Principles of Research
Ebony Smith and Kimberli ThompsonPharm D Candidate May 09’
The Current State of our School SystemThe Current State of our School System
Ebony Smith Pharm D. Candidate May 09 Kimberli Thompson Pharm D. Candidate May 09
What is Research?What is Research?
ResearchResearch
Research is an Research is an organizedorganized systematicsystematic way way of of finding answersfinding answers to to questionsquestions..
ResearchResearch
SystematicSystematic a definite set of procedures and steps followa definite set of procedures and steps follow
OrganizedOrganized structure or method in going about doing researchstructure or method in going about doing research
ResearchResearch
Questions are central to research. If Questions are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is there is no question, then the answer is of no useof no use
Finding answers is the end of all Finding answers is the end of all researchresearch
Purpose of ResearchPurpose of Research
To find an answer to generate ideas for To find an answer to generate ideas for an hypothesis an hypothesis
To test an hypothesis in order to apply To test an hypothesis in order to apply them to real lifethem to real life
Validity/Reliability Validity/Reliability
ValidityValidity The strength of our conclusionThe strength of our conclusion Does the study prove/disprove the hypothesis?Does the study prove/disprove the hypothesis? Researcher’s biasResearcher’s bias
Reliability Can the measurement be repeated? Do you get the same results?
Test/Retest
In order to be valid, a test must be reliable; but reliability does not guarantee validity.
Types of Research
Qualitative
&
Quantitative
Qualitative Qualitative ResearchResearch
Hypothesis-generatingHypothesis-generatingSeeks to understand; Why?Seeks to understand; Why?Naturalistic; observes natural settingNaturalistic; observes natural setting
DataData
Subjective; perceptions of participants in Subjective; perceptions of participants in environmentenvironment
In-depth interviews, direct observation, written In-depth interviews, direct observation, written texttext
MethodsMethods
Interviewer is integral part of researchInterviewer is integral part of research Human person is primary instrumentHuman person is primary instrument Detailed data gained through open-ended questionsDetailed data gained through open-ended questions
Grounded ApproachGrounded Approach
‘‘I am totally a victim of my circumstances …right now I lack complete free will …life is dictating to me.’’
Healthcare experiences of the homeless
SamplingSampling
SmallSmall Non-RandomNon-Random Purposive Purposive
participants are selected based on some established participants are selected based on some established characteristiccharacteristic
Snowball Sampling Snowball Sampling participants are referred from earlier informantparticipants are referred from earlier informant
When Should you use Qualitative When Should you use Qualitative Research?Research?
AdvantagesAdvantages In-depth; ComprehensiveIn-depth; Comprehensive Wide understanding of concept in natural settingWide understanding of concept in natural setting Cost lessCost less
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Difficulties in establishing reliability and validityDifficulties in establishing reliability and validity Difficult to prevent of detect researcher biasDifficult to prevent of detect researcher bias Limited due to in-depth formatLimited due to in-depth format
Quantitative Quantitative ResearchResearch
Focused; aims to test hypothesisFocused; aims to test hypothesisExperimental; controlled settingExperimental; controlled settingGeneralization of findingsGeneralization of findings
DATADATA
Objective; statistically validObjective; statistically valid Displayed using tables, charts, histograms, graphsDisplayed using tables, charts, histograms, graphs MeasurableMeasurable
0
50
100
150
200
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
North
West
East
MethodsMethods
Use of structured question where answers have been pre-Use of structured question where answers have been pre-determineddetermined
Instruments; scales, test, surveys, computers, etc.Instruments; scales, test, surveys, computers, etc. Analysis of relationships between variablesAnalysis of relationships between variables
SamplingSampling
LargeLarge RepresentativeRepresentative RandomRandom
When Should I use Quantitative When Should I use Quantitative Researcher?Researcher?
AdvantagesAdvantages Mathematically confirmedMathematically confirmed Large scaleLarge scale GeneralizableGeneralizable Reliability and Validity measuredReliability and Validity measured
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Narrow perspectiveNarrow perspective Researcher biasResearcher bias Ethical questionsEthical questions Cost moreCost more
Let’s CompareLet’s Compare
QualitativeQualitative SubjectiveSubjective Small SamplesSmall Samples QualityQuality Interviews/ Interviews/
ObservationsObservations Generate hypothesisGenerate hypothesis
QuantitativeQuantitative ObjectiveObjective Large SamplesLarge Samples QuantityQuantity StatisticsStatistics Test hypothesisTest hypothesis
Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Combining Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchResearch
AdvantagesAdvantages Research developmentResearch development Increased ValidityIncreased Validity ComplimentaryComplimentary Create new ways of thinkingCreate new ways of thinking
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Philosophical DifferencesPhilosophical Differences CostCost Inadequate trainingInadequate training
What type of research question is this?
What percentage of teenagers engage in illegal substances acts before the age of 20?
A: Qualitative
B: Quantitative
What type of research question is this?
Partying Before the Party: Interviews Examining Prepartying Behavior Among College Students
A: Qualitative
B: Quantitative
What type of research question is this?
Randomized controlled trial on loud music listening
A: Qualitative
B: Quantitative
EthicsEthics
Norm of conduct that distinguishes between acceptable and Norm of conduct that distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable behaviorunacceptable behavior
Method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for Method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issuesanalyzing complex problems and issues
Highly debatableHighly debatable
National Institute of Environmental Health ScienceNational Institute of Environmental Health Science
Ethics Ethics (continued…)(continued…)
Some Ethical PrinciplesSome Ethical Principles HonestyHonesty ObjectivityObjectivity Integrity Integrity ConfidentialityConfidentiality RespectRespect CompetenceCompetence Non-DiscriminationNon-Discrimination Animal CareAnimal Care Human Subject ProtectionHuman Subject Protection
Ethics Ethics (continued…)(continued…)
Institutional Review Board (IRB)Institutional Review Board (IRB) Ethics CommitteeEthics Committee Approve, require modifications, disapprove researchApprove, require modifications, disapprove research Perform critical oversight functions for research conducted on Perform critical oversight functions for research conducted on
Human subjects that are scientific, ethical, and regulatoryHuman subjects that are scientific, ethical, and regulatory Require informed consentRequire informed consent
Committee of Animal Research and Ethics (C.A.R.E.)Committee of Animal Research and Ethics (C.A.R.E.) Ethics Committee for Animal rightsEthics Committee for Animal rights
What Would You Do?What Would You Do?
EUTHANASIAEUTHANASIAOROR
Physician Assistant SuicidePhysician Assistant Suicide
Parts of Research Article:Parts of Research Article:
AbstractAbstract Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/Background Research ProblemResearch Problem MethodsMethods Results/FindingsResults/Findings DiscussionDiscussion ConclusionConclusion
AbstractAbstract concise single paragraphconcise single paragraph
summary of worksummary of work
Provides the rationale Provides the rationale behind the studybehind the study
Gives the general Gives the general approach to the problem, approach to the problem, pertinent results, and pertinent results, and important conclusions or important conclusions or new questionsnew questions
Research PartsResearch Parts
Introduction/ BackgroundIntroduction/ Background Rationale behind workRationale behind work HistoryHistory
Research ProblemResearch Problem fundamental question fundamental question HypothesisHypothesis Theories Theories
MethodsMethods
aka: Methodologyaka: Methodology discusses how the research was discusses how the research was
conductedconductedmaterials used materials used general proceduresgeneral procedures Inclusion/exclusion criteriaInclusion/exclusion criteria
Statistical dataStatistical data
Findings / ResultsFindings / Results
present and illustrate your findingspresent and illustrate your findings presented in a table or chart formatpresented in a table or chart format can either prove or disprove the theory of the can either prove or disprove the theory of the
studystudy
Discussion & ConclusionDiscussion & Conclusion
DiscussionDiscussion
author’s interpretation of author’s interpretation of the results the results
subjective information subjective information and author biasand author bias
May provide limitationsMay provide limitations
ConclusionConclusion• Results are Results are
complied,calulated andcomplied,calulated and
explainedexplained• objectiveobjective
What Research Part is this? In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately
obese subjects to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-obese subjects to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie (mean age-52 years; carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie (mean age-52 years; mean body-mass index -31; males-86%; females-14%)mean body-mass index -31; males-86%; females-14%)
A. ResultsA. ResultsB. MethodsB. MethodsC. Research ProblemC. Research Problem
What Research Part is this?
Overall, 44.9% of high school students reported drinking Overall, 44.9% of high school students reported drinking alcohol during the past 30 days (28.8% binge drank and alcohol during the past 30 days (28.8% binge drank and 16.1% drank alcohol but did not binge drink). Although girls 16.1% drank alcohol but did not binge drink). Although girls reported more current drinking with no binge drinking, binge-reported more current drinking with no binge drinking, binge-drinking rates were similar among boys and girls. Binge-drinking rates were similar among boys and girls. Binge-drinking rates increased with age and school grade. drinking rates increased with age and school grade.
A. BackgroundA. BackgroundB. MethodsB. MethodsC. ResultsC. ResultsD. AbstractD. Abstract
When Pharmacist Tell The When Pharmacist Tell The TruthTruth
ScenarioScenario
Ms Phyllis is at her neighborhood pharmacy to Ms Phyllis is at her neighborhood pharmacy to pick up her monthly meds and asks to speak to pick up her monthly meds and asks to speak to the pharmacist. She tells you that she recently the pharmacist. She tells you that she recently heard of this new drug from one of her heard of this new drug from one of her girlfriends and she wanted some information girlfriends and she wanted some information about it. The drug is not in your Drug about it. The drug is not in your Drug Information Handbook and you can’t seem to Information Handbook and you can’t seem to locate it in any of you usual sources. What do locate it in any of you usual sources. What do you do?you do?
ResourcesResources
TextbooksTextbooks Tertiary sourcesTertiary sources Outdated once publishedOutdated once published
JournalsJournals Primary LiteraturePrimary Literature Credible SourceCredible Source Origin of ResearchOrigin of Research
Research and Research and PharmacistsPharmacists
Research in PharmacyResearch in Pharmacy
Important for knowledge baseImportant for knowledge base Research articles over textbook knowledgeResearch articles over textbook knowledge
Creates indications for drugsCreates indications for drugs FDA Drug ApprovalFDA Drug Approval
NAPLEX ExamNAPLEX Exam
I Wish I Would Have Known
Journal ClubJournal Club
Not to memorizeNot to memorize
DO NOT rely on Old tests!DO NOT rely on Old tests!
Work as a unitWork as a unit
Reference
Graziano, Anthony M., Raulin, Michael L. “Research Methods A Process of Inquiry” Pearson Education; 2007
National Institute of Environmental Health Science
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html#discussion
http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-35.pdf
http://www.experiment-resources.com/ Copyright 2008
http://uk.geocities.com/balihar_sanghera/ipsrmehrigiulqualitativequantitativeresearch.html
http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/grizzly/432/rra2.htm
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