7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 1/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 2/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 3/40
1. CONDENSATION (DEHYDRATION)
Loss of H2O▪ - OH (hydroxyl group)▪ - H (hydrogen)Covalent bonds are formed
Energy is expendedPolymerase enzyme
2. HYDROLYSISAddition of H 2OCovalent bonds are brokenEnergy is releasedHydrolase enzyme
How many molecules of water are needed tocompletely hydrolyze a polymer that is 10monomers long?
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 4/40
Sugars and polymersof sugars
ClassesMonosaccharidesDisaccharides andoligosaccharidesPolysaccharides
ImportanceFuelBuilding materials
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 5/40
ImportanceMajor cell nutrientsIncorporated into more complexcarbohydrates
ClassificationLocation of carbonyl group (C=O)
AldoseKetose
Size of C-skeleton (3- 7 C’s) Arrangement around C’s
Linear formRing form (in aqueous solutions)▪ - H on top of plane of ring▪ -OH on top of plane of ring
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 6/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 7/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 8/40
IMPORTANCEMaltose (glucose + glucose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
FORMATION AND STRUCTUREGlycosidic linkage – covalentbond between 2monosaccharidesCondensation or dehydrationsynthesis reactions
Draw the structure ofa) sucrose formed from a 1-2
glycosidic linkage of glucose and fructose
b) galactose formed from the 1-4 glycosidic linkage of glucose and galactose.
1-4 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 9/40
IMPORTANCEStructural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitinStorage polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
STRUCTURE AND FORMATION• Hundreds to thousands of
monosaccharides joined byglycosidic linkages
•Homopolysaccharides• Starch ( 1,4 linkages)
• Amylose• Amylopectin
• Cellulose ( 1,4 linkages)• Heteropolysaccharides
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 10/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 11/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 12/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 13/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 14/40
large molecules assembledfrom smaller molecules bydehydration reactionshydrophobic and non-polarglycerol + fatty acid fatfatty acids have long C-skeletons (16-18 atoms)with a carboxyl endester linkages are formedwhen 3 fatty acids join toglycerol
FunctionsEnergy storageCushioning of vital organsInsulation
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 15/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 16/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 17/40
glycerol + 2 fattyacids andphosphate group
amphipathichydrophobic tailshydrophilic heads
assemble into
bilayersmajor componentsof cell membranes
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 18/40
C-skeleton with fourfused ringsVary in the functional
group attached to theringsCholesterol
Cell membranes
Used for synthesis ofsex hormones▪ Testosterone▪ Estrogen
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 19/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 20/40
Amino acids arranged in alinear chain and foldedinto a globular formAmino acidsStructure
Carboxyl (-COOH) endAmino (-NH2) endR (variable) group attachedto the -Carbon
ClassificationNonpolarPolarCharged (acidic/basic)
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 21/40
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/amino_acid_structure_2.jpg
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 22/40
http://www.personal.psu.edu/staff/m/b/mbt102/bisci4online/chemistry/charges.gif
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 23/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 24/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 25/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 26/40
Sequence ofamino acids in apolypeptide chain
Change in oneamino acid maychange propertiesof entire chain
Glu Valsubstitution causessickle cell anemia
C ili /f ldi d H b d f i
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 27/40
Coiling/folding due to H-bond formationbetween carboxyl and amino groups of non-adjacent amino acids.R groups are NOT involved.
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 28/40
3d structure resulting fromfolding of the 2 structures stabilized by bondsformed between amino
acid R groupsforms many shapes (e.g.globular compact proteins,fibrous elongated proteins)disruption denaturation
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 29/40
Present in some proteins
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 30/40
Present in some proteinswhose tertiary structures(subunits) join to form aprotein complex
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 31/40
Structure affected bypHsalt concentrationpresence of solvents
temperatureChaperone proteins incell help in refoldingproteins
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 32/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 33/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 34/40
DNA (deoxyribonucleicacid)
Provides directions for ownreplicationDirects RNA synthesisControls protein synthesis
RNA (ribonucleic acid)mRNA directs proteinsynthesis in the ribosometRNA transfers a specificamino acid to apolypeptide chainrRNA combines with aprotein to make up aribosome
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 35/40
Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
Pentosesugar
Phosphate
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 36/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 37/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 38/40
5’ end
3’ end
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 39/40
7/17/2019 Presentation 06 Biomolecules1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/presentation-06-biomolecules1 40/40