Programming Language
Marisa Paryasto
OBJECTIVES
n Explain the differences among the categories of programming languages
n Identify programming languages commonly used today
n Identify the uses of application generators, macros, and RAD tools
n Describe various Web page development tools, including HTML, DHTML, and XML
WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
n A set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into information
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
n Programming language n Set of words, symbols, and codes that enables a
programmer to communicate a solution algorithm to the computer
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
n User-friendly software products designed to assist in the creation of information system solutions
CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
n Machine languages n Assembly languages n Third-generation languages n Fourth-generation languages (4GL) n Natural languages
Low Level Versus High Level
n Low level n is written to run on one particular
computer n High level
n can run on many different types of computers
Machine languages n Also known as first-generation language n Machine language is referred to as level languages n Instructions use a series of binary digits (1s and 0s) n The only language that the computer directly
understand n Disadvantage
n Tedious to code program
n Time consuming
n Program is machine dependent
Example of machine languages
Assembly languages n instructions are written using abbreviations and codes n Also referred as low-level languages
n Writes codes such as A for addition, C for compare n Programmer can refer to storage locations with symbolic addresses n Machine dependent n Source program
n Program containing the assembly language code
n Macros n Generate more than one machine language instruction
n Needs translator (assembler) to convert program into machine codes
Example of assembly languages
Third-generation languages n Instructions, which use a series of English-like
words n Are procedural languages because the computer
must be told what to accomplish and how to do it. n Needs translator to convert program into machine
codes n Compilers n Interpreters
n Object code or object program n The machine language version that results from the
compiling the 3GL
Example of a Compiler
Example of a Interpreter
Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL)
n Which also uses English-like statements n Is a nonprocedural language because a
programmer only specifies what the program should accomplish without explaining how.
n Syntax (rules of the language) are to be followed
n Machine independent
Example of SQL
Natural languages
n Is a type of query language that allows the user to enter requests resembling human speech.
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
n Programmers create objects n Classes n Subclasses n Superclasses n Inheritance
OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
n Object-Oriented Programming n Object-oriented programming (OOP)
language n Event-driven
POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
n BASIC n Visual Basic
n Design the graphical user interface n Write code for program events n Generate the application
n COBOL
POPULAR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
n C n C++ n FORTRAN n Pascal n Ada n RPG (Report Program Generator) n Other programming languages
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
n Application generators (program generators) n Form builders (screen painters) n Menu generator
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
n Macros n Recording macros n Writing macros n Running macros
n RAD Tools: Visual Basic, Delphi, and PowerBuilder n Visual Basic n Delphi n PowerBuilder
WEB PAGE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
n HTML n Hypertext markup language (HTML) n Tags (markups) n Resulting Web page
n Scripts, Applets, and Servlets n Common gateway interface (CGI) n Counter n Image map n Processing form
WEB PAGE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT n Java, JavaScript, and Perl
n Java n JavaScript n Perl
n Dynamic HTML (DHMTL) n Allows more graphical interest and interactivity in Web
pages n Style sheets
n XML n eXtensible Markup Language n May replace HTML
MULTIMEDIA PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
n Multimedia authoring software n Used to display text, graphics,
animation, audio, and video into an electronic interactive presentation
SELECTING A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TOOL
n Standards of the organization n Interface with other programs n Suitability of the language to the
application n Portability to other systems
SUMMARY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
n Categories of programming languages n Object-oriented program development n Popular programming languages n Program development tools n Web page program development n Multimedia program development
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