PRESENTATION
ONSEX DETERMINATION
FOETICIDE INFANTICIDE
SEX RATIOAND MORTALITY
SEX
DETERMINATIONA sex-determination system is a biological system that determines the development of sexual characteristics in an organism. Most sexual organisms have two sexes. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or even different genes that specify their sexual morphology.
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques includes
Ultra-sonography
Taking samples of amniotic fluid, embryo, blood or any tissue or fluid of pregnant women before or after conception
Test
ing
sam
ples
in
Gene
tic
Labo
rato
ry
to d
etec
t
gene
tic
diso
rder
s,
abno
rmal
itie
s or s
ex-
linke
d di
seas
es
Fetoscopy
The PNDT Act.
The PNDT Act of 1994, later amended in 2002, was enacted with the objective as stated in the preamble
Prohibition use of all technologies for the purpose of sex selectionProhibition of the
advertisement of any techniques used for sex selection.Prohibition of sex selection, before and after conception.
Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques
Prohibition on the sale of ultrasound machines to persons not registered under this Act
PNDT can be used for detection of
Chromosomal AbnormalitiesGenetic Metabolic Diseases
HaemoglobinopathiesSex-linked genetic diseases
Congenital abnormalitiesAny other abnormalities
PNDT ViolationImprisonment of 3 years
and Rs 10000 (50000) fine, but subsequent conviction punishable with imprisonment for 5 years and Rs 50000 (1,00,000) fine.Offence to be cognizable, non-
bailable and non-compoundable
All offenses are cognizable when police may arrest without a warrant.
MTP ACTMedical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971Grounds for Abortion as per the Indian MTP Act
If the continuance of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the pregnant woman or of grave injury to her physical or mental health if the child were born, it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped
1. A pregnancy may be terminated by a registered medical practitionerWhere the length of the pregnancy does not exceed 12 weeks if such medical practitioner is Of opinionHowever, when the pregnancy exceeds 12 weeks but is below 20 weeks, the consultation of two registered medical practitioners is required
2. In Case of A pregnancy occurring as a result of rape
3. Failure of contraceptive device used by a couple.
Consent of the following kinds is required before a legal abortion by an approved practitioner can be conducted
on a pregnant femaleIf married: her own written consent Husband’s consent not needed.
If unmarried and above 18years her own written consent.If below 18 years written
consent of her guardian.If mentally unstable written consent of her guardian.
Who are the Physicians approved for conducting MTP ?A qualified registered medical
practitioner who has helped in 25 MTPs
A house surgeon who has undergone six months post in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
A person who has a diploma /degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Three years of practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology for those doctors registered before the 1971 MTP Act was passed.
A year of practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology for the doctors registered on or after the date of commencement of the Act.
WHAT IS FOETICIDE• FOE•TI•CIDE [FEE-TI-
SAHYD]• THE DESTRUCTION OF A FETUS IN THE UTERUS;
ABORTICIDE• SYNONYMS: MISBIRTH
FEMICIDE: THE SYSTEMIC KILLING
OF WOMEN MOST OFTEN FOR CULTURAL REASONS
GENDERCIDE GENDER-SELECTIVE MASS
KILLING
WHAT IS INFANTICIDE
The crime of killing a child within a year of birth.The practice in some societies of killing unwanted children soon after birth
SO WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
FOETICIDE
INFANTICIDE
Killing the child before Birth
Killing the child After Birth
FACTORS THAT FAVOREvil of Dowry
Social Security
Small Child NormURBAN Living
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
“Every Two Hours in India, a Woman Dies From an
Unsafe Abortion”Each year, 19 million to 20 million women risk their lives to undergo unsafe abortions, conducted in unsanitary conditions by
unqualified practitioners or practitioners who resort to traditional but rudimentary
means
• 980
• 970
• 960
• 950
• 940
• 930
• 920
• 910
• 900
972
934
964 955 950
945
946 941
927
943
930
933
YEAR 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
RATIO INDIA SEX RATIO From 1901 –
2011 (FEMALES per 1000 MALES)
Highest
Lowest
Mortality
Mortality is the term used for the number of people who died within
a population
Mortality refers to the incidence of death or
the number of deaths in a population
Mortality rates are generally expressed as the number of deaths per 1000 individuals
per year.
The mortality rate can be distinguished into:
Perinatal mortality rate
The maternal mortality rate
Infant mortality rateChild mortality rate
Standardized mortality rate
Age Specific mortality rate
Crude death rate
• 9
• -
• 8
• -
• 7
• -
• 6
• .
• 5
8.88
6.4
8.74
8.62
8.49
8.38
8.28
8.18
6.23
7.48
6.58 7.53
YEAR 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Death rate INDIA death RATE From 2000 – 2011 (7.48 deaths/1,000 population)
Highest
Lowest
Reference• http://www.loc.gov/law/help/sex-selection/india.php
• http://www.mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/.../sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf
• http://www.diffen.com/difference/Morbidity_vs_Mortality• http://world.time.com/2013/07/19/world-population-focus-on-india-part-2-unsafe-abortions/#ixzz2fGnXaBqe
• http://lifestyle.iloveindia.com/lounge/abortion-laws-in-india-240.html
• http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/india/ab-indiadis2.html
• http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/fsex.aspx
• Online Dictionary
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