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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Fundamentals of PetroleumFundamentals of PetroleumEngineeringEngineering
Reservoir EngineeringReservoir Engineering
ModuleModule
Prof. Dr. Birol M.R. DemiralSchlumberger Chair
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Introduction
Jan. 2007 Present Schlumberger Chair,Geosciences and Petroleum Engineering Department, UTP,Malaysia
May 2003 May 2006 Head of Department,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey
Oct. 2000 Jan. 2007 Professor,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey
Mar. 1996 Jan. 2007 Assistant Director,PAL Petroleum Research Center, METU , Turkey
July. 1992 - Oct. 2000 Assoc. Professor,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU , Turkey
Oct. 1988 - July. 1992 Post Doctoral Research Affiliate,Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute,Stanford, CA, USA
Oct. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assistant Head of Department,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , TurkeyApr. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assist. Professor,
Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Aug. 1984 - Apr. 1987 Instructor,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
May 1979 - Aug. 1984 Research Assistant,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
Feb. 1979 - May 1979 Student Assistant,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
What have you learned till now?
Search for oil andgas wascompleted
A hole drilled tothe targeted field
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Courtesy of Schlumberger
Fundamentals of Petr
oleum Engineering, UTP 2009
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Section 1Section 1
Reservoir EngineeringReservoir Engineering
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Outcomes:Outcomes:
Students should be ableStudents should be able
to define the main tasks of Petroleum Reservoirto define the main tasks of Petroleum Reservoir
Engineering,Engineering,
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Petroleum ReservoirPetroleum Reservoir
EngineeringEngineeringThe branch of petroleum engineeringwhich typically concerned withmaximizing the economic recovery of
hydrocarbons from the subsurface.
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Petroleum ReservoirPetroleum Reservoir
EngineersEngineersPetroleum Reservoir Engineers generally deals with
reserves estimation,
numerical reservoir modeling,
production forecasting,
well testing/analysis,
well drilling and workover planning,
economic modeling, andPVT analysis of reservoir fluids
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Petroleum ReservoirPetroleum Reservoir
EngineersEngineersReservoir engineers also play a central role in
field development planning,
recommending appropriate and cost effectivereservoir depletion schemes to maximize
hydrocarbon recovery such as1. waterflooding,
2. gas injection for pressure maintanence,
3. Enhanced Oil Recovery.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
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Section 2Section 2
Reservoir Rock PropertiesReservoir Rock Properties
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Outcomes:Outcomes:
Students should be ableStudents should be able
to define reservoir rock properties liketo define reservoir rock properties like
porosityporosity permeabilitypermeability
saturationssaturations
relative permeabilityrelative permeability
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Porous
Porosity Storage Capacity
PermeablePermeability Production
Capacity
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
PorosityPorosity
Wikipedia:
A measure of the void spaces in a material, andis measured as a fraction, between 01, or as apercentage between 0100%.
Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary:
The percentage of pore volume or void space, or
that volume within rock that can contain fluids.Any Reservoir Engineering Book:
A measure of the space available for storage of
petroleum hydrocarbon.(0.10
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Mathematical Expression ofMathematical Expression of
PorosityPorosity
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Example 1Example 1
What is the porosity of the rock sample with
bulk volume of 9.9 cm3, dry weight of thesample in air of 20 gr and sand grain densityof 2.67 gr/cm3?
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Types of Porosity (AccordingTypes of Porosity (According
to mode of origin)to mode of origin)Primary Porosity:
Formed at the time sediment was deposited
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Types of Porosity (AccordingTypes of Porosity (According
to connectivity)to connectivity)Absolute Porosity:
The ratio of the total void space in a rock to thebulk volume of that rock.
Effective Porosity:
The ratio of the interconnected void space in a
rock to the bulk volume of that rock.Important from the reservoir engineeringstandpoint!
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SaturationsSaturations
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Fluid Saturation is the ratio of the volume of a
particular fluid occupying some portion of a coresample to the pore volume of that sample
V
V
So
o=
p
V
VS
p
w
w=
V
VS
p
g
g=
Oil Saturation
Water Saturation
Gas Saturation
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
PermeabilityPermeabilityAPI Code 27:
A measure of the capacity of theporous medium to transmit fluids.
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
DarcyDarcys Laws Law
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
L
PkAq=
P
L
q
A
A porous medium has 1 Darcy permeability
when a single phase fluid of 1 cp viscosity that
completely saturates the pores, flows underviscous flow conditions at a rate of 1 cm3/sec
across 1 cm2 cross-sectional area under a
pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm.
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Types of PermeabilityTypes of Permeability
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Absolute Permeability
Effective Permeability
Relative Permeability
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Absolute PermeabilityAbsolute Permeability
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
P
L
qA
Flowing fluid is100% saturatingthe medium
LPkAq = Absolutepermeability
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Effective PermeabilityEffective Permeability
More than one fluidis saturating themedium. At leastone of them is
mobile (flowing)
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
LPAkq
i
ii
= Effectivepermeability
P
L
qo
A
qg
qw
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Relative PermeabilityRelative Permeability
More than onefluid is saturatingthe medium. Atleast two of them
are mobile(flowing)
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
LPAkkq
o
roo
= Relativepermeability
qo
P
LA
qg
qw
k
kk
i
ri=
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Relative PermeabilityRelative Permeability
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
kro krw
Sw
Oil-Water relative permeability behavior with respect
to Water saturation
1 .01 .0
Sw c
1 -Sor
0 1
S w m i nS w m a x
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
General Classification ofGeneral Classification of
PermeabilityPermeability
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Classification Permeability Range
Very Low < 1 mD
Low 1 10 mD
Medium 10 50 mD
Average 50 200 mD
Good 200 500 mD
Excellent > 500 mD
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Section 3Section 3
Reservoir Fluid PropertiesReservoir Fluid Properties
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Outcomes:Outcomes:
Students should be ableStudents should be able
to differentiate types of petroleum,to differentiate types of petroleum,
to explain common reservoir fluid propertiesto explain common reservoir fluid properties
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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Crude Oil and GasCrude Oil and Gas
CompositionsCompositions
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
Petroleum (Crude Oil and Gas)
Hydrocarbons Inorganic Gases(CO
2
, H2
S, He, etc)Trace Elements(Hg, S, etc)
Saturated
Hydrocarbons(Alkanes CH4,C2H6, andCycloalkanes Napthenes,..)
Unsaturated
Hydrocarbons(Alkenes..)
The types and proportions ofhydrocarbons in the petroleum
determine if the fluid is oil, gas,heavy oil, sweet gas, sour gas,etc.
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Phase Diagram & Composition
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Change in Composition
Typical Composition of
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Typical Composition of
Petroleum Reservoirs
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Importance of Composition
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Reservoir vs. Surface Condition
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Compositions also affect
5.1315.141=
SGAPI
Categories by Types of Crude & Natural
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Categories by Types of Crude & Natural
Gas
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Water
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Questions?
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009
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