Psych 101 Chapter 10 1
Prologue to Chapter 10
Motivation and Emotion Why do we do the things we do? Why do we feel the way we do about events in our
life? What is “hunger?” Why are many people
overweight? Why do some teenage girls starve themselves to death in the midst of plenty?
These are the questions of motivation and emotion
Psych 101 Chapter 10 2
Definitions of motivation and emotion Motivation
those factors that activate behavior and give it direction
those factors that make us do what we do and give our behavior either a positive or negative direction
psychologists abbreviate the term “motivation” with the letter “K” (as per Clark Hull’s work in the 1940s)
Psych 101 Chapter 10 3
Definitions of motivation and emotion Emotion
positive or negative feelings generally in reaction to environmental stimuli emotion is accompanied by physiological
arousal and related behaviors examples include love, hate, fear, joy,
loathing, etc. We will now examine primary motives
Psych 101 Chapter 10 5
Primary motives: biological needs Homeostasis: biological “thermostats”
homeostasis is a process by which internal body mechanisms sense biological imbalances and stimulate action to restore the proper balances
homeostatic controls exist for hunger, thirst, body temperature, electrolyte levels, etc.
we will discuss hunger and thirst motives in detail next
Psych 101 Chapter 10 6
Primary motive: hunger
Hunger is the regulation of food intake There are biological and psychological
regulators operative in hunger Biological regulation of hunger
control center located in the hypothalamus homeostatic monitoring of blood sugar levels;
insulin and glucagon monitoring rat and cat experiments (surgical ablations)
Psych 101 Chapter 10 7
Primary motives: hunger
Specific hungers and homeostasis animals deprived of protein, a specific
vitamin, or fat will tend to eat greater quantities of foods containing that element when later given a choice
children will, if it is available, eat the substances they need to have in their diet; have nutritious snacks available for them from which to choose and they will eat right
Psych 101 Chapter 10 8
Primary motives: hunger
Psychological factors in hunger learning affects hunger emotion affects hunger incentives affect hunger social situations affect hunger commercials, time, and smells all affect hunger “stimulus control” and dieting: controlling the cues
to eat
Psych 101 Chapter 10 9
Primary motives: thirst
Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake Biological regulation of thirst
a “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are located in different sections of the hypothalamus
homeostatic measurements of blood volume regulate thirst; as blood volume decreases a hormone called angiotensin is released by the kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirst
Psych 101 Chapter 10 10
Primary motives: thirst
Biological regulation of thirst (cont.) cell fluid levels in the body and a dry mouth
are also stimuli which affect thirst Psychological factors in thirst
excluding alcohol, it is not as powerful as that for foods
body is not picky about what fluids, however fluids that contain addictive substances may be craved, e.g., coffee, pop, tea, and beer
Psych 101 Chapter 10 11
Primary motives: thirst
Psychological factors in thirst (cont.) cravings for addictive drinks are not due to
deprivation of required substances (as is the case in food cravings); drink cravings are psychological dependencies
social drinking and coffee klatching as cues for injestion of certain beverages alcoholism and social drinkers
Psych 101 Chapter 10 13
Psychological motives
Psychological motives are motives not directly related to the biological survival of the individual or species
Stimulus motivation: Seeking out novel stimulation the Optimum Arousal Theory the Yerkes-Dodson Law of motivation and
task performance
Psych 101 Chapter 10 14
Psychological motives
Affiliation motivation: the drive to be in contact with others
Achievement motivation: the need for success in competitive situations fear of failure
failure to try because of fear you might not succeed
fear of success snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because of fear
of success
Psych 101 Chapter 10 15
Psychological motives
Solomon’s “Opponent-Process” theory of acquired motives based on a notion of affective contrast and
affective habituation people acquire habits of doing things that
provide emotional excitement and break up boredom
Would you hang-glide? Free-fall? Fly a plane or climb Mount Everest?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 17
Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity itself; by the process itself and with no external rewards
Extrinsic motivation is stimulated not by the process itself but by what can be gotten from doing the activity, e.g., a reward or recognition or other gain
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Psych 101 Chapter 10 18
Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs”
Lower level needs must be met before higher level needs will be operative
Maslow: a humanistic psychologist; his theory is often observed in business
Maslow’s pyramid of ascending needs
Psych 101 Chapter 10 19
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
Safety Needs
Belongingness Needs
Esteem Needs
Self Actualization
Psych 101 Chapter 10 21
Emotions
Psychologists have trouble agreeing on a precise definition of emotions
Three (3) theories of emotions the “James-Lange Theory” suggests that an
emotional stimulus produces a bodily reaction, which them produces an emotional feeling. The BODY makes the feeling.
Psych 101 Chapter 10 22
Emotions
Three (3) theories (continued) The “Cannon-Bard Theory” states that an
emotional stimulus simultaneously produces both the emotional experience and the physiological arousal; the BODY and the MIND are influenced together by the emotion-producing stimulus
Psych 101 Chapter 10 23
Emotions
Three (3) theories (continued) “Cognitive Theory” suggests that there are
two (2) steps in the cognitive interpretation of emotion the interpretation of incoming stimuli from the
environment the interpretation of stimuli from the body
resulting from autonomic arousal the MIND influences the BODY which then
influences the MIND again...
Psych 101 Chapter 10 24
Emotions
Each of these three theories suggests an approach for dealing with emotions and therapy in clinical settings Do you act your way into a new way of
feeling? Do you feel your way into a new way of
acting? Do you feel and act together simultaneously
to resolve emotional difficulties?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 25
Emotions
The physiology of emotion and the lie detector device what is a lie detector machine? how does it work and what does it measure? can you beat a lie detector machine? why aren’t lie detectors considered good
evidence in a court of law?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 26
Emotions
The role of learning and culture in the experiencing of emotion many psychologists believe that we are born
with basic emotions comparisons of different cultures reveal that
learning plays an important role in the experience of emotions and what emotions we will or won’t have
emotional illnesses by cultures
Psych 101 Chapter 10 27
Emotions
Cultural emotional illnesses include: Windigo
an emotional illness in far North American Native Americans
an irresistable urge to kill and eat your neighbor Depression
Northern Europeans are particularly prone toward depression
Polynesian fears of the penis growing inward
Psych 101 Chapter 10 29
Aggression
The emotional and motivational aspects of human aggression
Why are we the most violent species? We will examine several theories
concerning human aggression Freud’s “instinct theory” Dollard & Miller’s “frustration-aggression” Bandura’s “social learning theory”
Psych 101 Chapter 10 30
Aggression
Freud’s “instinct theory”: the release of aggressive energy sex and violence: the source of psychic
energy (the libido) “catharsis” Freud suggested that all animals (including
humans) are born with potent aggressive instincts that must be released in some way
the “sublimation” of aggression
Psych 101 Chapter 10 31
Aggression
Dollard & Miller’s “Frustration-Aggression hypothesis” blocked goals cause aggression aggression is a natural reaction to the
frustration of a blocked goal theory suggests the inevitability of aggression is it inevitable that aggression occur and, if
so, what implications for the human race?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 32
Aggression
Bandura’s “Social Learning Theory” and aggression aggression is learned by observing others
benefit from aggression theory posits that aggression is learned and is
not inevitable sources of observations of violence include
TV violence of many types are we teaching ourselves to be aggressive?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 33
Aggression
Culture and aggression according to Richard Nesbitt, socially learned
attitudes may be the basis for the difference in rates of violence in the United States
love, hate, religion, racism, and war what about the future now that we have hydrogen
bombs and intercontinental ballistic missles to deliver megadeath in 30 minutes?
can we learn to be passive and not aggressive?
Psych 101 Chapter 10 35
Applications of psychology
Can we have peace on earth or will we become extinct? what do we teach ourselves? what must we do to preserve our species from
nuclear annilhilation? Green Peace vs Red War: can we reprogram
ourselves for a sustainable future?
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