AUTOMOBILES OF THE FUTURE
PROF. DR. JÜRGEN LEOHOLDEXECUTIVE DIRECTOR VOLKSWAGEN GROUP RESEARCH AND AUTOUNI
2Group Research
FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR MOBILITY
3Group Research
FUTURE CHALLENGES AND MEGA TRENDS
► Demographic change: growing & agingpopulation
► Changes in lifestyle: catch up-phenomenonin consumption vs. increased awarenessfor sustainability
► Diversified mobility patternsalongside with increasing traffic volume
► Digital transformationand connectivityin the internet of things
► Functional, ultra lightweightmaterials
► Artifical intelligence androbotics as key enablingtechnologies
► Markets are shiftingtowards Asia & Africa
► Extented automotive valuechain by new business modelsand services
► Circular economy as establishedeconomic principle
► Climate change remainsdramatic
► Insufficient mobilityinfrastructures
► Growing urbanisationwith social and ecological risks
► More stringent regulationsfor vehicles
► Regional environment measureson the rise
► High volatility and impact of economic andtrade policies
4Group Research
POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
5Group Research
CO2‐REGULATIONS
Greenhouse‐Gas II
2020125 g CO2/km
Draft Fleet ConsumptionLegislation (Phase IV)
20205 l/100km
2025101 g CO2/km
after 2025 «5 l/100km
CO2‐Fleet Legislation
202095 g CO2/km
after 2025tbd
Europe USAChina
6Group Research
MQB POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
Alternative/Renewable
Ethanol CNG
Electrical
Plug‐In Hybrid Battery Electric Vehicle
Conventional
Diesel Petrol
Fuel cell
Hydrogen
7Group Research
CO2‐REDUCTION MEASURESTransmissionEngine
High Performance Combustion System
Maximum InjectionPressure
Hybrid Supercharging
Variable Valvetrain
Variable Compression
Innovative Materials
StructuralOptimisation
Cylinder Deactivation
Downspeeding
Coasting / Sailing
Energy, Recovery andWaste Heat
NVH at Low Speed
Surface Finish &Coating
Thermal Management
Utilisation ofResidual Heat
Spread
Efficiency
Tractive Performance
Low Speed Concept
Combustion System Lightweight Design Operational Strategy Friction Direct‐Shift Gearbox
8Group Research
MQB POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
Alternative/Renewable
Ethanol CNG
Electrical
Plug‐In Hybrid Battery Electric Vehicle
Conventional
Diesel Petrol
Fuel cell
Hydrogen
9Group Research
XL1 – TECHNICAL DATA
Aerodynamic Cw = 0,189
Weight 795 kg
Maximum speed 160 km/h
Fuel consumption (NEFZ) 0,9 l/100 km
CO2‐Emissions (NEFZ) 21 g/km
Electrical Range 50 km
Range ca. 500 km
10Group Research
Lithium‐Ion‐Battery
Energy content: 5,5 kWh
Powertrain 0,8l 35 kW TDI Electric engine 20 kW Transmission:
Magnesium‐DSG
AC‐Charging connection
Fuel system Diesel: 10 l
VOLKSWAGEN XL1
11Group Research
GOLF PLUG‐IN HYBRID (GTE)
Powertrain 1,4l 110 kW TSI Electric engine 75 kW Transmission: DQ400E System‐Torque:
350 Nm System‐Power:
150 kWLithium‐Ion‐Battery
Energy content: 8,8 kWh
Battery weight: 120 kg
AC‐Charging connection
Fuel system Petrol:
40 l
12Group Research
Acceleration 0 – 100 km/h: 7,6 s
Maximum speed: 222 km/h
Fuel consumption: 1,5 l/100 km
Power consumption: 11,4 kWh/100 km
CO2 Emissions: 35 g/km
Electrical range (NEFZ): 50 km
Range (NEFZ): 939 km
TECHNICAL DATA – GOLF GTE
13Group Research
CHALLENGES FOR ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
EnergyElectrical driving range, availability of comfort devices,charging time and infrastructure
SafetyFailure, accident,abuse, maintainance,comfort, reliability
DurabilityCycles, lifetime
PowerDriving power,performance, dynamics
CostAffordability, market acceptance,recycling
TemperaturebehaviourCold start, heat in summer
14Group Research
LI‐ION‐BATTERIES: ROADMAP FOR HIGH ENERGY BATTERIESELECTRICAL RANGE IN KM **
Solid state battery
New batterytechnologies
Conventional Lithium‐IonTechnology
2010 2020
* Energy density based on cell** Basis:: Golf with constant battery volume
100
200
300
400
500
600
2030
700
190 km260 Wh/L*
300 km380 Wh/L*
380 km510 Wh/L*
500 km650 Wh/L* 700 km
1000 Wh/L*
15Group Research
DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS FOR THE POWERTRAIN
Full‐Hybrid(HEV)
Range
Battery ElectricVehicle (BEV)
ca. 2 km
total
electric
ca. 150 km
Plug‐In Hybrid(PHEV)
ca. 50 km
Emissionfree Short Distance MobilityLong Distance Mobility
Große Bandbreite der Kundenanforderungen
Increasing Electrification 100 % Electric Powertrain
+ +++
Touareg (2010) Jetta (2012) A3 (2013) e‐up! (2013) e‐Golf (2013)Panamera S (2013)Golf (2014)
CO2 Reduction Potential
+ +
16Group Research
MQB POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
Alternative/Renewable
Ethanol CNG
Electrical
Plug‐In Hybrid Battery Electric Vehicle
Conventional
Diesel Petrol
Fuel cell
Hydrogen
17Group Research
TECHNOLOGICAL SYNERGIES IN ELECTROMOBILITY
Natural gas Fuel cellSynergy
In Development
CNG FCEV
BatteryBEV
Fuel cell technology is based on MQB modules
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FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
Membrane electrode assembly and bipolar plate
Fuel cellvehicle
Fuel cellstack
End Plate
Cells
Casing
End Plate
Fuel cellsystem
Stack
Turbo Compressor
Gas diffusionlayer (GDL)
Membrane
Gas diffusionlayer (GDL)
MEA*
Bipolar Plate (BPP)Media inletand outlet
* MEA
: Mem
brane Electrod
eAssembly
19Group Research
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY – GOLF HYMOTION
Drive system output100 kW
Accelaration0 ‐100 km/h10 s
Maximum speed> 160 km/h
Torque270 Nm
Battery capacity1 ‐ 3 kWh
Range> 500 km
20Group Research
CORE CHALLENGES FOR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
ŠKODA Q
CostPull: Customer’s demandPush: Legislation
Availability of renewable energy and fuel Fuel Cell
business
• Vehicle technology availability• Functionality• Emotions• TCO
Availability of vehicle
• Fuel availability• Technology for fuel production• Technology for fuel delivery• Cost: ROI
• Renewable energy availability• Peak oil• Land use change• Seasonal availability
HyMotion®
21Group Research
POWERTRAIN AND FUEL STRATEGYCOEXISTENCE OF POWERTRAIN TECHNOLOGIES
CO2‐neutral and
sustainablemobility
FCHEV
ICE
CO2‐neutral electricity
CO2‐neutral fuels
Conventional electricity
Conventional fuels
HEV
BEV
PHEV
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OPPORTUNITIES FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION
23Group Research
VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION FACTORS
100%Consumption
Friction / ElectricDrivetrain
Weight
3%
13%
19%
42%
23%
Weight causes about ¼ of fuel consumption
Rolling Resistance
Aerodynamics
24Group Research
Comfort
Safety
Quality
Legislation
Interior
Rigid body
High performance
Larger fuel volume
+ kg
Stronger chassis
THE WEIGHT SPIRAL
25Group Research
REVERSAL OF THE WEIGHT SPIRAL
Downsized engine
‒ kg
Reduced fuel volume
Intelligent bodymaterials design
Light chassis
Next vehicle generation
Integrated components and functions
New materials and processes
Cost‐ / weight‐optimisation
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LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
Relativ
e compo
nent weight
for e
qual perform
ance
Source: N/EK‐L; EKP
Qua
litative cost
Alum
inium
Alum
inium
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
CFRP
Steel
Steel
unidire
ctiona
l
quasi‐isotrop
ic
‐40%
‐20%
‐60%
75%
100%
25%
50%
Magne
sium
Magne
sium
‐15%
20
25
5
10
1
15
Lightw
eight steel
constructio
nLightw
eight steel
constructio
n‐5 to ‐25% Audi A8
Car body structure VW XL1 Car body structure
27Group Research
Green
housegas (kg CO2‐eq
)
reference lightweight alternative 1 lightweight alternative 2 lightweight alternative 3
Use phase (mileage in km)Use phase (mileage in km)ProductionProduction End of lifeEnd of lifeUse phase (mileage in km)Production End of life
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, LIGHTWEIGHT DESIGN AND LCA
According to Volkswagen AG's corporate environmental principleslightweight design has to achieve an overall improved lifecycle balance.
= No amortisation compared to reference – measures to improve the environmental impact necessary
= Amortisation over life cycle,break‐even within use phase
= Better right from the start,e.g. hot formed steel due to material and weight savings
break‐even
Intelligent lightweight design
28Group Research
MATERIALS EVOLUTION
Steel / Aluminium100 %
Medium scale production
Low volumeproduction
Lowest volume production
Large scale production
VW Polo
Multi material design
Audi R8 Coupe
Lamborghini Murcielago Bugatti
Veyron 16.4
FRP composites 100 %
Audi
29Group Research
FUTURE FOCUS FOR MATERIAL DESIGN
Before curing:
After curing:
Design concepts Joining technologies Vehicle manufacturing sequence
Enable expansion in joining zoneadhesive and rivet allow movement and withstand all stresses
CFC‐Structures
Al‐Structures
Steel/Aluminium‐material mix
Small & medium production scale
Low volume production
Large scale production
Material mix for large volume
CollapseCollapsePolymerizationPolymerization Ϭ IncreasesϬ Increases CollapsePolymerization Ϭ Increases
Optimised steel lightweight design
Curing at 100°C
Tolerable tensilestress at 180°C
Product: tolerable compression stress in use phase
E‐coat curing 180°C
a th Alu > a th CFRP
Vehicle manufacturing sequence
Material mix suitable for cataphoretic painting
Body construction(St‐/Al‐/CFC)
Anticorrosive coatingtop‐coat
Vehicleassembly
Target: Integration in existing assembly facilities
CFC‐parts/‐modules
30Group Research
MOBILE LIFE CAMPUS – OPEN HYBRID LABFACTORY
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AUTOMATED DRIVING
32Group Research
Longitudinal Control
ACC Front AssistCity Emergency Brake
Lateral Control
Side AssistLane AssistSide Assist
Parking
Park Assist Park PilotRear Assist Area View
DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS – PRESENT‐DAY EXAMPLES
Light
Light AssistDynamic Light Assist
Driver Status
Pause Recommendation
Prediction
Sign Assist
33Group Research
City Emergency Braking
ACC Front Assist
Emergency Assist
Side AssistLane Assist
Front Assist
Park Assist Park Pilot
DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS – PRESENT‐DAY EXAMPLES
Park Assist
Light Assist
Trailer Assist
CameraRadar CameraRadar CameraRadar
Ultrasonic Camera
34Group Research
CHALLENGES FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING
More than 90% of allAccidents
are caused byhuman errors.
Surroundings, weather
Technical vehicle defects
Others
35Group Research
TECHNOLOGY FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING – SENSORS
36Group Research
Sensors
Gatew
ay
DDS
EXLAP
Vehicle
Data Fusion & Environment Model
Localization
MapObject Fusion
Drivable Area
Road Fusion
Ego Master
Road Graph
Function
Maneuver planning
Mission Planning
v[m
/s]
v[m
/s]Trajectory planning
Vehicle Interface
Lat./ Long control
Status interface
Maneuver interface
CAN / FLEXR
AY / ETH
ERNET
/ …
TECHNOLOGY FOR AUTOMATED DRIVING – SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
37Group Research
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE – HMIJACK COMES WITH THE FIRST PRODUCTION CAR INTEGRATED HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE THAT IS SCIENTIFICALLY EVALUATED AND DESIGNED FOR EVERYDAY DRIVING.
38Group Research
TECHNOLOGY – END TO END ARCHITECTURE – CAR TO X
New and innovative functions become reality when wireless connection between vehicle and infrastructure come to mass production.
IT BackendIT Backend
Cloud architectureCloud architectureVehicle architectureVehicle architecture
Map service
Connected ACC
Connected piloted vehicles
Local hazard warning Parking & navigationTraffic light info online
39Group Research
LEVELS OF AUTOMATED DRIVING
Driver Only
Level of automation
Vehicle has entire longitudinal and lateral control in a defined use case. Driver must not monitor.
Vehicle has entire longitudinal and lateral control in a defined use case. Driver must not monitor.
Driver is continuously in longitudinal andlateral control
Driver is continuously in longitudinal orlateral control
Driver must monitor the system continuously
Driver must notmonitor the system continuously
No intervening vehicle system active
No intervening vehicle system active
The other driving task is accomplished by the vehicle
The other driving task is accomplished by the vehicle
Vehicle has longitudinal and lateral control (for a specific time and/or in specific situations)
Vehicle has longitudinal and lateral control (for a specific time and/or in specific situations)
Vehicle has longitudinal and lateral control (for a specific time and/or in specific situations).All system limits are recognized by the system. Sufficient time for driver to takeover.
Vehicle has longitudinal and lateral control (for a specific time and/or in specific situations).All system limits are recognized by the system. Sufficient time for driver to takeover.
Source: VDA
Assisted Partial automation High automation Full
automation
Vehicle
Driver
40Group Research
ACTION REQUIRED FOR IMPLEMENTING AUTOMATED DRIVING AND PARKING
Technology Infrastructure Regulation1. 2. 3.2
1
4
35
6
► Sensors
► Safety architecture
► Redundant actors such as brakes
► High‐performance computer
► User interface
► Validation methodology
► Vehicle registration regulations
► Regulatory law (Vienna Convention, highway traffic regulations)
► Liability
► Maintaining and expanding infrastructure
► Global Implementation of standards
► Car2Car communication
► Accurate digital maps with short‐term updates
41Group Research
eT – Follow me!
2011Automated Driving –urban delivery traffic
AUTOMATED DRIVING AT VOLKSWAGEN GROUP RESEARCH
Heavy DAS
2013 Automated Driving –
Traffic jam pilot(heavy duty vehicles)
Auto‐Pilot
2015Automated Driving –highway 900 km (CES Las Vegas)
Race‐Pilot
2014 Automated Driving –
race track
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!
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