Download - PSYC 125 Lecture 6 Middle Late Childhood - Napa Valley College 125 Lecture … · late childhood due to increased myelination of the central nervous system . 7/10/13 3 Exercise •

7/10/13

1

PSYC 125 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

7/9/2013 LECTURE 6: Mid-Late Childhood

(~6 – ~10/11 )

Development

Dr. Bart Moore [email protected]

Questions? Material? Course business?

Middle and Late Childhood (~6 – 10/11) Cognitive and physical development •  Physical development

–  Body growth and change –  The brain –  Motor development –  Exercise –  Health, illness, and disease

•  Cognitive changes –  Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory –  Information processing –  Intelligence –  Extremes of intelligence

•  Emotional and personality development –  Emotional development –  Moral development –  Gender –  Peers –  Schools

Practice Question

Wayne is a father who is very strict. He prohibits his children from watching MTV. If they are caught watching the channel—even an educational program—they are punnished. This is an example of:

A)  Authoritative parenting

B)  Authoritarian parenting

C)  Permissive parenting

D)  Neglectful parenting

E)  Wayne is Dr. Phil

7/10/13

2

Practice Question

The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old, is sometimes called their:

A)  Gender type

B)  Gender state

C)  Gender role

D)  Gender identity

Middle and Late Childhood (~6 – 10/11) Cognitive and Physical development •  Physical changes and health


•  Cognitive changes –  Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory –  Information processing –  Intelligence

The Brain

•  Brain stabilizes to near adult volume

•  But, Increases in cortical thickness

•  Activation of some brain areas increase while others decrease

•  Continued increase in brain cell myelination

Motor Development

•  Gross motor skills become smoother and more coordinated

–  Boys outperform girls in gross motor skills involving large muscle activity

•  Improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood due to increased myelination of the central nervous system

7/10/13

3

Exercise

•  Middle and late childhood is a time of excellent health!

•  Higher level of physical activity is linked to lower:

• Cholesterol

• Waist size

•  insulin levels

•  Aerobic exercise in children benefits:

–  Attention

–  Memory

–  Creativity

–  goal-directed thinking and behavior

Health, Illness, and Disease

•  Overweight children (BMI)

• Heredity and environmental contexts

• _______ and ________

–  Consequences of being overweight

• Diabetes, hypertension, and elevated blood cholesterol levels

Health, Illness, and Disease

•  Accidents and injuries

–  Motor vehicle accidents are most common cause of severe injury

•  Cancer

–  2nd leading cause of death in children 5–14 years old

–  Most common child cancer is leukemia (~40%)

–  BUT: advancements in cancer treatment are improving survival odds

Middle and Late Childhood (~6 – 10/11) Cognitive & physical development •  Physical changes and health


•  Cognitive changes –  Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory –  Information processing –  Intelligence

•  Language development –  Vocabulary & grammar –  Reading & Writing –  Bilingualism and second-language learning

•  Children with disabilities –  The scope of disabilities –  Educational issues

7/10/13

4

Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory

•  Sensorimotor stage (infancy)

•  Preoperational stage (~2 to ~7)

•  Concrete operational stage (~7 to ~11)

–  Children can perform mental operations on real, concrete objects

–  Seriation: Ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

–  Transitivity: Ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions


•  video


•  BUT!

–  Education and culture exert strong influences on children’s development


•  BUT!

–  Education and culture exert strong influences on children’s development

•  Neo-Piagetians: Argue that Piaget got some things right but that his theory needs considerable revision

–  Elaborated on Piaget’s theory, giving more emphasis to:

•  Information processing,

• Thinking strategies

• Specific cognitive steps

7/10/13

5






Information Processing: topics

•  Memory

–  Short term & ‘Working’ memory

•  ‘Mental workbench’, ‘desktop’, ‘RAM’

–  long-term memory

•  ‘desk drawer’,’bookshelf’, ‘hard drive’

•  Cognition

–  Styles of thinking

–  Thinking about thinking (‘metacognition’)

Information Processing: Memory

•  Long-term memory: Increases with age during middle and late childhood

–  Knowledge and expertise

• Experts have acquired extensive knowledge about a particular content area

Information Processing: Thinking

•  Convergent thinking: Produces one correct answer

–  Kind of thinking tested by standardized intelligence tests

•  Divergent thinking: Produces many answers to the same question

• Creativity

•  Creative thinking: Ability to think in novel and unusual ways

–  Come up with unique solutions to problems

7/10/13

6

Information Processing: Metacognition

•  Metacognition: Cognition about cognition

–  Metamemory - Knowledge about memory

–  Metacognition improves dramatically in middle & late childhood

Information Processing: Executive Function

•  Executive functioning: Goal directed thinking

–  Most important for mid-late childhood:

• Self-control/inhibition

• Working memory

• Flexibility

•  Executive functioning is a better predictor of school readiness than general IQ.






Intelligence

•  Ability to solve problems, learn, and adapt

•  Assessed 2 main ways

–  Wechsler Scales

–  Binet tests (Stanford-Binet test)

7/10/13

7

Intelligence

•  Binet tests gauge:

–  Mental age (MA): Individual’s level of mental development relative to others

–  Intelligence quotient (IQ): Person’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

•  Normal distribution: Symmetric distribution

–  Most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores

–  Few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range

The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores

But, Binet tests depend on environment & culture •  Wechsler Scales

–  Different sets of tests for different age groups

–  ‘WISC-IV’ for children 6-16

• provide IQ score

• But also assess other areas

• Verbal comprehension

• Nonverbal comprehension

• Processing speed

• Working memory

Intelligence

7/10/13

8

Intelligence

•  Are there really different types of intelligence?

Intelligence

•  Types of intelligence?

–  Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

• Analytical intelligence

• Judge, compare contrast

• Creative intelligence

•  Imagine, create, invent

• Practical intelligence

• Practice and perform activities

Intelligence

–  Howard Gardner’s eight types of intelligence:

• Verbal (authors, journalists)

• Mathematical (scientists, engineers)

• Spatial (architects, artists)

• Bodily-Kinesthetic (dancers, athletes, surgeons)

• Musical (pirates? )

•  Interpersonal (teachers, therapists)

•  Intrapersonal (psychologists)

• Naturalist (farmers, landscapers)

Intelligence

–  Is intelligence dominated by nature or nurture?

7/10/13

9

Both nature and nurture

Extremes of Intelligence

•  Mental retardation: Limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

–  Organic retardation:

• Caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

•  IQ is generally between 0 and 50

–  Cultural-familial retardation:

• No evidence of organic brain damage

•  IQ is generally between 50 and 70

Extremes of Intelligence

•  Gifted: Above-average intelligence (an IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something

–  Three criteria

• Mature early (precocious)

•  Independent (‘March to their own drummer’)

• Passion for one or more topics

–  Domain-specific giftedness

Middle and Late Childhood (~6 – 10/11) Cognitive and physical development •  Physical development



•  Emotional and personality development –  Emotional development –  Moral development –  Gender –  Peers –  Schools

7/10/13

10

Emotional Development

•  Developmental changes in emotional understanding

–  Multiple emotions can be experienced in a single situation (e.g. asking someone if they ‘like-like’ you)

–  Increased awareness of the events leading to emotional reactions (“I’m sad because…)

–  Increased ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions (examples?)

–  Capacity for genuine empathy

Emotional Development: Stress

•  Stress

–  Examples of stressful situations for childern?

–  Older children use more coping strategies for stressful situations

• Reframing or rationalizing the situation

• Shifting thoughts away from situation

Moral Development

•  Two primary theories:

–  Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages

• 3 levels, 6 stages

• Not everyone develops through all stages

–  Domain specific moral development

• Moral domain

• Social domain

• Personal domain

Moral Development

•  Moral reasoning

–  Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to moral development

–  Heteronomous morality: The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age

• Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people

–  Autonomous morality: children (10 and older) become aware that rules and laws are created by people

• we should consider the intentions as well as the consequences

7/10/13

11

Kohlberg: Level 1

Kohlberg: Level 2

Kohlberg: Level 3 Bullying:

7/10/13

12

Peers

•  Bullying

–  Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful

–  Boys and younger middle school students are most likely to be affected

–  70-80% of victims and bullies are in the same classroom

–  Cyberbullying???

–  Outcomes of bullying

• Depression, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide

Schools

•  Socioeconomic status and culture

–  Low-income schools have more difficulties

• Lower test scores, lower graduation rates, and lower college-attendance rates

• Young teachers with less experience

• Fewer resources

Schools

•  Contemporary approaches to student learning

• Bush’s 2001 ‘No Child Left Behind’ (NCLB) legislation

• Statewide standardized testing

• Schools that do not ‘perform’ are defunded

Schools

•  Culture

–  Cross-cultural comparisons of achievement

• U.S. students have lower achievement in math and science than a number of other countries

• Asian teachers spend more of their time teaching math than American teachers

7/10/13

13

Mothers’ Beliefs About the Factors Responsible for Children’s Math Achievement