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Kelompok 2:
Audrey Monica
Brigitta Josopandojo
Calvin D Chandra
Christiane Karen
Malvin Juan Sebastian
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A preposition is a word which precedes
a noun or a pronoun to show the noun's
or the pronoun's relationship to anotherword in the sentence. The word
preposition comes from the idea of
being positioned before. It is not true tosay that a preposition always precedes
a noun or a pronoun, but it does most
of the time.
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In English, some prepositions are short, mostly containing six letters or
fewer. There are, however, many multi-word prepositions. Throughout
the history of the English language, new prepositions have come intouse, old ones have fallen out of use, and the meanings of existing
prepositions have changed. The prepositions generally remain a closed
class(is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that
usually contains a relatively small number of items).
Single Words Preposition Multiple Words Preposition
- Two words
- Three words- Preposition + (article) + noun + preposition
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In- Used for unspecific times during a day, month, season, year:
She always reads newspapers in the morning.
- Used to indicate a location or place:
My hometown is Los Angeles, which is in California.
- Used to indicate a shape, color, or size:This painting is mostly in blue.
- Used to express while doing something:
In preparing for the final report, we revised the tone three times.
- Used to indicate a belief, opinion, interest, or feeling:
I believe in the next life.
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a,across,against,along,around,before,between,but,by,for,from,in,into,over,since,than,towards,with,within,etc.
- Some examp les o f Sing le Words Preposi t ion
The rain pounds againstthe window.
The shuttle runs betweenthe town and the airport.
They fought fordays over a silly pencil.
I prefer the purple overthe pink.
I have known her sincelast year.
Leave here withinthree days.
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Two words: next to,instead of,outof,rather than,etc.
When you start the next tothe last roll, get some
more paper. He walked to school instead oftaking the car.
I'd like a dog rather thana cat.
They will soon be out ofbusiness.
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Conjungtion is a part of speech that
connects two
words, sentences, phrases or clauses. A
discourse connective is a conjunction joiningsentences. This definition may overlap with
that of other parts of speech, so what
constitutes a "conjunction" must be definedfor each language. In general, a conjunction
is an invariable grammatical particle, and it
may or may not stand between the items it
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1. Coordinative Conjunctions
2. Subordinating Conjunctions
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Also called coord inators.
Coordinative conjunctions are
conjunctions that join,or coordinate, two or more items
(such as words, main clauses, or
sentences) of equal syntactic
importance.
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Types of Coordinative conjunctions:
Cumulative ex : and, also, as well as,
both ... and ..., not only..., but also ..., in
addition, moreover, furthemoreAlternative ex : or, either ... or ...,
neither ... or ..., whether ... or ...
Adversative
ex : but, yet, still, as Illative ex : so, therefore, thus, hence,
consequently, as the result, accordingly
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Also called subordinators
Subordinating conjunctions are
conjunctions that join an independentclause and a dependent clause.
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Types of Subordinative conjunctions:
Cause ex : because, since, as, for
Contrast
ex : although, eventhough, however, though, while,
whereas
Condition
ex : if, unless, provided,
whether
Manner ex : as, how, in that
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Time ex : before, since, until,
as,when, as long as, while, as soonas
Place
ex : where, whereas Purpose ex : so that, that,
such...and...that, in order to, in order
that comparison ex : as...as,
adj+er...than..., more...than...
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The two types of participle in English are
traditionally called the present participle
(forms such as writing, singingand raising;
these same forms also serve as gerundsand verbal nouns), and the past participle
(forms such as written, sungand raised;
regular participles such as the last, as wellas some irregular ones, have the same form
as the finite past tense).
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The present participle, also sometimes called
the active, imperfect, or progressive
participle, takes the ending -ing. It is identical in
form to the gerund (and verbal noun); the termpresent participle is sometimes used to include
the gerund, and the term "gerundparticiple" is
also used.
The past participle, also sometimes called thepassiveor perfect participle, is identical to the
past tense form (in -ed) in the case of regular
verbs, but takes various forms in the case of
irregular verbs, such as sung, written,put, gone,
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to form the progressive (continuous) aspect: Jim was
sleeping.
as an adjective phrase modifying a noun phrase: The
man sitting over there is my uncle.
adverbially, the subject being understood to be the same
as that of the main clause: Looking at the plans, I
gradually came to see where the problem lay.
similarly, but with a different subject, placed before the
participle (the nominative absolute construction): He and
I having reconciled our differences, the project then
proceeded smoothly.
more generally as a clause or sentence modifier: Broadly
speaking, the project was successful.
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to form the perfect aspect: The chicken has
eaten.
to form the passive voice: The chicken was
eaten. as an adjective phrase: The chicken eaten by the
children was contaminated.
adverbially: Seen from this perspective, theproblem presents no easy solution.
in a nominative absolute construction, with a
subject: The task finished, we returned home.
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Both types of participles are also often used as pure
adjectives. Present participles are used in their active
sense ("an exciting adventure", i.e. one that excites), while
past participles are usually used passively ("the attached
files", i.e. those that have been attached), although thoseformed from intransitive verbs may sometimes be used with
active meaning ("our fallen comrades", i.e. those who have
fallen). Some such adjectives also form adverbs, such as
interestingly and excitedly.The gerund is distinct from the present participle in
that it (or rather the verb phrase it forms) acts as a noun
rather than an adjective or adverb: "I like sleeping'";
"Sleeping is not allowed." There is also a pure verbal nounwith the same form ("the breaking of one's vows is not to be
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