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United Nations Spatial Data Infrastructure(UNSDI)
Proposed Technical Governance Framework
Preliminar !eport"ersion #$#%&'%'%%*
!o+ ,tkinsonPaul -o.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................5PART 1 - INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND...............................................61. Introduction............................................................................................................6
1.1 Purpose and scope..........................................................................................61.2 Distribution....................................................................................................6
1.3 Organisation...................................................................................................6
2. Consultancy terms of reference..............................................................................7
2.1 ac!ground....................................................................................................7
2.2 Ob"ecti#es.......................................................................................................7
2.3 Consultancy deli#erables...............................................................................$
2.% Consultancy approac&....................................................................................$
2.%.1 O#er#ie'................................................................................................$
2.%.2 (ta!e&older engagement........................................................................$
2.5 )*(DI +uiding Principles............................................................................,
PART 2 - CONTEXT AND REQUIREMENTS........................................................,3. Institutional and go#ernance conte-t...................................................................1
3.1 (cope and definitions...................................................................................1
3.1.1 +o#ernance..........................................................................................1
3.1.2 (O/ go#ernance...................................................................................1
3.1.3 Operational0tec&nical go#ernance and institutional go#ernance..........11
3.2 (eparation of go#ernance concerns..............................................................11
3.3 Inter and intra (DI go#ernance....................................................................12
3.% #ol#ing nature of go#ernance approac&.....................................................12
3.5 /ddressing intangible (DI success factors..................................................12
3.6 +o#ernance dimensions of an )*(DI.........................................................133.6.1 O#er#ie'..............................................................................................13
3.6.2 ultidomain.......................................................................................13
3.6.3 ulti4"urisdictional..............................................................................13
3.6.% Di#erse participation capabilities.........................................................1%
3.6.5 ultiple interoperability le#el support.................................................1%
3.6.6 Differing conte-t and reuirements for )* (DIs................................1%
3.6.7 emporal c&ange..................................................................................1%
3.7 )* reform....................................................................................................15
%. Data conte-t.........................................................................................................16
%.1 Interoperability.............................................................................................16
%.2 Data generation distribution and use...........................................................1$%.3 Data concentrations and silos.......................................................................1$
%.% Custodians&ip and sources...........................................................................1$
5. ec&nology conte-t..............................................................................................1,
5.1 merging ec&nical 8actors.........................................................................1,
5.1.1 (ignificant patterns...............................................................................1,
5.1.2 (er#ice Oriented /rc&itectures............................................................1,
5.1.3 9eb ser#ices and conformance profiles...............................................2
5.1.% Open (ource and :eference Implementations.....................................22
5.1.5 :egistries..............................................................................................23
5.1.6 Ontologies............................................................................................26
5.2 ;egacy systems and migration.....................................................................275.2.1 Currently &eterogeneous systems.........................................................27
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5.2.2 igration to ser#ices............................................................................27
5.2.3 +o#ernance implications......................................................................2$
5.3 Constraints....................................................................................................2$
5.3.1 :esourcing............................................................................................2$
5.3.2 +o#ernance realities.............................................................................2$
6. :euirements........................................................................................................2$6.1 Current situation and need for c&ange.........................................................2,
6.2 +eneral reuirements...................................................................................31
6.2.1 Inter4(DI go#ernance reuirements.....................................................31
6.2.2 Intra4(DI go#ernance reuirements.....................................................32
6.3 +o#ernance of data model and &armoni
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List of Boxeso- 1 *eed for data models 4 )*P ast /frican consultation..................................16
o- 2 )*?;C ransport data modelling.....................................................................16
o- 3 &e need for data models 98P (DI proposal................................................17
o- % +eoscience data &armoni
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
&e )*(DI 'ill be a Asystem of systemsB t&at e#ol#es o#er time to create a gro'ing
capacity to meet t&e c&allenges of efficiency responsi#eness global o#er#ie' andcapability building t&at is reuired. ssentially t&e )*(DI is an enabling frame'or!.
It 'ill pro#ide go#ernance structures and !ey resources to de#elop blueprints for t&e
establis&ment of interoperating operational (DIs 'it&in )* clusters agencies
programmes and national capacity building efforts.
/ccordingly t&e governance framework for t&e )*(DI needs to be a robust
structure t&at creates co&erence bet'een t&e many different go#ernance acti#ities
&appening at many le#els t&roug& t&e system of systems t&at 'ill reali t&e o#erall s&ape of t&e structure =t&e
arc&itecture> and a mec&anism to fill t&e structure in 'it& details =a go#ernancemet&odology>.
&e go#ernance frame'or! proposed e-ploits best practices 'it&in t&e )*
information management space )*4auspiced domains e-isting (DI initiati#es
international standards bodies and general information systems design.
&is document is presented in t&ree parts
Part 1describes t&e document t&e scope and approac& of t&e consultancy.
Part describes t&e conte-ts 'it&in '&ic& t&e )*(DI and its go#ernance frame'or!'ill be de#eloped. &is part of t&e document also details t&e !ey reuirements for t&e
go#ernance frame'or!. &ese descriptions are not e-&austi#e but are intended to
identify t&e factors t&at 'ill distinguis& an effecti#e )*(DI from t&e current limited
capability.
Part !of t&e document describes t&e proposed set of measures reuired to meet t&e
reuirements from eac& of t&e perspecti#es t&at affect suc& a system. &is &olistic
arc&itectural approac& ensures t&at all concerns identified can be addressed
systematically. / 'or!4plan is presented t&at comprises discrete pro"ects t&at build
!ey elements of t&e )*(DI capability. &is 'or! plan s&ould be combined 'it& t&e
business priorities and resourcing model to establis& an initial capability for t&e)*(DI t&at pro#ides sufficient go#ernance to meet t&e tec&nical reuirements and
mec&anisms to manage t&e ongoing e#olution of t&e )*(DI.
&e document is an initial draft a Astra' manB based partly on t&e 'or! of
)*+I9+ e-tended to include feedbac! and e-perience from t&e implementing
community and ot&er identified best practices. It is &oped t&at t&e Aseparation of
concernsB 'it&in t&e sections of t&is document ma!e it possible for sta!e&olders to
focus on t&e areas of concern and e-pertise t&ey can bring and to t&en pro#ide
feedbac! to identify any critical gaps in t&e !no'ledge scope or analysis. &e
solution can t&en be refined to be t&e most practical possible approac& t&at addresses
all t&e critical issues t&at &a#e been identified by t&e sta!e&olders.
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&e solution is based on t&e realities of reusability of resources t&ese resources &a#e
to be building bloc!s 'it& !no'n si
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)*(DI capability and address critical c&allenges t&at relate to eac& of t&e 5
#ie'points or aspects of t&e )*(DI.
&e document is intended to be a li#ing document t&at reflects t&e articulated
reuirements feedbac! and ultimately design decisions t&at are ta!en by t&e
sta!e&older community.
$ 1onsultanc terms of reference
&is section pro#ides a brief description of t&e bac!ground to t&e )*(DI initiati#e
and outlines t&e scope of t&e consultancy and t&e approac& used to tac!le t&e problem
of go#ernance frame'or! design. &e section also articulates some important guiding
principles '&ic& inform t&e design of t&e )*(DI.
$# -ack0round
/ny comple- problem needs to be resol#ed by brea!ing it do'n into smallerproblems t&at can be tac!led using a#ailable resources. Infrastructures by definition
pro#ide benefits to multiple sta!e&olders so t&e problem is furt&er complicated by
ma!ing sure t&at t&ere is a mandate and business dri#er for eac& part of t&e solution.
In t&e case of a (patial Data Infrastructure t&e scope of t&e problem is 'ell
documented but t&e brea!do'n of t&e problem into smaller units is still an emerging
process. It is necessary for t&e )* to determine t&e fundamental factors influencing
t&e ability to Adi#ide and conuerB t&e problem of impro#ing information
management and access. One ac!no'ledged constraint is t&at t&e )*(DI 'ill be a
synt&esis of acti#ities underta!en by )* agencies and sta!e&olders and not a single
massi#e system replacing many e-isting systems.
&e !ey enabler for implementing t&e )*(DI is t&us a governance framework so
t&at t&e roles and responsibilities of eac& participant can be clearly defined.
Identification of !ey roles pro#ides a frame'or! for targeted implementation planning
of t&e critical s&ared components. It is important to &a#e a tec&nical blueprint for a
)*(DI to identify specific reuirements but to minimi and t&e (trategy for De#eloping and
Implementing )*(DI1document
detail !ey aspects of t&e operational0tec&nical go#ernance as it relates to t&e
)*(DI as an enabling and integration tool for operational infrastructures 'it&in
)* agencies national "urisdictions and regional or international collaborations
1Ibi
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&ig&lig&t and ma!e recommendations regarding critical priority tec&nical
go#ernance issues t&at need to be addressed by t&e )*(DI in reference to !ey )se
Cases and associated roles for ma"or actors.
&e go#ernance frame'or! presented in t&is document 'as presented at t&e ig&t
)*+I9+ Plenary &eld from 2$43 *o#ember 27 in ang!o! &ailand.
$ 1onsultanc delivera+les
&e principle deli#erables from t&e consultancy are
a. / document describing t&e )*(DI ec&nical +o#ernance 8rame'or!
including an e-ecuti#e summary.= t&is document>
b. Draft terms of reference =O:> for #arious roles adopted by )*+I9+
'it&in t&e tec&nical go#ernance structure
c. / guidance note '&ic& 'ill &elp t&e C&air of t&e tec&nical go#ernance
session=s> to conduct a structured discussion and decision ma!ing process
on priority issues and t&e 'ay to address t&em.
d. / draft pro"ect 'or! plan for t&e de#elopment of t&e )*(DI tec&nical
arc&itecture. &e outline of a pro"ect plan 'ill be prepared for t&e ang!o!
meeting for discussion. &is document 'ill be more fully fles&ed out
based on t&e deliberations of t&e ang!o! meeting.
$& 1onsultanc approach
$&$# /verview
&e approac& of t&e consultancy 'as to e-amine 'it& t&e aid of specific e-amples of
needs t&e interoperability reuirements implied by t&e scope of t&e )*(DI. a!ing a
broad #ie' 'it& practicalities in mind an o#erall go#ernance frame'or! 'ill be
deri#ed t&roug& '&ic& t&e de#elopment of specific go#ernance and tec&nical
interoperability arrangements can be facilitated. /lt&oug& t&e details of suc&
arrangements are beyond t&e scope of t&e frame'or! specific e-amples are included
to e-plain t&e simplifying abstractions of t&e conceptual frame'or!. It s&ould be
noted t&e detail of t&ese e-amples is purely illustrati#e and not proscripti#e since
t&ere is no intention to preclude meaningful sta!e&older participation or tec&nical
#alidation processes.
rea!ing t&e scope of t&e problem into more manageable pieces is a !ey aspect of t&e
approac&. &is can be furt&er refined using a formal system modelling approac& 'it&emp&asis on identifying t&e actors and )se Cases in#ol#ed in t&e go#ernance
processes implied by t&e establis&ment of a )*(DI. est practice in (DI arc&itecture
pro#ides a basic separation of concerns '&ereby t&e problem can be bro!en do'n
into a set of issues 'it& minimal interdependence. / preliminary analysis of t&e
go#ernance reuirements for establis&ment of eac& arc&itectural component 'as
underta!en.
$&$ Stakeholder en0a0ement
(ta!e&older input to t&e go#ernance frame'or! 'as ac&ie#ed primarily t&roug& t&e)*+I9+4$ meeting in ang!o!.Dra'ing on best practice and prioritised action areas
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allo's t&e consultation to focus on critical issues and identifying gaps in t&e needs
analysis.
9&ile de#eloping t&e go#ernance frame'or! targeted sta!e&older engagement 'as
used to capture representati#e sta!e&older reuirements. &is 'as ac&ie#ed by
:e#ie' of e-isting materials from rele#ant (DI initiati#es to capturego#ernance reuirements
Discussions 'it& selected sta!e&olders '&om &ad identified c&allenges in t&e
go#ernance realm typically t&roug& on4going initiati#es in t&e )*(DI space.
$3 UNSDI Guidin0 Principles
/doption of a +eospatial nterprise approac& as ad#ocated in t&e )*(DI
Compendium
&e )*(DI pro"ect 'ill implement t&e minimum necessary to reali
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PART 2 - CONTEXT AND REQUIREMENTS
&is section of t&e document describes pertinent interrelated aspects of t&e reality in
'&ic& t&e )*(DI e-ists and '&ic& must be factored into )*(DI design. &e section
co#ers institutional and go#ernance conte-t data and information conte-t and t&e
tec&nology conte-t of t&e )*(DI.
$ Institutional and 0overnance conte.t
$# Scope and definitions
$#$# Governance
!Governance makes ecisions that e"ine e#pectations$ %rant power$ or veri"y
per"ormance. It consists either o" a separate process or o" a speci"ic part o"
mana%ement or leaershipprocesses.&'
+o#ernance aims to de#elop and manage consistent co&esi#e policies processes and
decision4rig&ts for a gi#en area of responsibility.
$#$ S/, 0overnance
/ narro'er scope of definition applied to net'or! ser#ices 'it&in a (er#ice Oriented
/rc&itecture =(O/> approac& suc& as t&ose en#isaged as a !ey enabler of t&e )*(DI
data access strategy is
!S() %overnance is abo*t mana%in% the +*ality$ consistency$ preictability$ chan%e
an interepenencies o" services.& =(tane! 26>
9i!ipedia also pro#ides a useful set of typical issues t&at are li!ely to emerge in
(O/
,ompliance to stanars or laws- IT systems re+*ire a*itin% to prove their
compliance to re%*lations like Sarbanes/(#ley0. In a S()$ service behavior
is o"ten *nknown
,han%e mana%ement- chan%in% a service o"ten has *n"oreseen conse+*ences
as the service cons*mers are *nknown to the service proviers. This makes an
impact analysis "or chan%in% a service more i""ic*lt than *s*al.
ns*rin% +*ality o" services- The "le#ibility o" S() to a new services
re+*ires e#tra attention "or the +*ality o" these services. This concerns boththe +*ality o" esi%n as the +*ality o" service. )s services o"ten call *pon other
services$ one mal"*nctionin% service can ca*se ama%e in many applications.
Some key activities that are o"ten mentione as bein% part o" S() %overnance are-
2ana%in% the port"olio o" services- plannin% evelopment o" new services an
*patin% c*rrent services
2ana%in% the service li"ecycle- meant to ens*re that *pates o" services o
not ist*rb c*rrent service cons*mers
2&ttp00en.'i!ipedia.org0'i!i0+o#ernance
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Usin% policies to restrict behavio*r- r*les can be create that all services
nee to apply to$ to ens*re consistency o" services
2onitorin% per"ormance o" services- beca*se o" service composition$ the
conse+*ences o" service owntime or *nerper"ormance can be severe. 3y
monitorin% service per"ormance an availability$ action can be taken instantly
when a problem occ*rs.&
$#$ /perational4technical 0overnance and institutional 0overnance
It is of critical importance is ensure t&at t&ere is no gap bet'een t&e institutional
mec&anisms and t&e tec&nical implementation reuirements. &is &as pro#ed to be t&e
biggest single barrier to effecti#e interoperability in t&e past and is typified by lac! of
a publication and c&ange control process for common elements.
8or e-ample a typical scenario is '&ere t'o or more organi
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o ensure t&at )*(DI capabilities are identified and addressed in order of priority
t&e business dri#ers for usage of s&ared resources 'ill need to be understood. &e
mapping of business needs to de#elopment of !ey capabilities 'ill ensure t&at t&e
essential business4dri#en capabilities are prioriti
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$!& %e#0"$!" p%p#$0# $%e ';!i?$!" + "*e !ee& " .i"i;$"e "*e#e%i#< +$'"%#)
T*e #0"i! &e#i;! $""e.p"# " 5!& $pp%$'*e# " $&&%e## +$'"%##'* $# pe%$"i!; e!vi%!.e!" $!& '0"%e4 v$%i!; 0eve0# +
'..i".e!" $!& "*e '.p0e@4 +"e! p0i"i'i#e& !$"%e +%e0$"i!#*ip# /e"wee! $'"%# wi"*i! "*e UN)
Gey issues to be addressed in t&is conte-t are
ngagement 'it& and roles of I fol!s in )*(DI and (O/ go#ernance
ngagement 'it& management to 'in support for )*(DI and t&e paradigm
s&ifts t&at s&ared resources and (O/ imply
(timulating supporting c&anging 'or!ing practices mo#e from sto#epipes
to ser#ices
$6 Governance dimensions of an UNSDI
$6$# /verview
&e )*(DI go#ernance frame'or! needs to ta!e into account t&e multiple
sta!e&olders '&o 'ill be directly and indirectly affected by t&e establis&ment of
impro#ed information access and management.
&ese sta!e&olders are many and #aried and are best understood by e-ploring t&e
different AdimensionsB of t&e )*(DI. ac& of t&e aspects described belo' represent a
#alid 'ay of di#iding t&e scope of t&e )*(DI c&allenge and in total pro#ide a basis
to identify t&e simplest common approac&es t&at can be used to define componentbe&a#ior and &ence an implementation strategy.
Ob#iously t&ere may be natural correspondences bet'een sta!e&olders as identified
in different dimensions for e-ample national "urisdictions are natural data pro#iders
to global users and global programs =in particular art& Obser#ation> are data
pro#iders to national users.
$6$ 7ulti8domain
&e )nited *ations acti#ities co#er a broad range of domains and t&e operations of
single agencies typically reuire data spanning multiple domains. &e )*(DI must
enable t&e de#elopment of common applications t&at are able to utilise data fromdifferent sources. 8or effecti#e data integration across "urisdictions common
semantics and data models are reuired 'it&in eac& domain. @armonisation across
domains is also reuired to ensure t&e consistent treatment of ob"ects t&at are included
in a number of different domains. It is a desirable end goal to pro#ide seamless data
integration '&ere t&e end user does no need to be a'are of differences in data
management &o'e#er t&e more pragmatic goal is to enable a continual e#olution of
impro#ements in data integration.
&e need for t&e &armoni
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use of standards and common approac&es to data modelling
modular models components t&at are interoperable and t&at can be reused
$6$ 7ulti'2urisdictional
)* operations co#er multiple "urisdictions. &e "urisdictions t&at fall 'it&in t&e
mandate of )* entities =programmes funds and agencies> also #aries from agency toagency.
o effecti#ely use information for decision ma!ing t&e )* needs to collate generate
and use data co#ering a number of "urisdictions. o be able to integrate data products
seamlessly across "urisdictions a mec&anism for supporting de#elopment and use of
common standards is reuired.
/lt&oug& national standards for data sets data products and ser#ices t&at enable
integration of data 'it&in a national (DI may e-ist t&ere is a need to &armoni
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to optimi. In addition to t&e need to become more effecti#e
and efficient t&e report &ig&lig&ted t&e need for t&e )* to EH.increasin%ly serve as a
catalyst "or collective action$ both amon% its 2ember States an between them an
the vibrant constellation o" new non/state actors&. &e report also &ig&lig&ted t&at t&e
)nited *ations s&ould!harness the power o" technolo%y to improve the "ort*nes o"
evelopin% ,o*ntries&.
ot& statements &ig&lig&t !ey potential roles of t&e )*(DI in mediating bet'een
domains and "urisdictions to enable (DI interoperability and of assisting de#eloping
countries to de#elop (DI capabilities.
ore recently t&e )* (ecretary4+eneralFs @ig&4;e#el Panel made a series ofrecommendations to Aovercome the "ra%mentation o" the Unite Nations so that the
system can eliver as one& =)nited *ations 26>. &e report recommended
focusing on impro#ing )* efficiency and effecti#eness system4'ide co&erence and
management reform.
8rom t&e foregoing and as noted in t&e )*(DI compendium =@enric!sen 27> it
can be concluded t&at t&e )* system recognises a need to E move with the timesF in
order to deli#er on its mandate.
&e )*(DI is t&erefore li!ely to be implemented during a period of ma"or reform
'it&in t&e )*. &is represents a t&reat as 'ell as an opportunity. &e t&reat is t&at t&e
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institutional conte-t of t&e )*(DI 'ill be e#ol#ing and structures staffing roles and
relations&ips bet'een )* sta!e&older organi
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)*?;C recently completed t&e de#elopment of t&e first #ersion of a transport data model. &e
)*(DI4ransport focus 'as on semantics i.e. to ensure t&at '&ate#er database structure a
gi#en agency c&ose to implement it 'ould &a#e a common core set of attributes and #alue
domains on '&ic& to base data import0e-ports.
&e starting point for scoping semantic definitions 'as a compilation of t&e most common
practices in logistics data collection and data storage. Consultation 'it& logisticians 'ere used
to furt&er refine and clarify reuirements. &e result of t&e consultation 'as a list of ob"ects
definition 'it& attributes and #alue domains. &e ob"ect model 'as using (:Is +eodatabase
model%.
/lt&oug& t&e model 'as de#eloped by )*?;C based on reuirements of logistics users t&e
process 'as cognisant of t&e need to be compatible 'it& t&e e#ol#ing )*(DI as 'ell as ot&er
related modelling efforts. &e )*(DI4 team are no' e-ploring integration0&armoni and specific data modelling go#ernance c&allenges'ere identified by t&e team during t&e modelling process
+eneral 'N#D$ governance
9&o &as o'ners&ip of t&e #arious components of t&e )*(DIJ
/lt&oug& t&ere is a Enatural mandateF for certain agencies o#er specific parts of t&e
)*(DI s&ould t&is mandate0aut&ority be formalised if so &o'J
Data mo&elling
9&at is t&e mec&anism for updating sc&ema and &o' is consensus builtJ
Is t&ere to be a set timetable for updates and &o' can participation be effecti#ely
ac&ie#ed =i.e. &a#ing too many unstructured contributors becomes unmanageable>
:euirements =for data model> can come from t&e consumers in an ad &oc manner 4&o' can t&is input be impro#ed
*eed to ad#ocate for a culture of disaggregated indicators0attributes t&at can be
recombined as needed as t&e basis for a )*(DI.
*eed to determine structured and documented mec&anism for translation from e-ternal
data models to )*(DI and #ice #ersa =e.g. '&en integrating a national road data model
into )*(DI t&ere 'ill be some #alue mapping to be done. On '&at basis are
eui#alencies determinedJ>.
Box !T,e nee& for &ata mo&els - .FP #D$ proposal98P conducted an (DI needs assessment to de#elop a proposal for a 98P (DI as part of t&e
)*(DI effort =98P K I@/C/ 27>. &e assessment focused on t&e needs of 98P +I(user departments =OD/P OD/L and )*?;C>. One of t&e principle needs identified 'as to
define implement maintain and distribute common data sets for use across all geospatial data
departments. &e de#elopment of a data model 'as identified as being t&e critical first step to
ac&ie#ing t&e data reliability integrity standardi
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I*(PI: data specifications are being de#eloped for !ey data sets. &ese data specifications
'ill be t&e result of a &armonisation process based on e-isting =national> data specifications
and '&ere a#ailable user reuirements and use cases pro#ided by I*(PI: sta!e&olders.
&ere are ongoing discussions regarding approac&es to &armonisation of data modelling
efforts for geoscience data in a global domain =+eo(ci;> and a "urisdictional conte-t
=I*(PI:>.
&e +eo(ci; International effort ta!es t&e position t&at it cannot become dependent on a
local or regional frame'or! especially one 'it& immature go#ernance and tec&nical
processes. It cannot t&erefore become based on an I*(PI: generic conceptual model.
&e mec&anisms a#ailable for resol#ing t&is include t&e de#elopment of a profiling
met&odology 'it&in t&e I*(PI: conceptual model to allo' adoption of t&e +eo(ci;
model. o ac&ie#e t&is bot& frame'or!s may need to agree on common profiling
mec&anisms so t&at on t&e one &and +eo(ci; can identify t&e target ob"ects for suc&
profiling in a 'ay t&at ma!es it easy and I*(PI: 'ould need to apply t&e profiling
mec&anism.
/n alternati#e option 'ould be for t&e I*(PI: +eneric Conceptual odel to be replaced by
an internationally recognised eui#alent suc& as a )* endorsed and e#entually I(O
standardised tool!it. It is li!ely t&at t&e profiling mec&anism 'ould still &o'e#er be reuired
to ac&ie#e implementation.
In any e#ent t&e fact t&at bot& modelling e-ercises dra' from a common I(O basis ma!es it
feasible to consider addressing t&e go#ernance issues and ac&ie#ing a common data model
bet'een I*(PI: and t&e international community of practice.
+eoscience data &armoni
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&$& 1ustodianship and sources
/ priority tas! in t&e creation of any (DI is t&e determination of core common
geospatial data and t&e identification of custodian responsible for creation and
maintenance of t&e data set. ;ac! of clarity about aut&oritati#e sources of data leads
to
Duplication of effort to produce and maintain data sets
/dministrati#e o#er&ead to sync&roni. Issues raised include
Desirability of &a#ing a single aut&oritati#e source for data and does t&is mean a single
point of supply
Desirability of &a#ing multiple aut&oritati#e sources for data '&ere t&ere could be direct
competition confusion in t&e minds of users =customers> different sources based on scale
=duplication 'it&out generalisation> competition from pri#ate suppliers different
access0pricing arrangements
Desirability of &a#ing multiple points of supply. :aises issues of contemporaneity and
sync&roni are li!e most suc& concepts and terminology
sub"ect to a fair amount of self4ser#ing narro'ness of definition around particular
tec&nologies. &e core description from 9i!ipedia6 pro#ides a useful o#er#ie'.
Issues &ig&lig&ted in bol&are of critical importance to t&e )*(DI strategy.
!Relative to earlier attempts topromote software reusevia mo*larity o" "*nctions$
or by *se o" pree"ine %ro*ps o" "*nctions known as classes$ S()4s atomic level
ob5ects are 166 to 1$666 times lar%er$ an are associate by an application esi%ner
or en%ineer *sin% orchestration. In the process o" orchestration$ relatively lar%e
ch*nks o" so"tware "*nctionality 7services8 are associate in a non/hierarchical6&ttp00en.'i!ipedia.org0'i!i0(er#ice4orientedMarc&itecture
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arran%ement 7in contrast to a class4s hierarchies8 by a so"tware en%ineer$ or process
en%ineer$ *sin% a special so"tware tool which contains an e#ha*stive list o" all o" the
services$ their characteristics$ an a means to recor the esi%ner4s choices which the
esi%ner can mana%e an the so"tware system can cons*me an *se at r*n/time.
Underlying and enabling all of this is metadatawhich is s*""icient to escribe notonly the characteristics o" these services$ b*t also the ata that rives them. 92: has
been *se e#tensively in S() to create ata which is wrappe in a nearly e#ha*stive
escription container. )nalo%o*sly$ the services themselves are typically escribe by
;SD:$ an comm*nications protocols by S()P. Whether these description
languages are the best possible for the job, and whether they will remain the
favourites going forward, is at present an open question.;hat is certain is thatSO
is utterly dependent on data an services that are escribe *sin% some
implementation o" metaata which meets two criteria. !he metadata must be in a
form which software systems can consume to dynamically configure to maintain
coherence and integrity, and in a form which system designers can understand and
use to manage that metadata.
The %oal o" S() is to allow "airly lar%e ch*nks o" "*nctionality to be str*n% to%ether
to form ad"hoc applications which are built almost entirely from e#isting software
services. The lar%er the ch*nks$ the "ewer the inter"ace points re+*ire to implement
any %iven set o" "*nctionality< however$ very lar%e ch*nks o" "*nctionality may not be
%ran*lar eno*%h to be easily re*se. ach inter"ace brin%s with it some amo*nt o"
processin% overhea$ so there is a per"ormance consieration in choosin% the
%ran*larity o" services. The %reat promise o" S() is that the mar%inal cost o" creatin%
the n/th application is =ero$ as all o" the so"tware re+*ire alreay e#ists to satis"y the
re+*irements o" other applications. Only orchestration is required to produce a new
application.&
In t&e conte-t of t&e )*(DI t&e actual form of t&e ser#ices are not t&e critical issue
so muc& as t&e ability to encapsulate6 &escribe and re"use% (er#ices may be
net'or!4accessible or e#en CD4distribution but t&e implications for go#ernance
relate to t&e ability of ser#ice be&a#iors and metadata to be bro!en do'n into
standardi
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ser#ices can significantly reduce information interoperability. 8or e-ample if one data
publis&er users a particular concept of time =e.g. a season indicated by t&e first day of
t&e season> for a ser#ice and second publis&er users a different time format as 'ell as
different semantics for start and end date for t&e temporal e-tent of a data set it is not
possible to searc& for and use data in a consistent manner across t'o ser#ices.
9it&in t&e broader I sector it &as been found t&at general standards suc& as t&e
93C 9eb (er#ices protocols are not sufficient to ac&ie#e interoperability by t&em
sel#es. / community 'ill generally need to agree on a common profileto ensure t&at
a compatible set of options are c&osen.
Box 7 Conformance Profiles
/fter many years of failure to ac&ie#e interoperability bet'een different #endor
systems implementing 93C 9eb (er#ices standards a ne' go#ernance body 'as formed
to publis& a set of common profiles t&e 9eb (er#ices Interoperability Organi Includes all ma"or #endors including t&ose instrumental in t&e 93C specifications
Creates Aconformance profilesB t&at can be used to actually test conformance as 'ell
as specify.
stablis&es an ongoing process for adding profiles as reuired.
9(4I &as establis&ed 3 'or!ing groups t&at address different aspects of t&e problem
#ample )pplications .orking +roup4 Illustrate best practices for implementations on
multiple #endor platforms
Testing Tools .orking +roup " De#elops self4administered tests to #ery conformance
'it& 9(4I profiles
3e8uirements +at,ering .orking +roup " Captures business reuirements to dri#e futureprofile selection
o ensure interoperability 'it&in a data access and distribution conte-t ser#ice
profiles t&at conte-tuali
use a community agreed #ocabulary in specific attributes =information
modeling>
Currently t&ere is no standard 'ay to describe profiles. @o'e#er some !ey
reuirements for profile &andling include
*eed for profiles to be mac&ine readable to enable e-ploitation of ser#ices
*eed to manage c&anging profiles
/bility to determine conflict '&en t&ere are multiple dependencies and
separately go#erned parts of a profile
*eed for profiles to be disco#erable =by t&e ser#ice de#elopers> to support
ser#ice instantiation
Box 9 #D$ #ervice Profiling re8uirements - an emerging pattern
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&e )*(DI Compendium recogni sets out t&e OC@/ approac& to t&e
use of open source soft'are =O((>. It states t&at OC@/ 'ill attempt to @miti%ate
so"tware costs thro*%h increase *sa%e o" appropriate open so*rce %eo/spatial
so"twareAt&at complies 'it& Open+I( specifications. It furt&er states t&at OC@/ 'ill
in t&e longer term mo#e to'ards O(( soft'are pro#ide t&at it is inter aliaE"*lly
s*pporte %lobally an aopte as a stanar within the UN SecretariatA
In order to ma-imi in t&e
)*(DI and facilitate t&e important potential role of t&e 8O(( community t&e )*needs to determine an effecti#e engagement strategy.
Open (ource is free to use but not cost4free to build and maintain. &erefore a !ey
element of t&e engagement strategy s&ould be an in#estigation of &o' )*(DI can
support rele#ant 8O(( efforts.
*eed for )*(DI to set interoperability targets for commercial soft'are
de#elopers to meet
8or commercial soft'are particularly (:I =as currently represents a ma"or
proportion of t&e geospatial tec&nology used by t&e )*> need to de#elop a testbed so t&at commercial #endors can test interoperability of t&eir products against
targets establis&ed by t&e )*(DI
3$#$3 !e0istries
5.1.5.1 Overview
If a resource cannot be found it cannot be used. ?ust as importantly if t&e pro#enance
of a resource cannot be identified it is difficult to use in any real fas&ion. :egistries
are t&us a critical element of distributed data infrastructures. :egistries are t&e
mec&anisms by '&ic& artifacts related to agreements =e.g. a ser#ice specification> and
t&eir implementation =e.g. a ser#ice instance> can be publis&ed disco#ered and any
data resources can be made a#ailable for re4use. &e sets of resources a#ailable are
called registers =I(O 1,135>.
8rom a tec&nical perspecti#e an industry4standard Ameta4modelB for registries $ &as
been de#eloped '&ic& underpins suc& tec&nologies as )DDI and eb;
:egistry0:epository. &us t&e be&a#ior of registries and registers can be identified at
an abstract le#el e#en if t&e implementations are #aried.
&e go#ernance of registries is usefully described in I(O 1,135 AProcedures for
registration of +eograp&ic ItemsB =I(O 1,$$>. &is standard pro#ides a clear$=I(O0IC 1117, 1,,,>
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! e 0 i s t e r / w n e r S u + m i t t i n 0 / r 0 a n i = a t i o n
1 o n t r o l - o d ! e 0 i s t e r 7 a n a 0 e r
! e 0 i s t e r ! e 0 i s t r
! e 0 i s t e r U s e r
1
1 . . ! u a l i f i e r
! u a l i f i e d " y
1
1 . .
a p p o i n t e r
a p p o i n t e d " y 1 . .
1
d e l e g a t e d " y
d e l e g a t o r 1
1 . .
o w n e r
r e g i s t e r
1
1 . .
r e c e i v e r
s u # m i t t e r
1 . .
1
m a n a g e d
m a n a g e r
1 . . 1c o n t e n t s t o r e d O n
1
1 . .
o p e r a t o r
s y s t e m
1
1
c o n t e n t $ o n t r o l l e r
c o n t r o l l e d
1 . .
1 . .
u s e d " y
u s e r
1 . .
1 . .
a c c e s s o r
a c c e s s e d " y
% a n a g e m e n t
& e v e l
' s e r & e v e l
( ) e c u t i v e
& e v e l
D e p l o y m e n t
& e v e l
! e 0 i s t r 7 a n a 0 e r
1 . . 1 . .
c o n t e n t % a n a g e r
s y s t e m % a n a g e r
1 . .
1d e c i s i o n * u t + o r i t y
d e c i s i o n R e ! u e s t e r
Figure 1 3ole of :rgani0ation in register management ;$#: 1
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&e conceptual #ie' of ontologies can greatly inform t&e creation of go#ernance
mec&anisms to deal 'it& data modeling #ocabulary de#elopment and re4use.
&e ontology community classifies ontologies into t&ree main types )pper le#el used for broad disco#ery e-amples include #ocabularies 'it&in
t&e +lobal C&ange aster Directory =+CD>
Core le#el relating to common be&a#ior and business process
Domain le#el focusing on t&e data content and &o' its described
&is stratification of conceptual space into distinct le#els of abstraction pro#ides a
natural frame'or! for t&e go#ernance of semantic aspects of interoperability.
&e )*(DI 'ill notbe dri#en by t&e de#elopment of an ontological frame'or!.
@o'e#er an ontological viewcan be automatically e-tracted from a co&erent set ofreusable patterns supported by reusable resources. &is ontological #ie' 'ill en&ance
t&e disco#ery function and probably t&e ability to orc&estrate t&e use of multiple
ser#ices to access and process data.
It is beyond t&e scope of t&is document to discuss t&e roles t&eories and toolsets of
ontologies.
3$ >e0ac sstems and mi0ration
3$$# 1urrentl hetero0eneous sstems
&e )* system landscape is &eterogeneous and is a be&a#ioral artifact a function of
)* culture and organi
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anagerial support and funding 'ill be reuired to ac&ie#e t&is ma"or conceptual
s&ift. /'areness raising education return on in#estment =:OI> studies 'ill all be
reuired to communicate t&e business case for mo#ing to a ser#ice model and to
generate sufficient political 'ill and organi approac&es using 'eb ser#ices &as been
identified as t&e tec&nology paradigm for )*(DI implementation. &e tec&nical
go#ernance c&allenges related to building and sustaining an (O/ are addressed by t&e
tec&nical go#ernance frame'or! as outlined in section 7.
@o'e#er t&ere are also significant organi
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&ese reuirements s&ould accurately reflect sta!e&older consensus regarding t&e
critical business needs t&at t&e system must address
6$# 1urrent situation and need for chan0e
Currently in order to s&are resources pro#iders and users of resources negotiatebilateral arrangements. &ese are ad &oc costly =especially in time effort and s!ills
capacity> to negotiate and cannot be found and re4used by ot&ers. 8igure 2 belo'
illustrates t&is situation
Figure Current arrangements for s,aring resources
If t&is situation is #ie'ed across multiple agencies t&e situation rapidly becomes
un'or!able.
Figure ! 2ultiple bilateral agreements ;td 2%
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Governments
1ivilian,0encies
State
Govts
Tri+al Govts
1it
Govts
Defence,0encies
1ommercial
Sector
>ocal UsersDoD
Users
Tri+al Users
StateUsers
?omelandSecurit
1ommercial
Users
1ivilianUsers
International Users
FederalUsers
Other standards-based portals
1urrent situation simplified
Documented validated
information
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&e creation of a s&ared infrastructure is t&erefore necessary to rationalise and
impro#e access to resources. &is is ac&ie#ed by a pro#ider publis&ing resources
using t&e capabilities pro#ided by an infrastructure. &ese capabilities include
reusable resources and precedents from many similar acti#ities suc& as soft'are
tools data models access policies data uality procedures metadata descriptions
conformance testing tools disco#ery aids etc>. &e infrastructure t&en supportsmultiple users disco#ering and re4using t&ese resources. &is pattern is illustrated in
8igure % belo'.
Figure / T,e publis, an& re"use pattern
&e same publis& and re4use pattern can also be applied to sol#ing problems of
interoperability bet'een infrastructures i.e. t&e ability for users from one (DI to find
and re4use resources t&at &a#e been publis&ed 'it&in t&e operational conte-t of a
different (DI. &is is illustrated in 8igure 5 '&ic& s&o's t&e relations&ip bet'een t&e
)*(DI and an (DI t&at is a EmemberF of t&e )*(DI.
Figure 4 Publis, an& re"use pattern between #D$s
:esources in t&e conte-t of t&is discussion include agreements about &o' t&e
infrastructure be&a#es as 'ell as t&e data access ser#ices t&at e-pose data products
t&at are t&eraison Aetreof t&e infrastructure.
(ome e-amples of t&e type of agreements about infrastructure be&a#iour include
service specifications an& profiles4 agreements adopted by t&e community
about ser#ice specifications and conformance profiles to be used '&en building
and publis&ing ser#ices
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&ata mo&els 4 de#eloped and adopted by t&e community and used 'it&in data
products
portraal rules4 for map products.
registers of governance actors tpes 4 lists of t&e actors in#ol#ed in
go#ernance of t&e infrastructure and t&e roles t&ey play so t&at sta!e&older can
find out '&o to contact regard a specific data model or a uery &o' to subscribe to
and publis& resources to t&e infrastructure.
&is need to de#elop and promote a #ariety of standards t&at enable så of
resources &as been clearly articulated by )*(DI sta!e&olders =see Box 7>. &is
reuirement necessitates go#ernance mec&anisms and resources.
Box 7 ) clear nee& for stan&ar&s
&e y(DI1 initiati#e aimed at capturing geospatial information access and dissemination
e-pectations. 9it& regard to e-pectations of t&e )*(DI regarding standards t&e follo'ing
comments 'ere made
Promote use standards and common protocols and guidelines and recommended standards
for data så =)*@C:>
ncourage proprietary systems to ad&ere to interoperability standards =)*OC@/ 8I(>
/d#ocating of standards by ob"ecti#e e-ternal body and promotion of simple standardised
data access policy templates =)*P>
Promotion of metadata standards and ensure support for future data and ser#ices
=)*O(/>
6$ General re9uirements
&e goal of t&e go#ernance frame'or! is to reduce organi is t&e go#ernance of
artifacts t&at describe or are an implementation of interoperability agreements =and
e-pectations> bet'een sta!e&olders 'it&in an (DI and bet'een (DIs.
&e entire go#ernance frame'or! must be scalable based on resource a#ailability and
commensurate 'it& t&e #olume of resources =data ser#ices and agreements> t&at are
being go#erned.
It is anticipated t&at t&e s&ort and longer4term go#ernance configurations 'ill be
different as t&e c&allenges and resourcing le#els 'ill c&ange as t&e infrastructuregro's. &e go#ernance approac& t&erefore must offer a means of creating common
t&reads bet'een s&ort and long term reuirements.
&e go#ernance frame'or! needs to be fle-ible and adapti#e and ensure t&at it is able
to easily go#ern and adapt itself =structure organi to meet
c&anging organi
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disco#erability of agreements implies a go#ernance frame'or! t&at deals 'it& all
aspects of t&e agreement lifecycle
Identification
Creation
/doption
@armoni
odification and retirement
In addition management of t&e artifacts t&at describe t&e agreements 'ill also be
reuired so t&at t&ey can be disco#ered and used.
6$$ Intra'SDI 0overnance re9uirements
In addition to t&e go#ernance of agreements bet'een (DIs t&e )*(DI go#ernance
frame'or! 'ill also need to address t&e internal operational go#ernance c&allenges of
indi#idual (DIs comprising t&e )*(DI.
:at&er t&an duplicating effort to re4create agreements bet'een sta!e&olders 'it&in an
(DI it is proposed t&at agreements are in&erited from e-isting (DIs and adapted as
reuired.
It is anticipated t&at many of t&e agreements reuired to establis& a =)*>(DI instance
'ill be adopted from e-isting (DIs 'it& '&ic& t&e (DI 'is&es to align itself. &e
standards may need to be adapted to t&e conte-t of t&e (DI and t&e adapted
agreements 'ill need to be managed =publis&ed accessed and used> 'it&in t&e (DI to
ensure conformance.
6$ Governance of data model and harmoni=ation processes
Data model &armoni
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I*(PI: recently de#eloped a draft Aet&odology for t&e De#elopment of Data
(pecificationsB '&ic& articulates a process for addressing data model &armoni.
o- $ I*(PI: met&odology for t&e de#elopment of data specifications
&e recently publis&ed I*(PI: draft met&odology for t&e de#elopment of dataspecifications outlines a process for data &armoni . &e steps of t&isprocess are
Capture user re8uirementsdescribed as use cases and application scenarios.
)nalsis of current situationcarried out in parallel to user reuirements to assist in
identifying t&e rele#ant data &armonisation aspects.
+ap analsisto identify user reuirements t&at cannot be met by t&e current data
offerings
8or eac& gap a data ,armonisation approac, is de#elopedand agreed.
)pplication sc,emade#eloped to document t&e approac& to filling gaps .
o (c&ema describes reuired spatial ob"ect types ='it& constraints properties>o Described in a conceptual sc&ema language );.
Development of &ata specification comprising
o /t least specification scope data product identification data content and
structure reference systems data uality data product deli#ery and
metadata.
o Optionally information on maintenance data capture portrayal
o /pplication sc&ema =abstract4le#el in );>
o 8eature catalogue
o +; application sc&ema =implementation4le#el in ;>
Testing data specifications tested 'it&in a pilot under real 'orld conditions.
2onitoring4 trac!ing costs0benefits of &armonisation efforts
6$& ,rchitectural 0overnance
&e arc&itecture of t&e )*(DI is t&e mec&anism to ensure t&at t&at eac& component
reuired is identified and t&at eac& component is properly designed to fulfill a certain
role. It also pro#ides for practical engineering and tec&nology c&oices to be made and
related bac! to t&at basic need. &e reality is t&at tec&nology c&anges data #olumes
gro' users c&ange o#er time and better ideas 'ill emerge.
&e )*(DI 'ill e#ol#e o#er time. Qet t&ere 'ill be an ongoing need to assess t&e
best 'ay to accommodate ne' c&allenges and opportunities as 'ell as communicate
to sta!e&olders t&e current recommended practices.
In particular a successful )*(DI 'ill engender creation and integration of many
related (DI implementations '&ic& 'ill continually test and refine t&e o#erall
arc&itecture. 8or e-ample an initial arc&itecture for t&e )*(DI and !ey cluster
acti#ities 'ill need to e#ol#e into one t&at supports and integrates national (DIs.
/dditional sub"ect domains 'ill bring different types of data and processing.
&e arc&itecture becomes a contractbet'een t&e implementers of systems and t&e
)*(DI t&at t&e systems can be built in a 'ay '&ic& 'ill 'or! 'it&in t&e broader
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system. /nalysis of t&is 'it&in a single domain 'it&in a single "urisdiction &as
clearly identified t&e general nature of t&is problem.
&e )*(DI tec&nical go#ernance frame'or! s&ould t&erefore ensure t&at an agreed
notional arc&itecture can be de#eloped and maintained t&roug& effecti#e go#ernance
mec&anisms to ensure a s&ared arc&itectural #ie' of t&e )*(DI.
Box < T,e )ustralian :cean Portal #D$ " Nee& for a s,are& arc,itectural view
:eflections on t&e e-periences of de#eloping an /ustralian Oceans Portal =8inney 27>&ig&lig&ted t&e need to maintain a s&ared arc&itectural #ie' of t&e infrastructure. &is s&ared
#ie' is reuired to mitigate t&e ris! of loss of arc&itectural and tec&nical co&erence due to
c&anging system reuirements as t&e system and its users mature and t&e de#elopment and
di#ergence of sub4infrastructures based on competing standards.
It is crucial t&erefore t&at t&e arc&itecture itself includes maintenance functions for t&e
arc&itecture and t&at t&e functions are properly resourced 'it& bot& go#ernance
mec&anisms and a permanent capability t&at can be called upon to address needs ast&ey arise.
&ese needs 'ill occur across all t&e acti#ities in de#eloping t&e )*(DI but in
particular
De#elopment of data models
Design of core ser#ice types
/ddressing engineering aspects of scalability
#aluating role of ne' tec&nologies
Dri#ing impro#ements to tec&nologies
Design and go#ernance of content =#ocabularies>
Design of purpose4specific (DIs
Design of capability toolset for national (DIs
8or e-ample t&e integration of numerical models or decision support tools into t&e
)*(DI to meet a particular domain need 'ill propagate into an e-tension of t&e
arc&itecture so t&at t&ese capabilities can be broadly e-ploited. &is e-tension 'ill
t&en be a#ailable to en&ance national (DIs or more li!ely specific systems 'it&in t&e
national "urisdiction. (uc& a problem reuires a co&erent approac& for describing t&e
ser#ices data models etc as 'ell as ability to communicate t&e en&anced capability of
t&e )*(DI.
&e criticality of t&is tas! and t&e broad range of tec&nical s!ills reuired means t&at
a permanent capability needs to be establis&ed as a )*+I9+ standing tas! group for
e-ample 'it& specific responsibilities and resources allocated to be bot& proacti#e
and responsi#e to sta!e&older needs.
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PART 3 - PROPOSED SOLUTION
&e solution section of t&e document contains four sections. &e first section pro#ides
a conceptual o#er#ie' of t&e go#ernance frame'or!.
&e second section presents a proposed solution from a number of different
perspecti#es. &e section focuses on t&e identification and description of t&e critical
go#ernance functions t&at enable t&e creation of t&e )*(DI and an identification of
t&e !ey actors '&o e-ercise t&ese functions as 'ell as t&eir roles.
&e t&ird section describes a process of mapping registry management roles to
institutional entities. &is 'ill enable t&e tec&nical go#ernance tas!s to be assigned to
organi '&ic&
describe different aspects of t&e system suc& as business information and enables
readers to assess t&e solution from eac& of t&e different dimensions.
(ta!e&older re#ie' of t&e proposed solution and t&e reuirements pro#ides animportant opportunity to assess '&et&er t&e proposed solution addresses t&e
articulated reuirements.
:$ Governance framework ' conceptual overview
:$# Introduction
&is section &ig&lig&ts t&e !ey aspects of t&e go#ernance frame'or! elaborated in
more detail in t&e subseuent sections.
Conceptually t&e design of t&e go#ernance frame'or! is based upon t&e I(O 1,135conceptual model of registry management. &e frame'or! is presented as a series of
use cases based upon a conceptual (DI model =notional arc&itecture> t&at reflects t&e
underlying reuirements of t&e )*(DI informed by past (DI implementation
e-perience. It is proposed t&at t&is notional arc&itecture be de#eloped as a reference
implementation in its o'n rig&t fully elaborated and refined t&roug& (DI
implementation pro"ects as a priority 'or! plan item and publis&ed as a reusable
template.
@a#ing identified t&e go#ernance use cases actors =t&e E'&oF> and roles t&at t&ey
perform =t&e E'&atF> t&e details of &o' go#ernance is implemented can be elaborated.
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Conceptually t&e )*(DI go#ernance frame'or! comprises t'o separate but
integrated tiers of go#ernance
4 inter"#D$ governance enabling interoperability bet'een (DIs t&roug& t&e
creation and management of registers of )*(DI resources
4 intra"#D$ governance dealing 'it& t&e tec&nical go#ernance of (DI
instances created 'it& t&e )*(DI
&e go#ernance frame'or! assumes t&at
4 &e )*(DI go#ernance institution 'ill rely &ea#ily on t&e delegation of
responsibility for creation and maintenance of (DI resources
4 Operational go#ernance of components s&ared across =)*> (DI instances 'ill
be delegated by t&e )*(DI
4 &e #ariety of roles necessary to operate registries and registers are li!ely to
need to be delegated
4 /n arc&itecture toget&er 'it& use cases =t&at also address go#ernance> can be
re4used as a template by agencies or community t&at 'is& to create (DIs
'it&in t&e )*(DI
:$ inter'SDI 0overnance
&is set of go#ernance capabilities aims to ensure interoperability bet'een (DI
instances and includes
Policies rules procedures processes and tools for t&e management of entire
lifecycle of artifacts t&at describe interoperability bet'een (DIs
/ go#erned common reference arc&itecture
:$ Intra'SDI 0overnance&e )*(DI is concei#ed as being a #irtual system comprising a constellation of
indi#idual (DIs. &ese (DIs 'ill be created indi#idually or collecti#ely by )*
agencies or business units to meet s&ared geospatial business needs. It is anticipated
t&at t&e )*(DI 'ill act as an enabler for *ational (DIs =*(DI> creation particularly
in de#eloping nations t&at 'ill also become part of t&e )*(DI constellation.
&e focus t&erefore of internal =intra4(DI> go#ernance is on t&e creation and operation
of s&ared resources =agreements ser#ices data> 'it&in an (DI. &e (DI notional
arc&itecture =illustrated by reference implementation=s>> is intended to act as a
template for (DI creation and 'ill include a modular re4usable template for internal
go#ernance of t&e (DI instance.
&e use of a common arc&itecture 'ill ensure t&at =)*>(DI instances t&at are created
interoperate 'it& eac& ot&er. In addition interoperability 'it& e-ternal (DI =beyond
t&e )*(DI boundaries> 'ill be ensured by t&e inter4(DI interoperability go#ernance
acti#ities.
*$ The UNSDI proposed solution
Gey components of t&e )*(DI =t&at address critical business needs of t&e sta!e&older
community> are presented in t&is section. /s noted earlier it is not possible to designa go#ernance frame'or! in isolation as ob#iously t&ere 'ould be not&ing to go#ernR
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&erefore t&e solution proposes t&e de#elopment of t&e minimum reuired
capabilities namely a &ig&4le#el notional arc&itecture for t&e )*(DI toget&er 'it&
some of its !ey components.
&e proposed solution is described using elements of t&e Open Distributed Processing
:eference odel =:4ODP>11.T*e RM-ODP i# $! i!"e%!$"i!$0 #"$!&$%&+% $%'*i"e'"i!; pe!4 &i#"%i/"e& p%'e##i!; ##"e.# $!& p%vi&e# $'!'ep"$0 +%$.ew%< +% /i0&i!; &i#"%i/"e& ##"e.# i! $!i!'%e.e!"$0 .$!!e%)
T*e #e + "*e RM-ODP p%vi&e# $ w$ + "*i!Identifies possible tec&nical artefacts for engineering
mec&anisms computational structures information structures and enterprise
structures '&ilst being as independent of t&e ot&er four #ie'points as possible.
8urt&er refinement of t&e ec&nical +o#ernance 8rame'or! is reuired based on
elaborating t&e enterprise #ie'point t&roug& t&e de#elopment of A)se CasesB t&at
describe reuired go#ernance functions of t&e )*(DI.
@o'e#er to de#elop t&e use cases a notional arc&itecture =based on t&e arc&itecture
e-pressed in t&e )*(DI Compendium> &as been posited. Gey elements of t&enotional arc&itecture are described in t&e enterprise information tec&nology and
computation #ie'points.
&e 'or!4plan t&at is presented in section 1 describes a number of pro"ects t&at
build different dimensions of t&e )*(DI. ac& of t&e pro"ects addresses issues or
c&allenges described in t&e :4ODP #ie'points
*$# 5nterprise viewpoint
&e )*(DI go#ernance structures 'ill be establis&ed around a set of erms of
:eference for t&e /ctors identified in a set of publis&ed )se Cases.
11I(O0IC 17%
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&is approac& allo's for management of t&ese roles and responsibilities t&at 'ill
ensure critical aspects are properly documented and effecti#ely assigned to
appropriate )* bodies.
&e set of actors and )se Cases 'ill be fully documented as a priority acti#ity infollo'4on acti#ities. @o'e#er it is clear from analysis of best practice t&at t&e general
nature of t&e arc&itecture and roles are common.
Identifying and placing under appropriate go#ernance t&e commonality of t&e
arc&itectures is one of t&e !ey acti#ities t&at establis&ment of a )*(DI 'ill underta!e
to enable more effecti#e (DI integration in future.
*$#$# Use cases
&e articulation of t&e !ey uses cases and actors is a critical step in t&e process of
elaboration of t&e go#ernance frame'or!. @a#ing identified t&e critical functionsnecessary to enable tec&nical go#ernance and t&e actors t&at e-ercise t&ese functions
it is possible to
Identify t&e agreements =and t&e artifacts t&at describe t&em> t&at need to be
go#erned
ap t&e actors and t&eir roles to institutional entities and0or specific agencies
and persons 'it&in t&e )*(DI pro"ect.
&e articulation of suc& )se Cases 'ill be a !ey component of t&e )*(DI
arc&itecture to be formali
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complete reuirements but instead illustrate !ey representati#e aspects of t&e
go#ernance frame'or!. /dditional scenarios can be de#eloped at a later date to
#alidate t&e use cases and by inference t&e notional arc&itecture.
&e use cases focus on t&e go#ernance functions of t&e system as t&e end4user use
cases for (DI are pretty 'ell establis&ed. &e use cases co#er
Inter4(DI pac!age
Creation of @umanitarian (DI a )* (DI instance
Intra4(DI pac!age
Creation of a data product specification for transport data
(er#ice profile disco#ery and implementation
)se cases scenarios illustrate aspects of t&e )*(DI capability t&at t&e 'or!4plan
proposes to build. &e scenarios assume t&at certain capabilities of t&e )*(DI=primarily o#erarc&ing go#ernance )*(DI go#ernance frame'or!> are in place.
&ese o#erarc&ing mec&anisms are referred to in t&e scenarios in order to pro#ide
conte-t.
)se cases scenarios 'ill need to be more fully elaborated once t&e principles for
adopting t&is approac& &a#e been appro#ed by t&e )*(DI and t&e use case models
&a#e been more elaborated in more detail.
*$#$$# Scenario # ' 5sta+lishment of a humanitarian SDI
i% Backgroun& an& Context
OC@/ &as been tas!ed 'it& Cluster information management responsibilities at t&ecountry le#el. / significant dimension of t&is responsibility relates to geospatial data
management and pro#ision functions t&at need to be pro#ided.
In order to meet its geospatial data Cluster Information anagement obligations
OC@/ as 'ell as to pro#ide a s&ared platform for creation and management and
så of geospatial data for emergencies OC@/ proposes to de#elop a &umanitarian
(DI =@)4)*(DI> under t&e umbrella of t&e )*(DI.
ii% $nitiation of t,e ?'2"'N#D$
8ollo'ing consultation 'it& !ey &umanitarian actors a proposal for t&e creation of a
@)4)*(DI is submitted to )*(DI oard by )*OC@/ on be&alf of t&esta!e&olders in t&e @)4)*(DI
&e )*(DI oard appro#es t&e creation of a @)4)*(DI. &e )*(DI anager
ad#ises t&e )*(DI registry administrator ='&o managers t&e !ey )*(DI registers
and registry> of t&e c&ange and a ne' (DI record is added to t&e register of (DIs
OC@/ de#elops a pro"ect proposal for t&e creation of t&e @)4)*(DI based upon
#ersion 2.5 of t&e )*(DI /rc&itecture t&at 'as do'nloaded from t&e rele#ant
register.
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In accordance 'it& t&e go#ernance template contained in t&e arc&itecture a decision
is ta!en by t&e community to appoint a @)4)*(DI manager. OC@/ is duly
appointed to lead t&e @)4)*(DI initiati#e. In accordance 'it& t&e O: for t&is
role OC@/ establis&ed t&e follo'ing @)4)*(DI registers all of '&ic& 'ere
Eo'nedF by #irtue of its role as (DI coordinator
iii% ?um"'N#D$ 3egisters
:egister of @)4)*(DI participants and t&eir roles =i.e. t&ose agencies t&at
'ere signatories to t&e standard )*(DI O) and to t&e @)4)*(DI O).
and t&e roles t&at t&ey performed
:egister of data models being de#eloped
:egister of data modellers and initiati#es
:egister of community #ocabularies
:egister of ser#ice conformance profiles
:egister of ser#ices instances
iv% 3egister an& registr management
8ollo'ing community discussion and based on establis&ed )(DI go#ernance policies
it is decided t&at
&e management of E(DI participant registerF is delegated to t&e )*(DI
registry manager '&o manages t&e register of participants in ot&er (DI instances
as 'ell as participants in t&e )*(DI. &e register is t&erefore stored in t&e
primary )*(DI registry.
&e register of @)4)*(DI ser#ices =management of '&ic& &as been
delegated t&e )*(DI registry manager> is managed using t&e +eonet'or!
ser#ices registry. &is registry is used to manage t&e ser#ice registers of t&e ot&er
(DI instances establis&ed under t&e )* umbrella
a single registry 'ould be created to store t&e ot&er registers reuired by t&e
@)4)*(DI and t&at management of t&e registry 'ould be delegated to /gency
.
v% Control Boar&s an& #ubmitting organi0ations
Control oards and submitting organisations for t&e ne' registers are determined in
accordance 'it& t&e guidelines and go#ernance policy rules contained in t&e (DI
arc&itecture template.
8ollo'ing community discussion t&e follo'ing !ey (DI go#ernance roles 'ereassigned to specific agencies based on t&e template pro#ided in t&e )*(DI
arc&itecture L2.5
(tandards Coordinator Data =(CD> /gency /
(tandards coordinator (er#ices =(C(> 4 /gency
vi% ?'2"'N#D$ scoping
@a#ing establis&ed t&e go#ernance roles and associated mec&anism =registers and
registries> t&e @)4)*(DI pro"ect focuses on scoping t&e @)4)*(DI in terms of
data and functionality.
vii% Functional re8uirements
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)sing t&e )*(DI arc&itecture L2.5 t&e community identified !ey functional
reuirements and necessary components of t&e @)4)*(DI namely
/ portal to pro#ide
o access to registries 4 of ser#ice instance =for general users> and ot&er
registries =for specialised community users>
9eb4mapping functionality to #ie' sources of disco#ered datao to configure automatic updates for end users from capable data access
ser#ices
/ number of registers =outlined pre#iously>
/ number of 'eb ser#ices
o asic map portrayal ser#ices
o ransactional data access ser#ices to enable bi4directional
sync&ronisation of field and centralised copies of geospatial data =e.g.
ga
o Orc&estration ser#ices t&at integrate and process data from se#eral
sources to generate automatically updated situation reports
:eference implementations 'ere re#ie'ed to identify appropriate commercial and
O(( components to meet t&ese functional reuirements. &e reference
implementations also &ig&lig&ted t&e need for t&e de#elopment of specialised ser#ice
orc&estration functionality.
viii% Data re8uirements
In order to determine data reuirements for t&e @)4)*(DI a &umanitarian user
group 'as formed. &is group confirmed t&e recommendations of t&e OC@/ +I( and
+eospatial Data anagement Policy regarding t&e !ey data sets reuired for
&umanitarian response
T?3()D# :F T?( #T:3@ C:NT$N'(D
&e follo'ing scenario t&reads trace specific aspects of data and ser#ice design and
de#elopment process necessary to build t&e content and deli#ery elements of t&e
@)4)*(DI. &e scenario t&reads are intended to illustrate !ey dimensions of intra4
(DI go#ernance.
*$#$$ Scenario ' Data Product Specification ' Transport data modelin0
&e (tandards Coordinator for data =(CD> creates a number of t&ematic data teams
including one for transportation and appoints a team leader.
&e transportation data team leader first identifies rele#ant modeling initiati#es
models and modelers t&at e-ist 'it&in and outside of t&e )*(DI. (&e searc&es t&e
data model )*(DI participants register =to identify data modelers> #ocabulary
reference implementation registers using t&e searc& term EtransportationF
&e searc& re#eals
a transport data model =)*(DI4> de#eloped by 98P to support t&e
standardi
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e-ternal transport modeling initiati#es including an I*(PI: transport data
specification de#elopment initiati#e
an draft I*(PI: transport data product specification
se#eral )* agencies 'or!ing on data modeling of ri#ers =part of t&e
conceptual transport data model>
(&e in#ites a number of data modelers to "oin t&e transport data modeling team.
&e )*(DI data modeling guidelines set by t&e (tandards coordinator are used to
de#elop t&e data model. &e guidelines 'ere based on t&e I*(PI: data product
specification met&odology
/n early draft of t&e I*(PI: transport data product specification toget&er 'it& t&e
)*(DI4 model are re#ie'ed as candidate standards.
/ re#ie' of t&e @)4)*(DI re#eals t&at it could not be adopted for t&e follo'ing
=indicati#e> reasons
(cope is too broad as it includes features t&at are included in ot&er )*(DIdata model pac!ages
(cope is too narro' in ot&er dimensions in t&at it does not address transport
realities in conte-ts outside of urope e.g. sub4(a&aran /frica
Data model structure and #ocabularies are too detailed for practical application
in emergency settings
&e team t&erefore decides to adapt t&e data model using t&e proscribed
met&odology> comprising t&e follo'ing steps
/rticulation of user reuirements t&roug& use cases and application scenarios
obtained from a broad range of domain e-perts and end user of bot& &e
information products and applications t&at produce t&em
+ap analysis to determine unmet reuirements and to meet t&em
odification of t&e data product specification
o odification of t&e conceptual data model using =in );> using a
standard profiling tec&niue informed by t&e )*(DI4 data model
o odification of t&e transport feature catalogue
o odification of t&e application sc&ema =e-pressed in +;>
o Creation of reference implementation in t&e form of +eodatabases for
users 'is&ing to adopt t&e data model as a storage model
est and refinement of t&e models
&e ransport data product specifications and its !ey facets =t&e conceptual model
application sc&ema features catalogue and reference implementations> are publis&ed
to t&e rele#ant registers.
*$#$$ Scenario & ' Service desi0n throu0h profilin0
&is scenario is intended to illustrate t&e process of de#eloping a ser#ice profile based
on specific user defined data needs. Gey steps in t&e scenario are
ased upon data product specifications pro#ided by (tandards Coordinator
Data =(CD> t&e (tandards Coordinator (er#ices =(C(> commences t&e
process of de#eloping a ser#ice specification to deli#er t&e data
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(C( disco#ers e-isting ser#ice specifications used else'&ere in t&e )*(DI
using t&e register of registers and t&e ser#ice profile register
(C( assesses profiles and determines t&at specific constraints need to be
placed on t&e ser#ice metadata to ensure t&at a reuired application
=orc&estration ser#ice> is able to uery and filter data coming from a specific
ser#ice type &e (C( de#elops a profile and publis&es a draft in t&e register
/ ser#ices publis&er de#elops a test ser#ice based upon t&e profiles and
conformance tested using mac&ine readable profile obtained from t&e register
&e profile is refined to address semantic and tec&nical issues and tested again
8ollo'ing successful testing of t&e test ser#ice a production profile is
publis&ed to t&e register
*$#$$& Scenario 3 ' Service instantiation ' profile discover and implementation
&is scenario is intended to illustrate t&e process of disco#ery of ser#ice profiles by aser#ice pro#ider and t&e de#elopment and publication of an instantiation of t&e
ser#ice.
/ geospatial data manager in a )* agency 'is&es to publis& security incident
information to t&e recently establis&ed &umanitarian (DI.
&e geospatial manager using t&e register of registers registers of ser#ices profiles
and data models finds t&at t&ere is a ser#ice profile t&at meets &is need =a generic
9( profile for time4enabled point4based &umanitarian information>. &e manager
does not find a data model t&at could be used for security incident information. @e
t&erefore decides to utili
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*$ 1omputational viewpoint
&e mec&anics of &o' components can be combined t&roug& interfaces is beyond t&e
scope of t&is frame'or!. In principle &o'e#er t&e frame'or! can and must be
capable of supporting an e#ol#ing suite of o#erlapping tec&nical solutions since
8unctional capabilities e-ist using disparate tec&nologies
Con#ergence on a smaller set of options 'ill ta!e time
Only in certain cases 'ill tec&nical solution be mandated
(ome tec&nology platforms are better suited for certain applications.
/ gi#en considering t&at multiple sta!e&olders 'ill be in#ol#ed is t&at net'or! based
data access is necessary and t&us a (er#ice Oriented /rc&itecture is reuired. It is not
considered feasible or desirable to create a common operating platform across
multiple agencies 'it& common infrastructure. &e cost of planning suc& a concept
'ould d'arf t&e implementation costs of a loosely coupled standards4based solution.
&e go#ernance of a multi4agency (O/ solution is &o'e#er an immature field of
endea#or.
It is e-pected t&at t&e O+C 9eb (er#ices specifications 'ill form a significant #endor
neutral platform for many ser#ices. &is is appropriate because t&e O+C pro#ides a
formal go#ernance process for t&ese standards. &e O+C standards t&emsel#es to an
increasing degree form a layer on top of baseline I8 and 93C standards.
*$& 5n0ineerin0 viewpoint
&ere 'ill be practical considerations regarding t&e distribution and deployment
arc&itecture of t&e )*(DI. Data 'are&ouse and distributed point4of4trut& &a#e
distinct ad#antages and disad#antages and it is e-pected t&at a &ybrid solution 'ill be
reuired. (ignificant furt&er effort is reuired to analy for
!ey actors 'ill need to be defined. One of t&e ma"or tas!s of go#ernance actors is t&e
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management of registers. &e follo'ing section describes t&e process of mapping
roles in registry management to organi 'ill need to be determined as part of t&e go#ernance
frame'or! initiation.
@$ 7appin0 roles to or0ani=ations
:egisters are t&e !ey enabler to interoperability in a distributed en#ironment as t&ey
enable resources to be publis&ed disco#ered and used. / !ey responsibility of t&e
go#ernance actors 'ill be to manage t&e registers t&at list t&e artifacts =agreements
and t&eir implementations> t&at underpin information interoperability.
/s outlined in t&e I(O 1,135 conceptual model for registration of items of geograp&ic
information t&ere are a number of roles in managing registers. It is clear t&at in most
cases t&e Eo'nerF of a register 'ill be t&e actor fulfilling t&e go#ernance role beingenabled by t&e register. @o'e#er ot&er roles suc& as register and registry manger
=delegated by t&e register o'ner> submitting organi
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community. &e pro"ects build different dimension of t&e )*(DI capability. &ese
discrete pro"ects also enable t&e step'ise creation and e#olution of t&e go#ernance
capabilities t&at 'ill be de#eloped in parallel. &is approac& reflects t&e resource
constraints and tests t&e concept of adapti#e go#ernance as t&e infrastructure gro's
Critical dependencies bet'een pro"ects 'ill need to be analy
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#%$$ 1reation of UN SDI instances
&e aim of t&is pro"ect is to establis&ment of a number of representati#e =)*>(DI
instances to meet clearly articulated business needs of specific communities and
t&roug& t&eir implementation demonstrate interoperability bet'een t&e (DIs. In
addition to components of t&e o#erarc&ing )*(DI =e.g. aggregation ser#ices> t&at
may be reuired (DI instance test cases s&ould reflect t&e 'idely di#ergent needs ofdifferent communities 'it&in t&e )*. (uggested test cases s&ould include
;ocal emergency response (DI e.g. to &umanitarian (DI
+lobal monitoring (DI e.g. en#ironmental )*P
Capacity building e.g. e.g. t&e proposed Pa!istan Pro#incial ap
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