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Print Media. General Principles.The Situation in the U.S.
American Studies, MA I
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Introduction
What is a newspaper?
“Newspapers of modern times have seen importantcharacteristics that distinuish them from other
media. That is! a true newspaper of eneralcirculation" #1$ is pu%lished at least weekly ! #2$ isproduced on paper %& a mechanical printing process or ‘delivered’ online in digital form! #'$ is availa%le#free or for a price$ to people of all walks of life! #($prints news of general interest rather than items on
speciali)ed topics such as reliion or %usiness! #*$ isreada%le %& people of ordinary literacy ! #+$ is timely !and #,$ is stable over time.- #e/leur and ennis2002" +1$
/irst newspaper" The Oxford Gazette #1++*$/irst dail& newspaper" The Daily Courant #1,02$
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The olonial Press in merica
3conomic! political and cultural conte4t 5favoura%le to news #tradin! shippin! ta4es!war$
ublick Occurrences !oth "oreign and Domestic #1+60! “without authorit&-! aainst the rown$
The !oston #ews$%etter #1,0(! pu%lished %&
authorit&$ The #ew &ngland Courant #1,21$ 5 7ames/ran8lin and 9en:amin /ran8lin 5 first mericannewspaper to fulfil the function of watchdog ofthe public interest
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The Principle of /reedom of the Press
7ohn Peter ;ener 5 the #ew 'ork (eekly )ournal #set up in opposition to the officialnewspaper$ 5 a part& newspaper
seditious libel the trial" 1,'(
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The Principle of /reedom of the Press
Congress shall make no law respecting anestablishment of religion, or prohibitingthe free exercise thereof- or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the press- or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petitionthe Government for a redress ofgrievances+
#U.S. onstitution! mendment 1$
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The Penn& Press
The 1?00s"
the Industrial @evolution
rowth of population #miration waves!movements of population$
technoloical proress 5 steam
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The Penn& Press
,
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Bellow 7ournalism
7oseph Pulit)er #1?(,
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Bellow 7ournalism
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The @ise of H%:ectivit&
The #ew 'ork *imes
%ouht %& dolph Hchs in 1?6+
“Throuh strateic hirin! Hchs and his editorsre%uilt the paper around su%stantial newscoverae and provocative editorial paes. To
distance his New Bor8 paper from the &ellowpress! the editors also downpla&ed sensationalstories! favorin the documentation of ma:orevents or issues.- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 22?$
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The @ise of H%:ectivit&
affluent! intellectual readership 5 upper middleclass! then e4tended to middle class
“an informational paper that provided stoc8 andreal estate reports to %usinesses! court reportsto leal professionals! treat& summaries topolitical leaders! and theater and %oo8 reviews
to educated eneral readers and intellectuals- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 22?$
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Interpretive 7ournalism
H%:ectivit&"
facts! scientific
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Hther evelopments
advocac& :ournalism
precision :ournalism #%ased on poll surve&s and
Juestionnaires$ citi)en :ournalism
The /.0 *oday #16?2$"
• colourful
• mimics TK st&le
#visual la&out! writin st&le$
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The Press in the Twentieth entur&
T&pes of newspapers"
9roadsheets
Ta%loids #in the U.S. 5 “supermar8etta%loids- 5 the #ational &n1uirer $
General newspapers
Specialised newspapers
3thnic newspapers
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The Press in the Twentieth entur&
Local #the 2ansas City .tar $
@eional #the !oston Globe! the .eattle*imes$
National #/.0 *oday ! the (all .treet )ournal, the Christian .cience 3onitor $ the #ew 'ork *imes! the (ashington ost
International
Metropolitan dailies #the Chicago *ribune!the %os 0ngeles *imes$ 5 2*0!000 copies
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The Press in the Twentieth entur&
Press aencies #wire services$
/eature s&ndicates
hain ownership of newspapers #ma:ortransformations in the production andcirculation of news$
9i conlomerates 5 the News orporation
#@upert Murdoch$ ecline 5 strateies need to %e developed to
ensure the survival of newspapers
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The Press in the Twentieth entur&
“espite their current predicaments! newspapers and theironline offsprin pla& man& roles in contemporar&culture. s chroniclers of dail& life! newspapers %othinform and entertain. 9& reportin on scientific!
technoloical! and medical issues! newspapersdisseminate specialied !nowled"e to the pu%lic. Inreviews of films! concerts! and pla&s! the& shapecultural trends. Hpinion paes trier pu#lic de#atesand offer differin points of view. olumnists provide
ever&thin from advice on raisin children to opinionson the U.S. role as an economic and militar&superpower. Newspapers help readers ma!e choicesa%out ever&thin from what 8ind of food to eat to what8ind of leaders to elect.- #amp%ell et al. 2012" 221$
1,
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The Press in the Twentieth entur&
http"DDnewspaperdeathwatch.comD
http"DDwww.:ournalism.orDmedia
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@eferencesamp%ell! @.! Martin! .@.! /a%os! 9. 2012. 3edia andCulture4 0n introduction to mass communication #?th ed.$. 9oston New Bor8" 9edfordDSt. Martin=s.
e/leur! M.L. and 3.3. ennis. 2002. /nderstanding 3assCommunication4 a liberal arts perspective #,th ed.$.9oston and New Bor8" >ouhton Mifflin.
3mer&! M.! 3mer&! 3. and N.L. @o%erts. 2000. *he ress and
0merica+ 0n 5nterpretive 6istory of the 3ass 3edia #6thed.$. 9oston" ll&n and 9acon.
The Pew @esearch 7ournalism Pro:ect"
http"DDwww.:ournalism.orD