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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
Before We Start …
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Model-Based Production Analysis:Use of an analytical or numerical model in the analysis. Use all components: Model, MB, History Match, Arps.
Empirical Production Analysis:Arps or other "approximate" rate equations. Need better "diagnostics" for application.
Gotchas:Can not estimate reserves without pss flow behavior. Be (very) careful with application of Arps equations.
Before We Start: Prod. Analysis in Tight Gas Sands
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
Orientation
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Facts for TG/SG Resources: (North America)Reserves are in the 1000's of TCFs.Development is the fastest growing segment.Have production potential for BCFs/D.
Fiction for TG/SG Resources:Can be developed on the cheap.Well completions/well stimulations will save the day.Reservoir Engineering (and Geology) does not matter.
Orientation: Tight Gas/Shale Gas (TG/SG) Systems
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Geology/Petrophysics: IssuesReservoirs are below water zone(s).Reservoirs are typically over-pressured.Reservoirs have extreme vertical heterogeneity (layers). Reservoirs have significant lateral heterogeneity.Reservoir quality is controlled by deposition.
Orientation: TG/SG Geology/Petrophysics
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Reservoir Engineering: IssuesTypically over-pressure/over-temperature (HP/HT).Water saturation can be very high (30-70 percent). Pressure transient testing is a waste of time.Production data analysis is too "simple."We tend to assume wells do not interfere.Multilayer effects can dominate performance.
Orientation: TG/SG Reservoir Engineering
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
SPE 71351 and 71352An Integrated Work-Flow Model to Characterize Unconventional Gas Resources: Part I—Geological Assessment and Petrophysical EvaluationAn Integrated Work-Flow Model to Characterize Unconventional Gas Resources: Part II—Formation Evaluation and Reservoir ModelingK.E. Newsham, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum Corp. and J.A. Rushing, SPE, Anadarko Petroleum Corp.
Q. Is there a comprehensive data integration model?
A. The Petrophysical Integration Process Model (PIPM) —papers SPE 71351 and 71352 are a good start.
Strengths of this approach: All pertinent data are used. The integration process con-
firms/disputes data correlations. Weaknesses of this approach: Data. Data. Data. Expertise/experience.
Orientation: Data Integration
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
History — Evaluationof Reservoir Performance
for Tight Gas Sands
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Pressure Transient Analysis: Fractured WellsQ. Is a finite-conductivity vertical
fracture model relevant?A. Yes (of course).
SPE 6014Transient Pressure Behavior for a Wen With a Finite-Conductivity Vertical FractureH. Cinco-Ley,· Instituto Mexicano del PetroleoF. Samaniego-V.,· Instituto Mexicano del PetroleoN. Dominguez,· Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo
Finite-Conductivity Fracture (SPE 6014) Most popular model for PTA. Virtually all fractured well analyses.
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Is a choked or damaged fracture the same as a finite-conductivity vertical fracture?
A. No — not even in a "practical sense." Fracture damage is difficult to assess and a "frac-ture face skin" model should be used to represent damage.
SPE 10179Transient Pressure Analysis: Finite Conductivity Fracture Case Versus Damaged Fracture CaseHeber Cinco-Ley,· PEMEX and UNAMFernando Samaniego-V.,· PEMEX and UNAM
Pressure Transient Analysis: Fractured Wells
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. How do we characterize, model, validate the multiple fracture concept?
A. Very complex models have been developed for multiple, arbi-trary-oriented vertical fractures.
SPE 100586Constant-Rate Drawdown Solutions Derived for Multiple Arbitrarily-Oriented Uniform-Flux, Infinite-Conductivity, or Finite-Conductivity Fractures in an Infinite-Slab ReservoirD.P. Craig, Halliburton and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
Tri-Fracture Solution (SPE 100586) Restimulation case. Pressure transient test is
matched by tri-fracture solution. Must re-think well stimulation/
evaluation practices.
Pressure Transient Analysis: Fractured Wells
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Better flow regime identification for pressure transient data?
A. -Derivative Function (power law formulation).
SPE 103204The Pressure Derivative Revisited —Improved Formulations and ApplicationsN. Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, D. Ilk,and T.A. Blasingame,SPE, Texas A&M University
●-derivative — fractured well (inf-cond) (No WBS).
●-derivative — horizontal well (inf-cond) (No WBS).
●-derivative — radial flow, dual-porosity (no WBS).
●-derivative — general schematic plot (No WBS).
●-derivative — Infinite-acting radial flow, with WBS.
●-derivative — Match for Well 12 (SPE 9975).
Pressure Transient Analysis: New Diagnostics
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Do fracture flow regimes really matter?
A. Depends on your perspective —transient flow helps to quantify reservoir/fracture properties, BUT fracture extension deter-mines reserves in low perme-ability reservoirs.
SPE/DOE 9839Use of Constant Pressure, Finite Capacity Type Curves for Performance Prediction of Fractured Wells in Low-Permeability ReservoirsJ.K. Thompson, ARCO Oil and Gas Company
Production Analysis: Fractured Wells
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Fracture orientation, elliptical flow geometry, and reservoir properties — inter-relations, significance, practical issues?
A. Virtually all fractured wells in very low permeability reservoirs are presumed to have an elliptical drainage area for contacted fluids in-place.
SPE/DOE 9851Fracture Optimization in a Tight Gas Play: Muddy "J" Formation, Wattenbarg Field, ColoradoC.N. Roberts, Amoco Production Co.
Production Analysis: Fractured Wells
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Elliptical flow for analysis of production data?
A. Probably the "best" answer —particularly for "transition flow from transient to boundary-dominated flow.
SPE 106308Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period forHydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight GasSands — Theoretical Aspects and PracticalConsiderationsS. Amini, D. Ilk, and T. A. Blasingame,SPE, Texas A&M University
Production Analysis: Fractured Wells
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. Better flow regime identification for production data analysis?
A. -Derivative Function (power law formulation).
SPE 107967Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production Analysis
D. Ilk, N. Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, S. Amini,and T.A. Blasingame,SPE, Texas A&M University
●dpD/dln(tD) vs. tD [Semilog] ●dln(pD)/dln(tD) vs. tD [-deriv.] ●pD-functions (Radial Flow). ●qD-functions (Radial Flow).
●qD-functions (EllipticalFlow — FE =1).
●qD-functions (EllipticalFlow — FE =1000).
●|dqD/dln(tD)| vs. tD [Semilog] ●|dln(dD)/dln(tD)| vs. tD [-deriv.]
Production Analysis: Diagnostics
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. What are the pitfalls in product-ion data analysis?
A. What is not a pitfall? Poor data, poor records, etc. …
SPE 102048Production Data Analysis — Challenges, Pitfalls, DiagnosticsD. M. Anderson, G.W.J. Stotts, L. Mattar, Fekete Associates Inc., D. Ilk, and T. A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.
●log(qg) and pwf vs. t — good synchronization of data.
●pwf vs. qg — "crude" cor-relation plot.
●Rate functions vs. Gp/qg —diagnostic plot.
●Deconvolved pressures vs. t — (ultimate test of data).
Production Analysis: Pitfalls
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
Recent Workby Blasingame et al.
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Excerpts from:
SPE 106308Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas
Sands — Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations
S. Amini, D. Ilk, and T.A. BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
(979) 458-1499 — [email protected] SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007
SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)
T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Executive Summary: Elliptical Flow System●Description:
This work provides a new set of decline type-curves for a fractured well in an elliptical flow system:■Finite-conductivity hydraulic fracture of half-length, xf.■Closed elliptical-shaped boundary.■Canonical distance is equal to the fracture length.
●Schematic of the elliptical reservoir model.
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Deliverables:■ Series of decline type-curves
for a well with finite conductiv-ity vertical fracture centered in a bounded, elliptical reservoir.
■ Field case applications of the new set of type curves on the analysis of production data from tight gas reservoirs.— E. Tx tight gas (0.006 md)— N. Tx very tight gas (0.0007 md)— N. Tx tight gas (0.003 md)— Mexico very tight gas (0.001 md)
■ Very powerful diagnostic tool for evaluating fractured wells in low to ultra-low permeability gas reservoirs.
Executive Summary: Elliptical Flow System
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Development of the Solution: Type Curves
●Discussion:■ The equivalent constant rate format type curves for this work are
shown in qD versus tDA format (this simplified the transient regime).■ Various elliptical fracture conductivities: FE = 1,10,100, and 1000.
■ Type curve for a fractured well centered in a closed (homogeneous) elliptical reservoir — FE=10, various ξ0-values; qD functions versus tDA format.
■ Type curve for a fractured well centered in a closed (homogeneous) elliptical reservoir — FE=1, various ξ0-values; qD functions versus tDA format.
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
■ Type curve for a fractured well centered in a closed (homogeneous) elliptical reservoir — FE=1000, various ξ0-values; qD functions versus tDA format.
■ Type curve for a fractured well centered in a closed (homogeneous) elliptical reservoir — FE=100, various ξ0-values; qD functions versus tDA format.
Development of the Solution: Type Curves
●Discussion:■ Objective: To demonstrate the elliptical boundary model as a diag-
nostic to establish the elliptical flow regime using production data.■We utilize type curve solutions in terms of the equivalent constant rate
case presented in "decline" form (qD and tDA). 2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007
SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)
T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Validation and Application: East TX Tight Gas
●Discussion:■ Daily rate and pressure data show good correlation.■ "Better-than-average" data acquisition practices yield high-quality
production data for the analysis/interpretation for this case (SPE 84287).2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007
SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)
T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion:■ Diagnostic plot confirms the very good correlation of data for this case.■ Strong indication of fractured well regimes tending to boundary flow.
Validation and Application: East TX Tight Gas
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion:■ Excellent data match — confirms the validity of the "elliptical" model. ■Model parameters: FE = 1, ξ0 = 0.50.■ "Average" analysis results: k ≈ 0.006 md, xf ≈ 300 ft, Gp ≈ 1.6 BSCF.
Validation and Application: East TX Tight Gas
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Validation and Application: Mexico Very Tight Gas
●Discussion:■ Good data acquisition (monthly data > 40 years) — rate data is consistent,
and constant ptf → pwf is reasonable considering production/location.■ The reservoir permeability < 0.001 md (all analyses).■ This is the only well in the field (no possibility of well interference).
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion:■ Diagnostic plot indicates extraordinary character in data (1/2 slope trend → high fracture conductivity), very good diagnostic trends.
■ Very low permeability estimate is expected.
Validation and Application: Mexico Very Tight Gas
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion:■ Outstanding data match — confirmation of the elliptical boundary model.■Model parameters: FE = 100, ξ0 = 0.25.■ "Average" analysis results: k ≈ 0.001 md, xf ≈ 825 ft, Gp ≈ 23.0 BSCF.
Validation and Application: Mexico Very Tight Gas
2007 SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference — College Station, Texas — 29–31 January 2007SPE 106308 — Evaluation of the Elliptical Flow Period for Hydraulically-Fractured Wells in Tight Gas Sands —
Theoretical Aspects and Practical Considerations (Amini/Ilk//Blasingame)T. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (29 January 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production Analysis
D. Ilk, N. Hosseinpour-Zonoozi, S. Amini,and T.A. Blasingame
Department of Petroleum EngineeringTexas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116(979) 458-1499 — [email protected]
Excerpts from:
SPE 107967
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Rationale For This Work●The primary purpose of this work is to intro-
duce and demonstrate the application of the -integral-derivative function for production analysis (PA).
●Our mechanism to promote this work is to provide an inventory of "type-curve" solu-tions for various bounded reservoir models to increase the resolution for the diagnostics of production data.
●The -derivative function for PA is defined in terms of the rate and pressure integral and integral-derivative functions for smoothnessand clarity.
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Orientation: Pressure/Rate Integral Functions
dqt
ttq Dd
Dd
DdDdDdi )(
0 1)(
)( )( DdDdiDd
DdDdDdid tqdt
dttq
dpt
ttp Dd
Dd
DdDdDdi )(
0 1)(
)( )( DdDdiDd
DdDdDdid tpdt
dttp
Dimensionless pressure/rate integral decline functions:
Dimensionless pressure/rate integral derivative decline functions (analog to well testing derivative function):
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Orientation: -Integral-Derivative (Derivation)
)()( )]([
DdDdiDdDdid
DdDdi tqtqtq
)( )( 1
)(1 )( 0
)(
1
)(
2
DdDdiDdDdDd
DdDdDd
DdDd
Dd
DdDdiDd
tqtqt
tqt
dqt
t
tqdt
d
)( )(
1
]ln[
)](ln[
)]([
DdDdiDd
DdDdDdi
DdDdDdi
DdDdi
tqdt
dttq
tdtqd
tq
Steps:1. Derivative of rate
integral function with respect to time function.
2. Use the power-law formulation for the derivative.
3. Obtain the -deriva-tive using rate and rate integral func-tions.
4. Or obtain the -derivative using rate integral and rate integral derivative (well test analog) functions.
)()(1)]([
DdDdiDdDd
DdDdi tqtqtq or
-integral derivative representation
"Well testing derivative"
Derivative of data w.r.t. time
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Rate -Integral-Derivative "Diagnostic Plot": Unfractured and fractured well configurations — note the distinction of "transition" flow regimes that the [qDdi(tDd)] function provides. Analog of decline type curve analysis.
Orientation: "Type Curve" Representations
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
Dimensionless Material Balance Decline Time, tDd,bar=NpDd/qDd
Legend: (qDdid ) ([qDdi] ) Unfractured Well (Radial Flow) Fractured Well (Finite Fracture Conductivity) Fractured Well (Elliptical Reservoir)
Transient Flow Region
Schematic of Dimensionless Rate Integral Derivative FunctionsVarious Reservoir Models and Well Configurations (as noted)
DIAGNOSTIC plot for Production Data (qDdid and [qDdi] )
Dim
ensi
onle
ss R
ate
Inte
gral
Der
ivat
ive
Func
tion,
qD
did
"Pow
er L
aw —
"
Dim
ensi
onle
ss R
ate
Inte
gral
Der
ivat
ive
Func
tion,
[q
Ddi
]
Boundary-Dominated
Flow Region
[qDdi] ~ 1.0(boundary
dominated flow)
1
1
1
2
Unfractured Well ina Bounded Circular
Reservoir
Fractured Well ina Bounded Elliptical
Reservoir(Finite ConductivityVertical Fracture)
Fractured Well ina Bounded Circular
Reservoir(Finite ConductivityVertical Fracture)
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
NO Wellbore Storage or Skin Effects
[qDdi] = 0.5(linear flow)
Plotting Functions:[(qDdi(tDd)] versus Np/qo:(Rate -Integral-Derivative)
[(qDdi(tDd)] =(?) IARF → k+s(1/4) Fin. Con. → FcD(1/2) Inf. Con. → xf(?) Horizontal → ?(1) BDF → N
The primary utility of the -integral-derivative is the resolution that this function provides for cases where the pressure drop/rate can be represented by a power-law function.
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●SPE 84287 "History Plot": Daily production rate and pressure data used for production and well test analysis. Excellent quality data. Note the effect of shut-ins and daily fluctuations.
Field Examples: East Tx Gas Well (SPE 84287)
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion (Diagnostic Plot):■ Excellent performance of [qDd(tDd)] data function (fractured well model). ■ Very-low k, very long transition to boundary-dominated flow.■ "Average" analysis results: k ≈ 0.00554 md, xf ≈ 290 ft, Gp ≈ 1.586 BSCF.
Field Examples: East Tx Gas Well (SPE 84287)
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion (Analysis by Modeling):■ Very good overall history match of the generated responses and raw data.■ Analysis results are very close to original results [Pratikno, et al 2003].
Field Examples: East Tx Gas Well (SPE 84287)
(16 April 2007) Rocky Mountain Oil & Gas Technology Symposium
Application of the -Integral Derivative Function to Production AnalysisIlk/Hosseinpour-Zoonozi/Amini/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Excerpts from:
CIPC 2007-174Production Data Analysis — Future
Practices for Analysis and Interpretation
D. Ilk, Texas A&M U.L. Mattar, Fekete Associates, Inc.
and T.A. Blasingame,* Texas A&M U.*Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected](12 June 2007)
Canadian International Petroleum Conference Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and Interpretation
Ilk/Mattar/Blasingame
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Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Meet the Family… (CIPC 2007-174)ILK, Dilhan MATTAR, Louis BLASINGAME, Tom
(aka: "The Kid") (aka: "The Wizard") (aka: "El Guerrero")
"Only the wisest and stupidest of men never change."
Confucius
"The straight line leads to the downfall of humanity."
F. Hundertwasser
"Happiness... it lies in the joy of achievement, in the thrill of creative effort."
Vincent van Gogh
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Rationale For This Work●Current methods are SUFFICIENT for:— Diagnostics (identification of reservoir model)— Analysis (variety of models, well conditions, etc.)— Modeling (very good to outstanding options)
●Tools we will need shortly (or even NOW).— Data handling (very large data sets, poor data)— Better diagnostics (more information from data)— Analysis (self-checking/correlation of q and pwf)— Modeling (merger of analytical/numerical models)
"Tell us what you want, and we will paint it … the way we see it"
Anonymous
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Modern PA: Generic PA Analysis Procedure●Procedure:
Step 1: Data Review → Review "Production History Plot" for data quality/correlation.
Step 2: Data Review → Data correlation check (pwf (or ptf) vs. rate plot). Crude comparison, only for general trends.
Step 3: Clean/Edit Data for Clarity → Remove spurious data from log-log data plots used for diagnosis.
Step 4: Identify Flow Regimes (Diagnostics) → Identify character-istic flow regimes using normalized PI/Blasingame plots.
Step 5: Compare Data to Reservoir Model → Use "Type Curves" to compare/match the data with a reservoir model.
Step 6: Refine Model Parameters → Improve match of model parameters (k, s, xf, FcD, ...) using individual type curves, simulation models, and/or regression methods.
Step 7: Summary History Match → Final "history match" of model and raw well performance data (pwf and q).
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Field Examples: Mid-Continent Gas WellStep 1 Step 2
Step 3●Diagnostic Data Analysis Plots:
■ Good quality data, unusual in that the production is limited (Step 1).
■ pwf and qg data appear to be only correlated at early times (Step 2).
■ The (qg/pp) trend is corrupted due to the cyclical series of production/ shut-in sequences (these data must be edited for diagnostic purposes) (Step 3).
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Field Examples: Mid-Continent (US) Gas WellStep 4a Step 5a
Step 6a●Log-Log Analysis: (fractured well)
■ Two possible scenarios for the reservoir model (radial flow or damaged fractured well) (Step 4a).
■ Type curve match using high conductivity elliptical flow solution (poor early time match) (Step 5a).
■ -integral-derivative does not match at early times, depletion flow is confirmed (Step 6a).
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Field Examples: Mid-Continent (US) Gas WellStep 4b Step 5b
Step 6b
●Log-Log Analysis: (unfractured well)■ Two possible scenarios for the
reservoir model (radial flow or damaged fractured well) (Step 4b).
■ Very good match with the unfrac-tured well model (well behaves as if it were not stimulated) (Step 5b).
■ -integral-derivative confirms that formation damage/poor stimulation is likely (Step 6b).
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Field Examples: Mid-Continent (US) Gas Well
●Summary History Match: (unfractured well)■ An extraordinary "history match" of the rate and pressure is obtained
using the unfractured well in bounded circular reservoir (Step 7).■ Rate and pressure measurements are considered precise.
Step 7b
(12 June 2007) Canadian International Petroleum Conference
Production Data Analysis — Future Practices for Analysis and InterpretationIlk/Mattar/Blasingame
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Excerpts from:
SPE 110187Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac
Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies Using Elliptical
Flow Production Data AnalysisD. Ilk,* Texas A&M U.
J.A. Rushing, Anadarko Petroleum Corp.R.B. Sullivan, Anadarko Petroleum Corp.
and T.A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.*Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.458.1499 — [email protected] Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007
SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case StudiesUsing Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)
D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Rationale For This WorkThe primary objectives of this study are:–To assess the stimulation effectiveness, and–To compare recovery efficiencies
… of the various "waterfrac" technologies used in the Bossier tight gas sand play (East Texas Basin, US).
Utilized a set of decline type curves developed for the
analysis of production data acquired from the elliptical flow
period commonly observed in hydraulically-fractured wells
completed in tight gas sands.[SPE 106308 (2007)]
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Rationale For This WorkTo find the proper balance between:–Well spacing,–Selection of stimulation treatment, and –Gas recovery efficiency.
We have evaluated the production performance for 12 wells where different types of stimulations were used.Our overall goal is to improve the correlation between
the well spacing and the creation of optimal hydraulic fractures (fracture length and conductivity).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Small Waterfrac — 20/40 Proppant
●Discussion: Diagnosis of the Well Performance Data■ A consistent character in the rate and pressure functions is observed
— qg and pwf data correlation appears to be good to very good.■ qg/pp diagnostic functions appear to be relevant — earliest third of
data appear off-trend (weak qg and pwf correlation at early time?).■ Treatment — 7745 bbls of slick water; 63,000 lbs 20/40 proppant.
■ Diagnostic log-log plot (dimensionless rate decline and rate decline integral functions).
■ Production history plot (daily flowrate and pressure measurements).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Small Waterfrac — 20/40 Proppant
●Discussion: Analysis Results■ Discrepancy at early times is observed — probably an early-time artifact
(shape of integral-derivative), possibly some modest fracture damage.■ Excellent match of the model and the rate history, good match of the
pressure history — "balance" of analysis between the diagnostic functions and the production history.
■ k=0.0097 md, xf=129 ft, FE=10, o=2.0 (near-circular), G=1.28 BSCF.
■ Production history plot with model match (excellent flowrate match, good pressure match).
■ Elliptical boundary decline type curve match (moderate conductivity, near-circular drainage geometry).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Large Waterfrac — 40/70 Proppant
●Discussion: Diagnosis of the Well Performance Data■ Very good rate and pressure correlation (perhaps excellent!), with little
(apparent) mismatch is observed (all major features observed in the flowrates are observed in the pressures, and vice-versa).
■ Very strong data trends — transient signature suggests (very) low fracture conductivity (1/4 slope). Boundary-dominated flow is evident.
■ Treatment — 12,545 bbls of slick water; 254,600 lbs 40/70 proppant.
■ Diagnostic log-log plot (dimensionless rate decline and rate decline integral functions).
■ Production history plot (daily flowrate and pressure measurements).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Large Waterfrac — 40/70 Proppant
●Discussion: Analysis Results■ Excellent match of the qg/pp functions with a vertical fracture of (very)
low conductivity in an elliptically bounded reservoir system.■ (Very) poor pressure match at early times, under prediction of the
flowrate during this time — can attempt an improved match by a slight increase in fracture conductivity. Fair match of pwf data and model.
■ k=0.0118 md, xf=212 ft, FE=1, o=1.50 ("fat" ellipse), G=2.97 BSCF.
■ Production history plot with model match (very good flowrate match, acceptable/poor pressure match).
■ Elliptical boundary decline type curve match (very high conductivity, "fat" elliptical drainage geometry).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Hybrid Waterfracs
●Discussion: Diagnosis of the Well Performance Data■ Erratic nature of the flowrate profile is seen (liquid loading). Major
features of the liquid loading observed for the flowrate data are reasonably well-correlated with the calculated bottomhole pressures.
■ Very clear diagnostic trends are obtained after judicious editing of the qg/pp function (1/2 slope during transient flow, 1/1 slope for BDF).
■ Treatment — 2082 bbls of slick water + 4827 bbls of cross-link gel; 510,140 lbs 20/40 proppant.
■ Diagnostic log-log plot (dimensionless rate decline and rate decline integral functions).
■ Production history plot (daily flowrate and pressure measurements).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
●Discussion: Analysis Results■ Extraordinary "type curve match" is observed for this case — the well
is effectively stimulated and a low reservoir permeability is expected.■Model flowrate response corresponds well with the observed flowrate
data. The pressure match is not as poor as it might seem given the very erratic nature of the flowrate function.
■ k=0.0030 md, xf=200 ft, FE=1000, o=1.00 ("thin" ellipse), G=1.60 BSCF.
■ Production history plot with model match (very good flowrate match, acceptable pressure match).
■ Elliptical boundary decline type curve match (very high conductivity, "thin" elliptical drainage geometry).
Case Studies: Hybrid Waterfracs
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Case Studies: Discussion of Results
●Discussion: Effect of the Contacted Gas-In-Place■ Expectation — higher reservoir permeabilities, higher contacted gas-
in-place estimates.■Most small waterfrac cases are off-trend (a single on-trend point with
high permeability and high contacted gas-in-place estimate is noted).■ Excellent correlation of contacted gas-in-place with fracture half-
length — confirming that "the fracture defines the reserves."
■ Results correlation plot — G versus xf.■ Results correlation plot — G versus k.
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition — Anaheim, CA — 11-14 November 2007SPE 110187 — Evaluating the Impact of Waterfrac Technologies on Gas Recovery Efficiency: Case Studies
Using Elliptical Flow Production Data Analysis (Ilk/Rushing/Sullivan/Blasingame)D. Ilk — Texas A&M U. (12 November 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Society of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology WorkshopAnalysis of Reservoir Performance — Future View
07-09 February 2007 — Pier House Resort — Key West, Florida (USA)
Thomas A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Excerpts from:Production Analysis —
What Will it Taketo Become Common Practice?
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Engineering Assessment of ReservesTheoretical/Empirical Methods
Thomas A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Society of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology WorkshopAnalysis of Reservoir Performance — Future View
07-09 February 2007 — Pier House Resort — Key West, Florida (USA)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
SPE 84287 — East TX Gas Well 1 (Low Permeability Gas)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
0
100,
000
200,
000
300,
000
400,
000
500,
000
600,
000
700,
000
800,
000
900,
000
1,00
0,00
0
1,10
0,00
0
1,20
0,00
0
1,30
0,00
0
Cumulative Gas Production, MSCF
Gas
Pro
duct
ion
Rat
e, M
SCFD Cumulative Gas Production
Exponential ModelHyperbolic Model
SPE 84287 — East TX Gas Well 1 (Low Permeability Gas)
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
0 25 50 75 100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
Producing Time, days
Gas
Pro
duct
ion
Rat
e, M
SCFD
0250500750100012501500175020002250250027503000
Flow
ing
Tubi
ng P
ress
ure,
psi
gGas FlowrateExponential Rate ModelHyperbolic Rate ModelWellbore Pressure
Q. What are the "Arps" rate-time/cumulative-time relations?A. Sequence of relations for production extrapolation (with time).
Reserves Estimation: Arps Rate-Time Relations
(oil: p>pb)
(gas: ≈ )
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. What is the "Carter" Decline Type Curve, and how is it used?A. A numerically-generated gas rate solution (pwf=con) — used as a "type
curve" (data overlay) to estimate reservoir properties.
Reserves Estimation: Fetkovich-Carter TC—
From
: Car
ter,
R.D
.: "T
ype
Cur
ves
for F
inite
Rad
ial a
nd
linea
r Gas
Flo
w S
yste
ms:
Con
stan
t Ter
min
al P
ress
ure
Cas
e,"
SPE
J(O
ctob
er 1
985)
719
-728
.
Transient Stems: (left)Numerical flow model
(pwf = con).q(t) is concave up.Depletion Stems: (right)q(t) is concave down.b=0: pwf = con.b=1: qo = con. (qo/p).b>1: transient flow or
external drive energy.: numerical gas flow
cases ( =f(pwf/(pi)).Reservoir Properties:k — y-axis match.G — x&y-axis matches.s — reD match.
swwa
wae
gigi
wfiDd
wae
wewtigi
Dd
err
rrB.
ppkhtqq
rr
rrrc
kt.t
21ln 2141
)( )(
21ln 1
21
1 006330 22
Variables for the Carter Decline Type Curve
—Fr
om: F
etko
vich
, M.J
.: "D
eclin
e C
urve
Ana
lysi
s U
sing
Typ
e C
urve
s,"
JPT
(Jun
e 19
80) 1
065-
1077
.
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Q. What are the rate-cumulative relations?A. Relations for reserves extrapolation.
Reserves Estimation: Rate-Cumulative Relations
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Reserves Estimation: "Hyperbolic Plot"
Discussion: Hyperbolic PlotsConcept? (verify the "hyperbolic" nature of the production data)Application? (interactive plots used in conjunction with other methods)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
1. Loss Ratio: (empirical — Arps (1942)) After Integration:
2: Camacho and Raghavan: (p<pb) (SPE 19009)
Q. Can the "hyperbolic" rate-time relation be derived?A. Sort of....
Reserves Estimation: q(t)=qi 1/[(1+Dit)^(1/b)]
dtdqq
dtd
Ddtda
dtdb
/1
)1()(1 b/i
itbD
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Modern Production Data AnalysisA Complete Example
Thomas A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Society of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology WorkshopAnalysis of Reservoir Performance — Future View
07-09 February 2007 — Pier House Resort — Key West, Florida (USA)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: log(qg) and pwf vs. Time
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: log(qg) vs. Time (with rate extrapolations)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: qg vs. Gp (with rate extrapolations)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: Arps Hyperbolic Type Curves
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: pwf vs. qg Crossplot (quality check)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: Normalized Log-Log Plot (model match)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: "Blasingame" Log-Log Plot (model match)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: PTA (match/comparison)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
PA Example: Summary Plot
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Production Data AnalysisWhat remains…
Thomas A. Blasingame, Texas A&M U.Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Society of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology WorkshopAnalysis of Reservoir Performance — Future View
07-09 February 2007 — Pier House Resort — Key West, Florida (USA)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Discussion: Future Work in PTA/PAAdditional reservoir/well models. (elliptical flow, moving boundary, ...)Full incorporation of PVT character. (volatile oil, gas condensate, ...)Reservoir scaling for PTA/PA. (scaling of petrophysical data?)Handling poor quality rate/pressure data. (major issue present/future)Continuously measured pwf and q data. (high frequency rates?)Multiple well analysis (integration). (analytical (mat. bal.) or numerical)Coupling of analysis/interpretation (3D/3P models). (over-determined?)Evaluation of multilayer systems. (I thought we already did this?)PA is the tool for tight gas, but must have data. (management?)
What Remains: Future Work in PTA/PA
"Technology ... is a queer thing. It brings yougreat gifts in one hand, and it stabs you in theback with the other."
C.P. Snow (1905-1980)
Analysis of Reservoir Performance — Future ViewSociety of Petroleum Engineers — Applied Technology Workshop
Production Analysis — What Will it Take to Become Common Practice?T.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (09 February 2007)
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
Take Away
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Take Away: Production Analysis GuidelinesGuidelines: Performance-Based Reservoir CharacterizationsREVIEW production data for consistency (allocations, accuracy, etc.).REVIEW well history, particularly recompletions/stimulations.PERFORM simplified analysis of production data (Arps, EUR, etc.).
REVIEW measured rate/pressures (quality check).PERFORM model-based analysis of production (and well test) data.
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
Model-Based Production Analysis:Contacted gas-in-place increases with time. Helps to tie reservoir properties with performance.
Empirical Production Analysis:Reserves extrapolations wrong (except at late times). Suitable for a 1-2 year projection (not much more).
Gotchas:Data quantity and quality (frequency and accuracy). Failure to reference analysis to a reservoir model.
Take Away: Production Analysis in Tight Gas Sands
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2007 Anadarko Tight Gas Workshop05 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Production Data Analysis in Tight Gas SandsT.A. Blasingame — Texas A&M U. (05 December 2007)
2007 Anadarko Tight Gas WorkshopReservoir Description/Characterization
04 December 2007 — The Woodlands, TX
Tom BlasingameDepartment of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX 77843-3116 (USA)
+1.979.845.2292 — [email protected]
Production Data Analysisin Tight Gas Sands
End of Presentation
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