the school gates however the
very system that is used to assess need works against such action.
Meanwhile Roscommon, one of the counties with the smallest class sizes in the country,
has a birth rate which is decidedly lower than the national average – almost 16%. Of all
three select examples cited in this study, these findings perhaps most effectively
illustrate the central point about the consequences of insufficient forward planning
when it comes to making provision for public services.
-25.00%
-20.00%
-15.00%
-10.00%
-5.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
Fin
gal
Mea
th
Kild
are
Car
low
Wic
klo
w
Sou
th D
ub
lin
Lao
is
Lon
gfo
rd
No
rth
Tip
per
ary
Wes
tmea
th
Wat
erfo
rd C
ity
Co
rk
Cav
an
Gal
way
Wex
ford
Lim
eric
k
Off
aly
Lout
h
Wat
erfo
rd
Leit
rim
Cla
re
Kilk
enn
y
Slig
o
Du
blin
Cit
y
Lim
eric
k C
ity
May
o C
ou
nty
Sou
th T
ipp
erar
y
Do
neg
al
Ker
ry
Gal
way
Cit
y
Mo
nag
han
Ro
sco
mm
on
Co
rk C
ity
Birth Rate by County (2009)
CONCLUSION
While this study is brief and is by no means exhaustive, it clearly demonstrates the trend
which exists in the provision of public services around the country.
The massive exchequer crisis which hit Ireland in 2008 was met with an equally drastic
programme of austerity. And as debate has focused since then almost exclusively on the
precise levels of austerity required, the wider genius of blanket, blunt and utilitarian
cutting without respect to demographic variance has received comparatively little
scrutiny. Indeed, it has seemed at times that the realisation that we are in an extended
period of austerity, rather than a short, nasty economic shock, has come very slow to
government, opposition and the wider public alike.
If we are to endure an extended period of fiscal readjustment, of perhaps up to a decade,
it is essential that the case be made to make that readjustment in the best possible
interests of the people. While the adjustments made to date have no doubt been felt
keenly, particularly where cuts are regressive, by being forced to address public service
spending at all levels we are presented with a rare opportunity to rebalance exchequer
spending, usher in an age of greater efficiency, and ultimately break the cycle of
continually working to satisfy the needs of the past as opposed to the future.
Bibliography Central Statistics Office Ireland. (2011, June 30). Census 2011 Preliminary Report . Retrieved August 25, 2011,
from www.cso.ie: http://www.cso.ie/census/2011_preliminaryreport.htm
Central Statistics Office Ireland; Statistical Yearbook of Ireland, 2011 (2011:CSO)
Department of Environment, Community & Local Government. (2010, October). National Housing
Development Survey. Retrieved September 05, 2011, from Department of Environment, Community &
Local Government:
http://www.environ.ie/en/DevelopmentHousing/Housing/UnfinishedHousingDevelopments/National
HousingDevelopmentSurvey2010/
Department of Environment, Community & Local Government. (n.d.). Local Government Finance. Retrieved
September Friday, 2011, from www.environ.ie:
http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/LocalGovernmentAdministration/LocalGovernmentFina
nce/
Department of Environment, Community and Local Government. (2010). Local Government Finance. Retrieved
September 05, 2011, from Department of Environment, Community & Local Government:
http://www.environ.ie/en/LocalGovernment/LocalGovernmentAdministration/LocalGovernmentFina
nce/#Local Authority Key Financial Data
Department of Finance. (2009, March 27). Department of Finance Implementation of Moratorium on
Recruitment and Promotions in the Public Service:. Retrieved September 05, 2011, from Department
of Finance, Ireland: http://www.finance.gov.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=5723
Department of Finance. (2010, November). Department of Finance Government Statement Announcement of
joint EU - IMF Programme for Ireland. Retrieved September 05, 2011, from Department of Finance,
Ireland: http://www.finance.gov.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=6600
Department of Finance. (2011, September 01). Department of Finance Monthly Economic Bulletin - September
2011. Retrieved September 05, 2011, from Department of Finance Website:
http://www.finance.gov.ie/documents/publications/meb2011/Sept2011.pdf
Kildare County Council. (2010, January). Kildare County Council Annual Financial Statement Year Ended 31st
December 2009. Retrieved September 5th, 2011, from www.kildarecoco.ie:
http://kildare.ie/CountyCouncil/Finance/AnnualFinancialStatements/LinkToDocument,23413,en.pdf
Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government (Mr. P. Hogan). (2011, July 19). Written
Answers - Local Authority Staff Tuesday 19th July. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from
www.oireachtas.ie: http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2011/07/19/00217.asp
Oireachtas Library & Research Service. (2010, January). Financing Local Government. Retrieved September 5th,
2001, from www.oireachtas.ie:
http://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/housesoftheoireachtas/libraryresearch/spotlights/Finan
cing-Local-Government-print.pdf
The Central Statistics Office Ireland. (2011, August 31). The Central Statistics Office Ireland, Live Register
Figures August 2011. Retrieved September 05, 2011, from The Central Statistics Office Ireland:
http://www.cso.ie/releasespublications/documents/labour_market/2011/lreg_aug2011.pdf
Top Related